Effects of Different Analog Water-soluble Fertilizers on Flue-cured Tobacco

This study aimed to investigate the application effect of analog water-soluble fertilizer as an alternative of flue-cured tobacco-specific topdressing fertilizer. A field experiment was conducted, and the dry matter accumulation, intrinsic chemical composition, smoking quality and economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco were compared between analog water-soluble fertilizer and conventional fertilizer, The results showed compared with conventional fertilizer, analog water-soluble fertilizer increased the dry matter accumulation in flue-cured tobacco by 4.90%-16.70%, increased the yield of flue-cured tobacco by 6%-15%, and increased the output of flue-cured tobacco by 5%-14%. In terms of chemical composition, the flue-cured tobacco applied with analog water-soluble fertilizer was better than that applied with conventional fertilizer, except the nicotine content in the upper leaves, the potassium content in the middle leaves and the reducing sugar content. The smoking quality of both the upper and middle leaves of flue-cured tobacco in the analog water-soluble fertilizer treatment groups was better than that in the conventional fertilizer treatment group. In short, analog water-soluble fertilizer was better than conventional fertilizer, with advantages of lower cost （reduced by 381.60 yuan/hm2）, lower application amount （reduced by 165 kg/hm2） and higher utilization efficiency.

Screening Test of Water-soluble Fertilizers for Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to find water-soluble fertilizers( WSFs) suitable for watermelon cultivation in Hainan area.[Methods] The effects of three WSFs on watermelon yield and quality were studied.[Results]Fahai·Jiabao WSF improved watermelon yield by 7.87% compared with the CK,and showed a net increase of income of 538.4 yuan/667 m^2.And it could significantly improve soluble sugar,Vc and protein contents,and could effectively reduce nitrate content.[Conclusions]Fahai·Jiabao WSF is the optimal WSF for integration of water and fertilizer,and has the market prospect of large-area application and extension.

Evaluation of Application Effect of Silicon-containing Water-soluble Fertilizer on Fast Vegetables

[Objectives]The study aims to verify the application effect of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer on fast vegetables.[Methods]Two vegetable crops,rape and lettuce,were studied,and three treatments were set up,including treatment 1(conventional fertilization+foliar spraying of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer,treatment 2(conventional fertilization+foliar spraying of the same amount of clear water),and treatment 3(conventional fertilization).[Results]The yield of lettuce and rape in treatment 1 increased by 15.1%and 8.6%,respectively;compared with treatment 3,the yield of lettuce and rape rose by 18.6%and 10.9%,respectively.Variance analysis shows that the F values of lettuce and rape were 20.938 and 35.372,respectively,and the differences among various treatments were extremely significant.[Conclusions]The application of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer on lettuce and rape significantly increased their yield.

Effect of new specific fertilizer on the growth of peanut

Based on the soil nutrient condition of Fujian province and the nutritional characteristic of peanut, new specific peanut fertilizer was made with some new types of synergists and chemical fertilizers. In 2005, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the new specific fertilizer on peanut at Gaobi town, Longyan city, Fujian province. The results showed that, the new specific fertilizer could relieve the inhibition of fertilizers on nodule formation of peanut, promote the growth of peanut plants, increase the yield of peanut and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, contrasted to common fertilizers. To compare with one time application of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied one time and twice had significant positive influences on yield of peanut and nutrient use efficiency, increased economic yield of peanut by 3.8% and 6.3%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 3.9, 2.8, 4.3 and 4.5, 5.7, 7.4 percentage points respectively. Compared with twice applications of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied as the method above increased economic yield of peanut by 0.7% and 3.2%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 0.3, 1.6, 0.5 and 0.9 4.5, 3.6 percentage points respectively.

Preparation and characterization of controlled-release fertilizers coated with marine polysaccharide derivatives

Encapsulation of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers by membranes can be used to control the release of nutrients to maximize the fertilization ef fect and reduce environmental pollution.In this research,we formulated a new double-coated controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)by using food-grade microcrystalline wax(MW)and marine polysaccharide derivatives(calcium alginate and chitosan-glutaraldehyde copolymer).The pellets of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer were coated with the marine polysaccharide derivatives and MW.A convenient and eco-friendly method was used to prepare the CRF.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the products.The nitrogen-release properties were determined in water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The controlled-release properties of the fertilizer were improved dramatically after coating with MW and the marine polysaccharide derivatives.The results show that the double-coated CRFs can release nitrogen in a controlled manner,have excellent controlled-release features,and meet the European Standard for CRFs.

Determinants of Fertility Desires among HIV Positive Women Living in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea

The objective of this study was to identify determinants of fertility desires in HIV positive women living in the Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, a male-dominated, patrimonial society. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data in February, 2010. Two hundred and ninety one HIV-infected women participated in personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Sixty-six percent of the respondents were in polygamous relationships. Thirty-four percent of the participants desired a child in the future. Chi-square tests revealed that variables associated with desire for a child were age, marital status, number of children, current co-habitation with a partner, duration of time with a partner, receipt of the bride price, domestic physical violence, sexual activity in the previous three months, partner’s desire for a child, and current contraceptive use. Using multiple logistic regression, a partner’s positive desire for a child was the strongest predictor, with an odds ratio of 13.04 (95% CI = 5.6 -29.91). Fertility desires were largely influenced by dominant culturally sensitive issues and the family-oriented culture. The integration of effective counseling and reproductive healthcare service into HIV clinics is recommended. Holistic, culturally-relevant and family-oriented reproductive health counseling should provide more positive outcomes for both HIV-infected women and their children.

Shanghai ＂The New Two--child Policy＂ research to the influential factors of fertility intentions

Shanghai is the country＇s highest-child ratio, the degree of aging of the most polluted cities, the only child into the social impact of large-scale marriage age caused by its breadth and depth will be much higher than other cities and regions. Based on the theory of reference, through empirical Shanghai and factors influencing fertility desires, according to factors that Shanghai alone couples second child restraint, make recommendations accordingly to provide a scientific basis for sound policy alone two births, further promote the ＂The New Two--child＂ policy implemented smoothly.

农业高质量发展背景下的新型肥料发展

新型肥料因具有肥效更高、使用方便、省时省工、绿色环保等特点,深受市场青睐。农业高质量发展背景下,化肥减量增效的推行促使肥料产品及其配套施肥技术不断创新,新型肥料行业呈现产业规模不断扩大、行业内部竞争激烈、生产集中度持续上升等特点。为详细了解新型肥料产品,促进行业健康发展,总结了缓/控释肥料、水溶性肥料、土壤调理剂、增效肥料、微生物肥料5大类新型肥料及其创制技术,以及测土配方施肥、水肥一体化、智能化精准推荐施肥、轻简化施肥技术4种高效施肥技术及其应用情况;并分析了新型肥料产业存在的问题,如产品种类多、市场混乱,准入门槛低、产品质量参差不齐,关键技术薄弱、创新力度不足等;同时提出了以农业需求为导向,提高产业技术水平;以绿色低碳为目标,提升技术工艺体系;以专业化服务为方向,建立高素质从业人员队伍;以完善肥料监管体系为抓手,促进行业良性发展;以保证产品质量安全为重点,提高市场竞争力等发展建议。

新阶段植物营养学的研究重点

植物营养学是研究营养元素在土壤-植物系统迁移、转化和利用规律的基础性学科,是支撑全球粮食安全、耕地质量安全、生态环境安全的重要学科。以组学技术和人工智能为代表的学科前沿不断拓展了植物营养学的研究范畴,同时,耕地高强度利用下如何实现作物高产、养分高效、生态健康等多重目标成为新阶段植物营养学的研究重点和难点。本文回顾了近年来植物营养学在营养遗传、养分循环、新型肥料、高效施肥等方向取得的创新进展,同时,基于我国植物营养学研究短板,提出了新阶段植物营养学研究的重点任务,主要包括作物养分高效与抗逆分子调控网络、土壤养分循环与微生物组功能挖掘、新型绿色高效肥料创制与应用、农田养分协同优化原理与方法等方面,旨在推动农业高质量发展,为保障粮食安全和农业绿色发展提供科技支撑。

我国新型肥料发展近十年回顾与展望

缓控释肥料、有机类肥料、水溶性肥料等新型肥料在推进氮肥利用效率提升、水肥一体化技术应用、养分协同利用、农业废弃物消纳上做出了重要的产品支撑,推动了新型肥料向绿色高效方向发展。与欧美发达国家相比,我国用肥强度高、化肥产品结构不均衡、缓控释肥释放期与作物吸收规律匹配度低、成本高、水溶肥质量不一等问题还较为明显。新型肥料的发展尚需在产品功能创新、与机械配合施肥、肥料剂型多样化、菌剂专用化、包膜层环保等方面深入开展工作,同时推动更多肥料企业加入新型肥料的研发和推广中,促进我国农业高质量发展。

钙添加对杉木新造林地土壤理化性质及有效养分元素含量的影响

为探究钙添加对林地土壤的改良效应,在杉木新造林地中分别按两种氮、磷肥量(N1:50 kg/hm^(2),N2:100 kg/hm^(2);P1:50 kg/hm^(2),P2:100 kg/hm^(2))与3种钙肥添加量(Ca0:0 kg/hm^(2),Ca1:100 kg/hm^(2),Ca_(2):200 kg/hm^(2))开展组合施肥试验,测定土壤理化性质与有效养分元素含量,分析钙添加对林地土壤环境的影响。结果表明:钙添加可以显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤pH、含水率,以及有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量,对土壤有效磷含量的影响因氮、磷施肥处理不同而异;方差分析表明,土壤容重、pH,以及有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、交换性钙和交换性镁含量等7个指标受到不同施肥因子的影响极显著并存在极显著交互作用,土壤含水率则受不同钙添加量的极显著影响。土壤理化性质与有效养分元素含量之间具有较强的正相关性。在传统氮、磷肥施肥基础上添加钙肥有利于改善杉木人工新造林地土壤环境,缓解土壤酸化及提高土壤有效养分供给,提高杉木人工林质量。

生育新政下女性就业保障政策执行的制约因素与破解路径——基于史密斯政策执行过程模型

女性就业保障政策是落实三孩生育政策及配套支持措施和保障女性合法就业权益的重要政策工具。基于史密斯政策执行过程模型,通过探究生育新政下女性就业保障政策及其执行现状,构建政策、执行机构、目标群体、政策环境四个层面分析的理论框架,提出女性就业保障政策执行的制约因素有:政策体系尚未完善削弱其执行效果、多元治理机制阻滞且机构执行能力较弱、目标群体的自利性和认知欠缺引起执行偏轨、正式制度与非正式制度因素支持力度不足,并对此提出相关路径建议。

“新农科”背景下土壤肥料学线上线下混合式教学的应用

在当前信息化技术快速发展的背景下,基于互联网的在线教育为教育教学改革和教学体系的构建带来了新的机遇与挑战。融合线上线下的混合式教学模式是对网络教学和传统课堂教学两种教学方式的优势互补与整合。本文以黑龙江八一农垦大学专业基础课土壤肥料学为例,依托超星学习通平台,构建线上线下混合式教学模式,实现课前预习、课中互动、课后复习、实验操作、全方位考核评价等多个教学环节有机结合,不仅有效提升学生学习主动性和积极性,而且强调过程性考核的重要性。新型教学模式有效促进网络教育与传统教育深度融合,进一步探索和强化课程内容,强调学以致用,为新时期现代农业建设培养具备坚实的理论基础和富有创新能力的农业应用型人才。

具有自适应标定功能的施肥控制系统的设计与试验

【目的】针对当前施肥控制系统适应性差、更换肥料种类需重新校准等问题,设计一种具有自适应标定功能的施肥控制系统。【方法】将容积密度引入常规标定公式,建立新型排量标定公式并进行试验验证。以肥料种类、排量为试验因素,排肥准确性、变异系数为试验指标,常规施肥控制系统为对照,对使用新型标定公式的自适应施肥控制系统的性能进行试验。【结果】新型排量关系公式决定系数为0.996,平均相对误差小于3.63%;使用该公式的自适应控制系统在2000~12000 g/min的目标排量下,球形颗粒肥料排肥速率相对误差最大为5.46%,变异系数小于3.54%。而常规施肥控制系统(使用复合肥进行标定),复合肥最大相对误差为4.92%,缓混肥最大相对误差为10.92%,过磷酸钙最大相对误差为50.11%。【结论】相较于常规施肥控制系统,该自适应施肥控制系统能够适应多种肥料,排量准确,有助于提升施肥机的作业效率和质量。

不同新型水稻专用肥对水稻产量和品质的影响评价

为满足提高作物产量、品质和肥料利用率、减轻农业面源污染、提升耕地质量、促进农作物高产优质等方面的要求,分析了6种不同种类肥料对水稻产量和品质的影响,以期筛选更适宜巢湖流域水稻生长的肥料品种,从而形成大面积应用模式。采用完全随机区组设计,设置不同肥料品种,不施肥处理(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、控失肥(T1)、缓释掺混肥(T2)、水稻专用肥(T3)和腐植酸复合肥(T4),6种施肥处理进行田间小区试验。于成熟期分析水稻产量、品质以及氮肥利用率。与CF相比,新型肥料在水稻的产量和品质方面均有所提高,T1水稻产量最高为10453.95 kg·hm^(-2),腐植酸复合肥处理较CK和CF产量分别增加16.4%和13.3%。控失肥处理的氮肥利用率最高,达到48.57%。在水稻品质方面,CK总体食味品质显著低于其他处理,蛋白质含量最高的处理为T4。控失肥和腐植酸复合肥可以显著提高水稻产量和品质,其中腐植酸复合肥价格低有利于节约成本,提高经济效益。

新型大颗粒复合型肥特性及对艳红桃产量的影响

为了评估新型大颗粒复合型肥在果树轻简化施肥中的应用效果,以大颗粒复合型肥为研究材料,通过土柱淋溶试验的方法,探究不同形态肥料在土壤中的养分释放效果,同时对比常规肥料,探究使用不同数量的新型大颗粒复合型肥对丹东艳红桃产量的影响,从减少肥料损失、环境可持续发展的角度明确最佳形态肥料施用量,为果树轻简化施肥提供科学依据。试验结果表明,淋溶试验中,不同形态肥料对氮磷钾的淋洗损失量具有显著的影响,新型大颗粒复合型肥(T1)处理有效磷的淋洗浓度为常规肥表施肥(T4)处理的25倍、常规肥(T3)处理的0.3倍、复合型肥粉末状(T2)处理的0.87倍,T1处理的有效磷浓度在一定程度上得到了提升;截止到T1处理淋洗浓度最高时,该处理无机氮的淋洗总量低于T2处理27.3%、T3处理16.5%;速效钾的淋洗量低于T2处理30.6%、T4处理18.2%、T3处理16.1%,T1处理能够显著降低氮磷钾元素的淋洗损失。对丹东艳红桃轻简化施肥的试验结果显示:与常规肥料相比,施用新型大颗粒复合型肥的丹东艳红桃平均增产11.6%,比普通复合肥实物用量平均减少了66%。轻简化施肥处理生产力显著高于常规施肥处理。新型大颗粒复合型肥的使用减缓了养分淋失,显著提高了作物的产量,为现代果树生产提供了一种科学、高效的肥料解决方案。

γ-聚谷氨酸和鱼蛋白水溶肥对松花菜生长和产量的影响

为明确γ-聚谷氨酸和鱼蛋白水溶肥在蔬菜生产上的作用,以松花菜为供试作物,设置常规施肥、γ-聚谷氨酸、鱼蛋白3个处理。试验结果表明,γ-聚谷氨酸处理和鱼蛋白处理都能显著提高松花菜的株高、茎粗,提升松花菜品质和产量,增加松花菜的经济效益,以鱼蛋白处理对松花菜增产增效效果更好。

巢湖流域新型肥料氮素减量施用对水稻产量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响

为统筹考虑作物丰产与面源污染防控,避免过量施肥和盲目减肥,推进巢湖流域水稻生产和水环境生态协调发展,于2022年在巢湖流域开展新型肥料(普通复合肥和氨基酸复合肥)减肥田间试验,设置不施氮(CK,施氮量0 kg·hm^(–2))、农户常规模式(FP,施氮量281 kg·hm^(–2))、减氮20%(OP1,施氮量225 kg·hm^(–2))、减氮40%(OP2,施氮量169 kg·hm^(–2)),分析水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素、氮素吸收利用、氮肥利用效率、氮损失情况和经济效益。结果表明,在产量水平及产量构成要素方面,与FP相比,OP1产量无显著差异,但OP2施用普通复合肥处理的产量显著降低,OP1和OP2处理的穗数和穗粒数均无显著差异;在氮肥利用效率方面,与FP相比,OP1和OP2处理两种肥料的氮素农学利用率分别显著提高50.82%和53.79%,氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高29.29%和64.51%,OP2氨基酸复合肥处理的氮肥吸收利用率显著提高37.54%;在经济效益和环境效益方面,与FP相比,OP1和OP2处理两种肥料氮损失总量分别显著降低39.12%和60.93%,生产成本分别降低13.37%和18.26%,净利润分别增加8.25%和3.63%,并且与普通复合肥相比,施用氨基酸复合肥还可减少氮肥用量12.60%。因此,巢湖流域稻田氮肥减量20%有助于提高水稻氮肥利用率,增加水稻地上部氮素养分的吸收和转运,提升环境和经济效益,且推荐施用氨基酸复合肥(180 kg·hm^(–2))为宜,实现环境效益与经济效益的双赢。

不同施肥方式与新型肥料匹配对巢湖流域水稻品质、经济效益及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明在机插秧同步侧深施肥条件下,不同施肥方式与新型肥料匹配对水稻生产的影响,选用5种不同类型复合(混)肥料,采用大田试验,设置不施肥(CK)、普通复合肥一基两追(T_(1))、水稻配方肥一基两追(T_(2))、增效控失肥一基一追(T_(3))、缓释掺混肥一次性施肥(T_(4))、无机包裹型复合肥一次性施肥(T_(5))6个处理,分析了不同施肥方式与新型肥料匹配对水稻产量、稻米品质、氮肥利用率、经济效益及田面水氮磷流失风险的影响。结果表明:与普通复合肥一基两追处理(T_(1))相比,4种新型肥料处理(T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)、T_(5))均显著提高了稻米蛋白质含量,氮肥利用率均提高至50%以上,各处理氮肥利用率分别增加35%、68%、75%和48%,各新型肥料处理同时显著降低了田面水氮素浓度,减少氮素流失风险。其中水稻配方肥一基两追处理相比普通复合肥可显著降低稻米垩白度与垩白粒率,提升稻米外观品质;缓释掺混肥一次性施肥处理可提高水稻产量,相比普通复合肥一基两追处理增产30%,节约生产成本5 442元.hm^(–2),总收益增加12 437元.hm^(–2)。综合来看,在机插秧同步侧深施肥条件下,一次性施肥方式匹配缓释掺混肥的水稻生产方式有利于节约生产成本,增加水稻产量,是提高水稻效益的最佳种植模式。一次性施肥方式匹配缓释掺混肥的水稻种植模式可适用于巢湖流域水稻生产推广,对水稻高效生产具有重要意义,并为巢湖流域水稻绿色高产提供理论依据。

有机肥料中新污染物及对环境影响的评价

科学规范施用有机肥料对提升土壤肥力、减轻生态环境污染、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。综述了有机肥料施用过程可能存在的微塑料、抗生素与抗生素抗性基因、持久性有机污染物等新污染物对土壤生态环境与农产品安全产生的影响与风险,归纳了新污染物在土壤中的迁移转化机理及阻控技术;并总结了世界范围内有机肥料产品标准中新污染物相关风险限量指标,为完善我国堆肥及有机肥质量标准体系、提升有机肥行业标准化水平提供参考。