A Comparison between Late Preterm and Term Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Early-Onset Sepsis, and Neonatal Jaundice in Ecuadorian Newborns

Background: To examine the differences in prevalence of respiratory distress syndrome, early-onset sepsis and jaundice, between late preterm infants versus term infants in Ecuadorian newborns. Methods: Study design: Epidemiological, observational, and cross-sectional, with two cohorts of patients. Settings: IESS Quito Sur Hospital at Quito, Ecuador, from February to April of 2020. Participants: This study included 204 newborns, 102 preterm infants, 102 term infants. Results: There are significant differences between late preterm infants and term infants, with a p-value of 0.000 in the prevalence of early sepsis, 70.59% vs. 35.29%. In respiratory distress syndrome between late and term premature infants, significant differences were observed with a p-value of 0.000, the proportion being 55.58% vs. 24.51% respectively. The prevalence of jaundice is higher in term infants with a p value of 0.002, 72.55%, versus 51.96% in late preterm infants, and the mean value of bilirubins in mg/dL was higher in term infants 14.32 versus 12.33 in late preterm infants;this difference is statistically significant with a p value of 0.004. Admission to the NICU is more frequent in late preterm infants with a p-value of 0.000, being 42.16% for late preterm infants vs. 7.84% in term infants;the mean of the hospital days with p-value 0.005, was higher in late preterm infants 4.97 days vs. 3.55 days for term newborns. Conclusion: Due to the conditions of their immaturity, late preterm infants are 2.86 times more likely to present early sepsis than full-term newborns. It is shown that late preterm infants are 2.69 times more likely to have respiratory distress syndrome compared to term infants, therefore, late preterm infants have a longer hospital stay of 4.97 days versus 3.55 days in term infants. Jaundice and mean bilirubin levels are higher in term infants due to blood group incompatibility and insufficient breastfeeding.

STUDY ON THE GROWTH OF CEREBELLUMIN NEWBORN INFANTS

Objective To know the growth of the cerebellum in newborn infants. Methods The centraivermian area (CVA) of the cerebellum was measured by head ultrasonography in 90 newborns including 65full - terms, 14 preterms and 11 small for gestational age infants (SGA). Results The average age of the newborninfants were 4.7d (3~7d). The mean CVA in full-terms was 5.81±0.8cm2, which was significantly greater thanthat in preterms (3.7±1.0cm2), and SGA (5.1±0.8cm2), respectively. However, when corrected for birth weight(BW), the ratio of CVA/BW in term SGA was 2.07, being signoficantly higher than the ratio of 1.72 in normalfull- term newborns. There was no dillerence between male and female infants. Statistically significantrelationships were lound between CVA and BW (r=0.8129, P<0.01) and between CVA and gestational age(r=0.7450, P<0.01). Conclusion The study provide some understanding on the grouth of the cerebellum, and thecerebellar measurement by cranial ultrasound is helpful for the assessment of neurological maturation in newborninfants.

The Distribution and Morphological Diversity of GABA-containing Neurons in The Prefrontal Cortex of Human Newborn Baby Infant

The prefrontal cortex of a human full termnewborn infant just after accidental death was studies by mcans of immunocytochemical technique with antibody directedagainst GABA(Immunonuclear Corp.)and ABC kit(Vector)。GABA-containing neurons were found over all layers and all were nonpyramidal cells.The laminar distribution of GABA-containing ne-urons was not even between different layers,density in laye Ⅱ was prominently higher than any other layers,density in layer Ⅲ and layer Ⅳ was higher than that in layer V and Ⅵ.

Ultrasound screening of the kidneys and urinary tract in 11.887 newborn infants: A 10-year experience

Objective: To determine the usefulness of sonographic screening of the newborn kidneys and urinary tract over a 10-year time period. Methods: Ultrasound screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract was performed between the third and tenth day after birth on 11.887 newborn infants. The classification of renal pyelectasis (RPE) according to the Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) was used. We evaluated infant renal pathologies and correlated them with the gestational age and weight at birth. Results: Renal pyelectasis (grades 1-4) was detected in 179 cases (1.5%);it was significantly more common in male (vs female) infants (p 4.000 g were the most significant risk factors (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Renal pyelectasis grades 1-4 was detected in only 1.5% of 11.887 consecutive infants subjected to sonographic screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract within the first 10 days after birth. Sonographic screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract is a non-invasive and effective screening method after birth. It allows planning for appropriate diagnostic tests and therapeutic procedures in a timely fashion.

Transition of Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety Symptoms According to Parity and Associations of These Symptoms with Feelings for Involvement with Newborn Infants during a 6-Month Postpartum Period

Background: Depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms during the postpartum period affect physical health and child rearing and that these effects are important social issues. Objective: The aims of this study were to clarify the differences in the transition of depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms according to parity during a 6-month postpartum period and to clarify the differences in associations of depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms with feelings for involvement with newborn infants in primiparous and multiparous postpartum women. Methods: The design of this study was a longitudinal investigation. This study was conducted from February 2017 to July 2018 in Japan. By using self-administered questionnaires that included questions on psychological symptoms in a standard climacteric scale and questions on feelings for involvement with newborn infants, we collected data at 3 days postpartum, 2 weeks postpartum, one month postpartum, 3 months postpartum and 6 months postpartum. Results: Responses to all of the questionnaires were obtained from 121 (52.8%) of 229 women. The score for depressive symptoms in primiparous women was significantly higher than that in multiparous women at 3 days postpartum. Depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms showed peaks at 2 weeks postpartum in both primiparous women and multiparous women, but depressive symptoms reoccurred from 3 months postpartum to 6 months postpartum in primiparous women and anxiety symptoms reoccurred from one month to 3 months postpartum in multiparous women. Depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were associated with negative feelings for involvement with newborn infants and with mother’s sleeping time. Conclusion: Changes in depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were different in primiparous women and multiparous women during a 6-month postpartum period. In addition, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were associated with negative feelings for involvement with newborn infants and with sleeping time in postpartum women.

Clinical analysis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants:report of 33 cases

Objective To review the clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants. Methods Thirty-three neonates were diagnosed having congenital diaphragmatic hernia in our hospitalfrom Jan. 1,2004 to Sept. 30,2009. The clinical data was retrospectively reviewed. Results 21 cases were treated

Nutritional management of newborn infants:Practical guidelines

The requirements of growth and organ development create a challenge in nutritional management of newborn infants,especially premature newborn and intestinal-failure infants.Since their feeding may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis,some high-risk infants receive a small volume of feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN) without enteral feeding.This review summarizes the current research progress in the nutritional management of newborn infants.Searches of MEDLINE (1998-2007),Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library,Issue 3,2007),abstracts and conference proceedings,references from relevant publications in the English language were performed,showing that breast milk is the preferred source of nutrients for enteral feeding of newborn infants.The number of nutrients found in human milk was recommended as a guideline in establishing the minimum and maximum levels in infant formulas.The fear of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance are the major factors limiting the use of the enteral route as the primary means of nourishing premature infants.PN may help to meet many of the nutritional needs of these infants,but has significant detrimental side effects.Trophic feedings (small volume of feeding given at the same rate for at least 5 d) during PN are a strategy to enhance the feeding tolerance and decrease the side effects of PN and the time to achieve full feeding.Human milk is a key component of any strategy for enteral nutrition of all infants.However,the amounts of calcium,phosphorus,zinc and other nutrients are inadequate to meet the needs of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during growth.Therefore,safe and effective means to fortify human milk are essential to the care of VLBW infants.

Modeling and Simulation of Heat Transfer Phenomenon from Infant Radiant Warmer for a Newborn Baby

Nowadays death of a newborn baby due to hypothermia is one of the vital factors. To overcome the problem infant radiant warmer has been used in hospitals which helps to prevent excessive heat loss of the baby by maintaining a proper temperature. However, in practice, it is critical to regulating proper thermal stability that is exactly required for a premature baby to conquer the heat loss problem. In this study, we have established a computational model for heat transfer analysis using the Finite Element Method. The heat transfer to the surrounding area skin of newborn with the help of Infant Radiant Warmer (IRW) is simulated to study the best range of light source to overcome the hypothermia. We simulate the efficiency and effect of the infant radiant of the thermal radiation using COMSOL Multiphysics program. For this simulation, we considered the distance between the infant’s mattress and the bottom surface of the heater unit as 70 cm and the heater power 500 watts, and 600 watts. We have investigated mattress temperature, baby temperature and surface radiosity which are important to understand to increase newborn baby body temperature. It is found that the temperature of mattress raises up to 36 - 36.5 degrees Celsius and skin temperature raises up to 37 - 37.5 degrees Celsius.

Achondrogenesis Type II in a Live Term Newborn Infant: A Case Report

Background: Achondrogenesis type II is a lethal form of osteochondrodysplasia characterized by short trunk, disproportionately large head, prominent forehead, micrognathia, extreme micromelia, anasarca, large abdomen and poor ossification of the bones. The children with achondrogenesis are usually born premature, or die in the neonatal period mostly from respiratory failure. We report the case of a live term newborn infant with achondrogenesis type II who died shortly after birth. Methods: We report a case of achondrogenesis type II in a live male newborn. Results: We report the case of a term male infant delivered to a 24-year-old woman with a chondrogenesis type II confirmed radiologically but died at age 5 days. Conclusion: Whenever a skeletal dysplasia in a fetal dwarfism is suspected, a proper work-up plan should be done to evaluate family history. A clinical, radiographic and histopathologic examination, should be done and confirmed by genetic study. Following evidence-based diagnosis, patients could be offered termination of pregnancy after counseling.

Single-incision pediatric endosurgery in newborns and infants

This study focuses on the successful application of single-incision pediatric endosurgery in the treatment of congenital anomalies and acquired diseases in neonates and infants. The purpose of this scientific review consists in highlighting the spectrum, indications, applicability, and effectiveness of single-port endosurgery in children during the first 3 postnatal months.

Ethanol changes Nestin-promoter induced neural stem cells to disturb newborn dendritic spine remodeling in the hippocampus of mice

Adolescent binge drinking leads to long-lasting disorders of the adult central nervous system,particularly aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis.In this study,we applied in vivo fluorescent tracing using NestinCreERT2::Rosa26-tdTomato mice and analyzed the endogenous neurogenesis lineage progression of neural stem cells(NSCs)and dendritic spine formation of newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus.We found abnormal orientation of tamoxifen-induced tdTomato+(tdTom^(+))NSCs in adult mice 2 months after treatment with EtOH(5.0 g/kg,i.p.)for 7 consecutive days.EtOH markedly inhibited tdTom^(+)NSCs activation and hippocampal neurogenesis in mouse dentate gyrus from adolescence to adulthood.EtOH(100 mM)also significantly inhibited the proliferation to 39.2%and differentiation of primary NSCs in vitro.Adult mice exposed to EtOH also exhibited marked inhibitions in dendritic spine growth and newborn neuron maturation in the dentate gyrus,which was partially reversed by voluntary running or inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycinenhancer of zeste homolog 2 pathway.In vivo tracing revealed that EtOH induced abnormal orientation of tdTom+NSCs and spatial misposition defects of newborn neurons,thus causing the disturbance of hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic spine remodeling in mice.

Advances in Enteral Nutrition Strategies for Preterm Infants

With the continuous progress of medical care, the survival rate of preterm infants is increasing year by year, and adequate nutrition is crucial for the growth and development of preterm infants. Enteral nutrition (EN) is a nutritional support method that provides metabolically required nutrients and various other nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract, which is the best way to supply nutrition to preterm infants. A reasonable EN strategies can help improve the quality of survival, and long-term prognosis of preterm infants. This article summarizes and discusses the literature reports on EN for preterm infants at home and abroad in recent years, and reviews the research progress of EN strategies for preterm infants, personalized feeding programs, and related clinical problems affecting the establishment of EN, to provide reference for clinical work. EN for preterm infants requires the comprehensive use of a variety of research strategies and continuous exploration and innovation to provide better nutritional support for preterm infants and promote their healthy growth.

Gastrointestinal tolerability of organic infant formula compared to traditional infant formula: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Infants'nutrition significantly influences their growth,development,and overall well-being.With the increasing demand for organic infant formula driven by the perception of health benefits and growing awareness of natural feeding options,it is crucial to conduct a comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability between organic and traditional infant formulas.AIM To provide a concise and precise analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic infant formula compared to traditional infant formula.Due to limited direct comparisons,the review synthesizes available literature on each formula type,presenting insights into their potential effects on infants'digestive health.METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted,compiling studies on organic and traditional infant formulas,their compositions,and reported effects on gastrointestinal tolerability.We searched academic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar and specialized nutrition,paediatrics,and infant health journals using relevant keywords till October 1,2023.RESULTS Although specific comparative studies are scarce and formula heterogeneity is a significant limitation,this systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of organic infant formulas'composition and potential benefits.While scientific evidence directly comparing gastrointestinal tolerability is limited,organic formulas strive to use carefully selected organic ingredients to imitate breast milk composition.Potential benefits include improved lipid profiles,higher methionine content,and decreased antibiotic-resistant bacteria levels.Understanding the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic and traditional infant formulas is crucial for parents and healthcare providers to make informed decisions.CONCLUSION Despite limitations in direct comparisons,this systematic review provides insights into the composition and potential benefits of organic infant formulas.It emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate their gastrointestinal effects comprehensively.

Evaluation of the Practice of Immediate Care for Newborns in the Obstetric Gynecology Department of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital of Bamako, Mali

The care provided in the neonatal period by caregivers in health facilities and by parents in the community is essential for the survival of the newborn. Our work aimed to assess the practice of essential care for newborns at the maternity hospital during the first six hours of life. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study, which took place over a period of six months and fifteen days (from April 27 to November 12, 2020). We evaluated the practice of immediate care given to newborns over 32 weeks of amenorrhea by the health personnel involved against the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) on essential newborn care (ENC). Results: Our study involved 422 live newborns, which represented 22% of all live births. The sex ratio was 1.2. The gestational age of newborns was 37 to 41Week of Amenorrhea (WA) in 69.2%. The majority of births were performed by doctors specializing in gynecology and obstetrics, or 66.4% of cases. Midwives provided care in 51.7% of cases. Out of 422 newborns, 408 were immediately dried, 96.7% of the time. Less than half (44.1% of newborns) had benefited from the late cord clamping. Eye care was administered to the vast majority of newborns (94.3% of cases). The breastfeeding technique was verified in only 2.8% of cases. Only 1.7% (7 newborns) were monitored during the first six hours of immediate postpartum. In the immediate post-partum period, 18 newborns had problems that required treatment. NNS were correctly administered in 39 newborns (9.2%). Conclusion: Our study shows inadequacies in the practice of essential care for newborns within our maternity. Thus, many newborns can be saved through the practice of essential newborn care (NHS) at different levels of the health pyramid.

Morbidity and Mortality of Newborns in a Context of Limited Resources in Tombouctou, Mali

Introduction: Worldwide, 2.3 million children died in the first 20 days after birth in 2022, according to the WHO. In Mali, according to the sixth Demographic and Health Survey, the neonatal mortality rate was estimated at 33% live births in 2018. The Timbuktu region had the highest neonatal mortality rate in the country with 44%. The objective of this work was to study the causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality and related factors in the paediatrics department of Timbuktu hospital. Materials and method: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted from 1 January to 31 December 2023 in the neonatology unit of the paediatrics department of Timbuktu hospital, including all newborns admitted to hospital. Results: Our study took place over 12 months, during which 618 admissions were made to the paediatric ward, including 244 newborns, i.e. 39.48%. The majority of newborns (86.5%) were admitted in the first week of life. The mean age was 3 days, with a sex ratio of 1.1 for males. Weight under 2500 g was 54.1% for an average weight of 2372 g. The main mode of admission was transfer from the hospital maternity unit (62%). The main reasons for admission were acute foetal distress (27.9%) and prematurity (26.2%). The average age of the mothers was 24, with extremes of 15 and 49. The mothers were housewives (87.3%), uneducated and primiparous (59% and 36.5% respectively);only 40.2% had made more than 3 antenatal care visits. Newborns born by vaginal delivery accounted for 80.7% and those born by caesarean section for 19.3%. The risk of infection was present in 52.5% of cases. The three leading causes of hospitalisation were birth asphyxia (40.2%), neonatal infection (32.4%) and prematurity (25%). The mortality rate was 21.7%. The main causes of death were prematurity (39.6%), birth asphyxia (32.1%) and neonatal infection (24.5%). Conclusion: Neonatal morbidity and mortality remain a concern in Timbuktu. Despite the unfavourable security situation, morbidity and mortality indicators are close to those in some hospitals in Mali. The correct application of Essential Newborn Care and antenatal care remains a major challenge for the hospital and the Timbuktu region.

Maternal Diabetes and Newborns: Unveiling Complications through a Retrospective Study in the Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of CHU MOHAMED VI in Oujda (Morocco)

Maternal diabetes during pregnancy carries potential risks for both the mother and the developing fetus. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the morbidity and mortality outcomes among infants born to mothers with diabetes, and to determine the key maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with these outcomes. This was a retrospective, observational study designed to provide a descriptive and analytical assessment of the data, conducted over a one-year period in the Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of CHU MED VI in Oujda, between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023. The results showed a prevalence of 11.23%. The parturients had a history of abortion, preeclampsia and intra uterine fetal death. The sex ratio was 1.81, with an average weight of 3302 g. Respiratory distress was the most common complication followed by prematurity, macrosomia and congenital malformations. Uncontrolled diabetes was associated with serious neonatal complications, as well as advanced maternal age and grand multiparity. The findings underscore the necessity of providing specialized care and close monitoring for newborns born to mothers with diabetes, along with a multidisciplinary care model to address the management of any neonatal complications that may arise.

Universal newborn hearing screening program in Saudi Arabia: Current insight

Newborn hearing screening(NHS) programs are essential to identify hearing loss early in life and to improve outcomes in children. In Saudi Arabia, the national NHS program has been operational since 2016;however, few studies have evaluated its status, and none have covered all provinces across the country. This cross-sectional retrospective study provides an overview of the program's status across all provinces, focusing on screening coverage rates, referral/fail rates, and follow-up procedures. In 2021, 199,034 newborns were screened, with a coverage rate of 92.6% and an overall referral/fail rate of 1.87%. These performance measures provide a foundation for future progress and improvements. This study highlights the importance of ongoing efforts to enhance the program's effectiveness and sustainability.

Draft of an Anthropometric Reference System for Full-Term Cameroonian Newborns: Prospective Study with Analytical Aim in the Maternity Wards of Douala

Introduction: Anthropometry applied to newborns is a reliable indicator of the quality of fetal growth. The latter is influenced by genetic, racial and nutritional factors varying from one population to another, explaining why a standard cannot be applied to all populations. Research question: should the Caucasian frame of reference be dogmatically applied in our African context? Multicenter studies are therefore necessary;hence the interest of this work, the main objective of which was to describe the anthropometric profile of full-term newborns in the city of Douala. Methodology: We carried out a cross-sectional study with an analytical aim and prospective data collection in the maternity wards of the Douala General Hospital, Laquintinie Hospital, District hospitals of Deido, Nylon and Bonassama over a period of 4 months (January to April 2020). We were interested in any newborn, born alive, vaginally or by cesarean section, seen in the first 24 hours from a full-term single-fetal pregnancy whose mother had given consent. We excluded newborns whose term was unclear and those with congenital malformations or signs of embryo-foetopathy. Data collection was done using structured and pre-tested survey sheets. The study variables were obstetric and anthropometric. Statistical analyzes were carried out with CS Pro 7.3 and SPSS version 25.0 software. The Student, Chi-square and Fischer tests were used to compare the means of the variables, the percentages with a significance threshold P value Results: During the study period, 305 full-term newborns were included, divided into 172 boys and 133 girls. The average anthropometric parameters of the full-term newborn in the city of Douala were: average weight: 3305 grams, average height: 49.8 centimeters, average head circumference: 34.6 centimeters, average upper arm circumference: 11.3 centimeters, circumference average thoracic: 32.8 centimeters. The percentile distribution showed a 10th percentile at 2656 grams and a 90th percentile at 3966 grams for weight defining the limits for small-for-gestational-age neonates and macrosomes. Conclusion: The anthropometric data of the full-term newborn in the city of Douala were: an average weight of 3305.4 grams, an average height of 49.8 centimeters, an average head circumference of 34.2 centimeters, an average upper arm circumference of 11.3 centimeters, and an average thoracic circumference of 32.8 centimeters with higher valuesin male newborns.

Changes of the peripapillary vascular parameters inpremature infants without retinopathy of prematurityusing U-net segmentation

AIM:To quantitatively assess the changes in mean vascular tortuosity(mVT)and mean vascular width(mVW)around the optic disc and their correlation with gestational age(GA)and birth weight(BW)in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity(ROP).METHODS:A single-center retrospective study included a total of 133(133 eyes)premature infants[mean corrected gestational age(CGA)43.6wk]without ROP as the premature group and 130(130 eyes)CGA-matched fullterm infants as the control group.The peripapillary mVT and mVW were quantitatively measured using computerassisted techniques.RESULTS:Premature infants had significantly higher mVT(P=0.0032)and lower mVW(P=0.0086)by 2.68(10^(4) cm^(-3))and 1.85μm,respectively.Subgroup analysis with GA showed significant differences(P=0.0244)in mVT between the early preterm and middle to late preterm groups,but the differences between mVW were not significant(P=0.6652).The results of the multiple linear regression model showed a significant negative correlation between GA and BW with mVT after adjusting sex and CGA(P=0.0211 and P=0.0006,respectively).For each day increase in GA at birth,mVT decreased by 0.1281(10^(4) cm^(-3))and for each 1 g increase in BW,mVT decreased by 0.006(10^(4) cm^(-3)).However,GA(P=0.9402)and BW(P=0.7275)were not significantly correlated with mVW.CONCLUSION:Preterm birth significantly affects the peripapillary vascular parameters that indicate higher mVT and narrower mVW in premature infants without ROP.Alterations in these parameters may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of ocular vascular disease.

A Comparison of Turnaround-Times for Two Popular Specimen Types Used for Newborn Toxicology: Meconium and Umbilical Cord Tissue

Background: Prenatal exposure to illicit substances is responsible for several long-term negative health consequences. It is critical for healthcare professionals to know the extent and scope of prenatal substance exposure in their cases. Several studies exist with mixed results comparing the effectiveness of umbilical cord tissue (UCT) and meconium (MEC) as toxicology specimen types. The specific aim of this study is to compare the use of UCT and MEC regarding the time interval between the birth of the neonate, receipt of the specimen at the laboratory, and the hospital’s receipt of the final toxicology report. Method: The study queried de-identified results of 5358 consecutive UCT and 706 MEC from our laboratory. Results: The mean time from birth to receipt of the specimen at the laboratory for MEC and UCT was 4.5 days ± 2.9 days and 2.8 days ± 1.9 days, respectively. The mean time from birth to final report for MEC was 6.9 days ± 3.8 days, 5.7 days ± 3.3 days, and 8.4 days ± 3.8 days for all MEC specimens, negative MEC, and positive MEC, respectively. The mean time from birth to final report for UCT was 4.3 days ± 2.4 days, 3.5 days ± 2.2 days, and 5.4 days ± 2.2 days for all UCT, negative UCT and positive UCT, respectively. Discussion/Conclusion: Receipt of drug test results of the neonate prior to release from the hospital is critical. This study shows that UCT offers an advantage when results are needed quickly to make informed decisions about the health and well-being of newborns.