Solidification/Stabilization of Chromium in Red Mud-based Geopolymer

Up to 1.5wt%of Cr(Ⅲ)salts(CrCl_(3),and Cr_(2)O_(3))and Cr(Ⅵ)salts(Na_(2)CrO_(4),and CaCr_(2)O_(7))were incorporated into red mud-based geopolymers,respectively.The solidification/stabilization,compressive strength,and durability of the Cr-containing geopolymers were investigated.The experimental results indicate that the red mud-based geopolymer could effectively solidify/stabilize different types of Cr salts with solidification/stabilization rates of above 99.61%.Geopolymers are environmentally safe when the dosage of CaCr_(2)O_(7)is≤1.0wt%,or the dosage of CrCl_(3),Cr_(2)O_(3),and Na_(2)CrO_(4)is≤1.5wt%,respectively.The effects of Cr salts on the compressive strength varies with the type and content of Cr salts.The freeze-thaw cycle is more destructive to geopolymer properties than sulfate attack or acid rain erosion.The solidification/stabilization of Cr is mainly attributed to the following reasons:a)The chemical binding of Cr is related to the formation of Cr-containing hydrates(eg,magnesiochromite((Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al)_(2)O_(4)))and doping into N-A-S-H gel and C-A-S-H gel framework;b)The physical effect is related to the encapsulation by the hydration products(e g,N-A-S-H gel and C-A-S-H gel).This study provides a reference for the treatment of hazardous Cr-containing wastes by solid waste-based geopolymers.

Machine learning for carbonate formation drilling: Mud loss prediction using seismic attributes and mud loss records

Due to the complexity and variability of carbonate formation leakage zones, lost circulation prediction and control is one of the major challenges of carbonate drilling. It raises well-control risks and production expenses. This research utilizes the H oilfield as an example, employs seismic features to analyze mud loss prediction, and produces a complete set of pre-drilling mud loss prediction solutions. Firstly, 16seismic attributes are calculated based on the post-stack seismic data, and the mud loss rate per unit footage is specified. The sample set is constructed by extracting each attribute from the seismic trace surrounding 15 typical wells, with a ratio of 8:2 between the training set and the test set. With the calibration results for mud loss rate per unit footage, the nonlinear mapping relationship between seismic attributes and mud loss rate per unit size is established using the mixed density network model.Then, the influence of the number of sub-Gausses and the uncertainty coefficient on the model's prediction is evaluated. Finally, the model is used in conjunction with downhole drilling conditions to assess the risk of mud loss in various layers and along the wellbore trajectory. The study demonstrates that the mean relative errors of the model for training data and test data are 6.9% and 7.5%, respectively, and that R2is 90% and 88%, respectively, for training data and test data. The accuracy and efficacy of mud loss prediction may be greatly enhanced by combining 16 seismic attributes with the mud loss rate per unit footage and applying machine learning methods. The mud loss prediction model based on the MDN model can not only predict the mud loss rate but also objectively evaluate the prediction based on the quality of the data and the model.

Utilization of Basalt Saw Mud as a Spherical Porous Functional Aggregate for the Preparation of Ordinary Structure Concrete

To promote the production and application of artificial aggregates,save natural sand resources and protect the ecological environment,we evaluated the feasibility of using spherical porous functional aggregates(SPFAs) formed by basalt saw mud under autoclave curing in ordinary structural concrete.In our work,two types of prewetted functional aggregates were taken as replacements for natural aggregates with different volume substitution rates(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,and 30%) in the preparation of ordinary structural concrete with water-to-binder ratios(W/B) of 0.48 and 0.33.The effects of the functional aggregate properties and content,W/B,and curing age on the fluidity,density,mechanical properties and autogenous shrinkage of ordinary concrete were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the density of concrete declined at a rate of not more than 5%,and the 28 d compressive strength could reach 31.0-68.2 MPa.Low W/B,long curing age and high-quality functional aggregates were conducive to enhancing the mechanical properties of SPFAs concrete.Through the rolling effects,SPFAs can optimize the particle gradation of aggregate systems and improve the fluidity of concrete,and the water stored inside SPFAs provides an internal curing effect,which prolongs the cement hydration process and considerably reduces the autogenous shrinkage of concrete.SPFAs exhibits high strength and high density,as well as being more cost-effective and ecological,and is expected to be widely employed in ordinary structural concrete.

Analysis of Calcined Red Mud Properties and Related Mortar Performances

Red mud(RM)is a low-activity industrial solid waste,and its utilization as a resource is currently a hot topic.In this study,the micro characteristics of red mud at different calcination temperatures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.The performance of calcined red mud was determined through mortar strength tests.Results indicate that high-temperature calcination can change the mineral composition and microstructure of red mud,and increase the surface roughness and specific surface area.At the optimal temperature of 700°C,the addition of calcined red mud still leads to a decrease in mortar strength,but its activity index and flexural coefficient increase by 16.2%and 11.9%with respect to uncalcined red mud,reaching values of 0.826 and 0.974,respectively.Compared with the control group,the synergistic activation of calcined red mud with slag can increase the compressive and flexural strength of the mortar by 12.9%and 1.5%,reaching 8.7 and 62.4 MPa,respectively.Correspondingly,the activity index and flexural coefficient of the calcined RM and GGBS(Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag)mixtures also increase to 1.015 and 1.130,respectively.

Response and assembly of abundant and rare taxa in Zaopei under different combination patterns of Daqu and pit mud:from microbial ecology to Baijiu brewing microecosystem

The quality and aroma of strong-flavor Baijiu are mainly dependent on Daqu,pit mud(PM),and the interaction of both.However,little is known about how their combination patterns affect the microbiome and metabolome of Zaopei,especially the metabolic function of rare taxa.Here,an experiment on industrial size was designed to assess the effects of 6 combinations(3 kinds of Daqu×2 kinds of PM)on the composition and assembly of different taxa,as well as the flavor profile.The results showed that Zaopei's microbiota was composed of a few abundant taxa and enormous rare taxa,and rare bacterial and abundant fungal subcommunities were significantly affected by combination patterns.The assembly processes of abundant/rare taxa and bacterial/fungal communities were distinct,and environmental changes mediated the balance between stochastic and deterministic processes in rare bacteria assembly.Furthermore,specific combination patterns improved the flavor quality of Zaopei by enhancing the interspecies interaction,which was closely related to rare taxa,especially rare bacteria.These findings highlighted that rare bacteria might be the keystone in involving community interaction and maintaining metabolic function,which provided a scientific foundation for better understanding and regulating the brewing microbiota from the viewpoint of microbial ecology.

Real-Time Fracture Aperture Identification Using Mud Loss Data and Solution for LCM Combination

Managing server lost circulation is a major challenge of drilling operation in naturally fractured formations and it causes much nonproductive rig time. When encountered with loss, the fracture aperture intersecting the wellbore is not well-identified in time, which has a significant impact on the decision of drilling operation and the undesired result of loss curing. Therefore, the onset of fracture is identified in a timely manner and evaluated comprehensively to formulate an appropriate strategy over time. However, the mud loss date, which is the primary source of information retrieved from the drilling process, was not properly used in real-time prediction of fracture aperture. This article provides a detailed mathematical study to discuss the mechanism of mud invasion in the near-wellbore region and prediction of fracture aperture. The fracture aperture can be calculated from mud-loss data by solving a cubic equation with input parameters given by the well radius, the overpressure ratio, and the maximum mud-loss volume. It permits the proper selection of loss-circulation material (LCM) with respect to particle size distribution and fiber usage. The case study illustrates the applicability of this methodology with a discussion on LCM particle distribution in different scenarios and the result demonstrates the outcome of inappropriate LCM usage and the advantages of the novel fiber-based LCM treatment.

Influence of Bayer Red Mud on the Operational and Mechanical Characteristics of Composite Cement Mortar

The aim of this study is to enhance the value and utilization of red mud generated in the Bayer process by preparing composite cement mortars.The effects of two different types of Bayer red mud with varying physical and chemical characteristics on the fluidity,mechanical strength,mineral composition,and microstructure of the composite cement mortar were systematically evaluated.The results showed that the optimal addition of red mud A was 10 wt%,while it was 20 wt% for red mud B.The mechanical properties of the composite cement mortar met the standards for P·O42.5 cement.Furthermore,the composite mortar with the addition of red mud B showed higher flexural and compressive strengths compared to the composite mortar with red mud A.This improvement is attributed to the smaller particle size of red mud B,which filled the micro-pores and increased the compactness of the cement stone,as well as its higher content of Na_(2)O,K_(2)O,and other free alkalis,which resulted in more obvious alkali activation,accelerating the hydration of the active minerals in the slurry.

A Seismic Facies Analysis to Determine the Relative Age and History of the Al Idrissi Mud Volcano from Offshore Larache Located in the NW Moroccan Atlantic Margin

Formed on top of the Gulf of Cadiz, the Al Idrissi mud volcano is the shallowest and largest mud volcano in the El Arraiche mud volcano field of the northwestern Moroccan margin. The development and morphology of mud volcanoes from the El Arraiche mud volcanoes group have been studied at a large scale. However, the time interval related to their formation period still needs to be better understood. In this regard, we interpreted and analyzed the seismic facies from the 2D reflection data of the GEOMARGEN-1 campaign, which took place in 2011. The aim was to identify the seismic sequences and draw the Al Idrissi mud volcano system to determine the formation period of the Al Idriss mud volcano. And as a result, the Al Idrissi mud volcano system is made of both buried and superficial bicone and was identified along with the Upper Tortonian to Messinian-Upper Pliocene facies. As the initial mud volcano extrusive edifice, the buried bicone was formed in the Late-Messinian to Early-Pliocene period. However, the superficial bicone, as the final extrusive edifice, was included in the Late Pliocene. In this case, the timing interval between the buried and superficial bicone is equivalent to the Late-Messinian to Upper-Pliocene period. Therefore, the latter corresponds to the Al Idrissi mud volcano formation period.

Research Progress on Green Utilization of Red Mud

Based on the research at home and abroad in recent years,this paper summarizes the recycling of metals in red mud,the preparation of cement and concrete with red mud,and the preparation of cementitious materials with red mud,so as to achieve the purpose of efficient utilization of waste and turning waste into wealth,make positive contribution to environmental protection,and ensure the green and sustainable development of various industries.

Cu/Ce负载对赤泥脱除中低温烟气中NO的促进作用

本研究对酸洗赤泥催化剂进行Cu、Ce、Cu/Ce浸渍负载,并研究了金属改性赤泥对烟气中NOx的催化转化性能。研究结果表明,Cu负载催化剂中的Cu+与Cu^(2+),有效促进了赤泥对低温烟气(200–300℃)中的NO转化率,Cu的负载量达到6%时,赤泥的最高NO转化率达到了90.7%;而Ce负载催化剂中的Ce^(3+)与Ce^(4+),有效促进了赤泥对中温烟气(200–400℃)中的NO转化率,Ce的负载量达到8%时,赤泥的最高NO转化率达到了94.0%;Cu/Ce负载催化剂表现出比单金属负载催化剂更好的低温NO转化率,最佳的负载Cu:Ce比例为1∶1,双金属负载催化剂表现出比Cu负载催化剂更好的中温(300–400℃)中的NO转化率,最高达到了95.5%。其原因是,在Cu/Ce协同作用下,Cu+以及Cu^(2+)的还原过程分别从229、302℃降至201以及247℃,同时使发生Fe2O3→FeO的还原过程的温度降低,促使ACRM-Cu1Ce1具有更强的低温氧化还原能力,同时,双金属负载使催化剂具有更高的弱酸性峰,也使催化剂的强、弱酸性峰都向低温偏移,并使负载后的赤泥具有了较高的Fe离子平均氧化态以及较高的Cu+含量,促进了赤泥催化剂对低温NO的转化率。

甘肃积石山 M_(s)6.2级地震的震害特征与启示

2023年12月18日,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县(35.70°N,102.79°E)发生了6.2级地震,震中烈度为VIII度。地震发生后,通过实地烈度评估与科学考察,对震区VI~VIII度区不同建(构)筑物与生命线工程的震害特点进行了统计分析;从抗震设计与施工管理、场地放大效应与地震次生灾害对建筑结构抗震性能的影响等角度,提出了此次地震的震害启示。结果表明:1)严重破坏和毁坏的建筑结构主要集中在老旧的土木结构、砖木结构和无设防或设防不规范的砖混结构。2)造成建筑结构破坏的主要原因是少量自建房抗震设计和施工的不规范、场地放大效应和地震次生灾害。3)优化和改良生土砌筑材料,改进纵横墙间的拉结措施,强化结构整体性是提高土木结构抗震的有效方法;普及“上下圈梁与构造柱”等基本抗震设防措施,规范水泥砂浆强度,提升农村工匠的施工水平,可有效提高砌体结构的整体性,避免房屋出现整体性垮塌;室内洗手间的墙体应该与房顶、纵横墙间建立有效联接,提高结构的抗震性能。4)孤突斜坡、河流高阶地与岸边为抗震不利地带。当建造用地极为匮乏,不得不选址在这些场地之上时,应该综合考虑场地的地形地貌特征、岩土体物理力学特性、水文地质条件、抗震设防目标、建筑结构类型等影响因素,做好地震灾害风险评估,根据评估结果进行科学设防。灾后重建过程中,应由政府统一规划选址、统一设计,规范施工。

水泥-石灰-磷石膏固化赤泥的路用基层性能

基于磷石膏硫激发作用水泥-石灰固化赤泥,开展了固化赤泥无侧限抗压强度、抗劈裂、抗回弹力学性能和干湿、冻融耐久性能等路用性能的室内试验,探究了该固化赤泥应用道路基层的可行性。试验结果表明:采用固化剂配比m水泥∶m石灰∶m磷石膏=8∶2∶2的固化赤泥路用基层性能最佳,7 d无侧限抗压强度为4.18 MPa,满足基层强度要求;28 d劈裂强度和回弹模量分别为0.256、1020 MPa;五级干湿和冻融循环后,质量变化率<2%,强度损失指标BDR均在80%以上。压汞试验从微观揭示了磷石膏反应产生的钙矾石,通过填充孔隙(0.1~1μm),增强固化赤泥强度;过量钙矾石使得固化赤泥体积膨胀,产生微裂缝孔隙(1~10μm),强度性能劣化。综合固化赤泥性能试验结果,使用m赤泥∶m水泥∶m石灰∶m磷石膏=100∶8∶2∶2配合比制备的固化赤泥替代传统路面基层材料是可行的,拓宽了赤泥综合利用的途径。

赤泥脱碱活化及在胶凝材料中的应用

总结了目前赤泥在脱碱、活化方面的研究现状,分析对比了各方法的优势以及存在的问题,综述了国内外赤泥在胶凝材料中的应用研究,在赤泥资源化应用方面具有积极引导意义。

基于高通量测序技术分析不同窖龄窖泥真菌群落多样性与空间异质性

利用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序、冗余分析和FUNGuild等方法对甘肃金徽酒10a和50a窖龄窖池及其不同空间位置窖泥的真菌群落结构、真菌菌群与理化因子之间的关系以及真菌功能预测等进行研究。结果表明,随着窖池深度的增加,10 a窖池窖泥的多样性和丰富度呈现降低趋势,50 a窖池窖泥的多样性整体呈现升高趋势,而丰富度则呈现先降低后升高趋势,其中10a窖池窖壁上层的多样性和丰富度均显著高于其他位置(P<0.05),而50a窖池窖底层的多样性和丰富度均显著高于其他位置(P<0.05)。10a窖池窖壁层的多样性和丰富度显著高于50a窖池(P<0.05),而50a窖底层的多样性和丰富度明显高于10a窖池(P<0.05)。所有窖泥样品共检测到21个真菌门和520个真菌属,其中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota)4个优势真菌门以及曲霉属(Aspergillus)和哈萨克斯坦酵母属(Kazachstania)等多数优势真菌属的相对丰度随窖池窖龄和空间位置的变化差异显著(P<0.05)。镰刀霉属(Fusarium)、Aspergillus、Kazachstania和红曲霉属(Monascus)与水分、腐殖质、K^(+)和Ca^(2+)含量呈正相关,枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、维希尼克氏酵母属(Vishniacozyma)与pH值呈正相关。窖泥真菌营养类型主要有腐生营养型和病理-腐生-共生营养型等7种,功能类群包括4个单一功能群和7个混合功能群。通过系统分析不同窖龄窖池和空间位置的窖泥真菌群落多样性,为明确甘肃金徽酒窖泥的真菌群落结构及空间分布规律奠定了理论基础。

赤泥基吸附剂的应用研究进展

赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中所排放的一种强碱性固体废弃物,每年排放量巨大且利用率低,造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染,如何有效资源化回收利用赤泥是亟须解决的问题。从赤泥的危害、理化性质和综合利用现状出发,对赤泥基吸附剂的应用研究进展进行了详细综述。赤泥粒度细、比表面积和孔隙率较高,含有多种活性成分,适合制备吸附剂以处理含污废水。然而,赤泥若直接应用于污水处理,处理能力有限,并且高碱性的赤泥若直接用于处理污水,会使溶液p H值升高。为此,常采用一系列的活化工艺对赤泥进行活化,制备赤泥基吸附剂。活化工艺不仅可以提高赤泥基吸附剂的吸附性能,还在一定程度上可以预防赤泥造成二次污染。目前常用的赤泥活化工艺主要有酸活化工艺、热活化工艺以及中和活化工艺。酸活化工艺可明显提升赤泥对阴离子的吸附效果;热活化工艺可减少传质阻力、高温造孔并使矿物转化,但成本较高;中和活化赤泥常用于处理金属阳离子。联合活化技术能综合利用单一活化技术的优点,使活化后的赤泥有更好的吸附性能,但联合活化技术操作较为复杂,成本也更高,导致现有的联合活化技术在工业上很难被大规模应用。目前,赤泥基吸附剂已被研究用于处理污水中的非金属阴离子、金属阳离子和有机污染物。列举了赤泥基吸附剂去除废水中的阴离子和重金属阳离子的实例,阐述了其去除机理:赤泥基吸附剂对一些废水中特定的污染物,如PO_(4)^(3-)、F^(-)、AsO_(4)^(3-)等表现出良好的吸附性能,其主要通过表面络合、离子交换和沉淀作用去除废水中的阴离子污染物;经过活化改性后的赤泥能有效去除水中如铅、铜、铬等重金属阳离子,针对不同的目标阳离子,去除机理也有所不同,主要包括离子交换、共沉淀、静电吸引、“阳离子-π”相互作用、络合作用和物理吸附等。但目前对赤泥基吸附剂对各种污染物的去除机理尚未完全明确,且对多种污染物同时存在下的竞争吸附体系研究较少。综上分析指出,在未来赤泥基吸附剂的研究中,寻找便捷、廉价的活化工艺方法制备新型、高效、环保的吸附剂,提高赤泥基吸附剂的吸附性能是一个重要的研究方向。同时,在赤泥基吸附剂的制备和处理废弃物的研究中,应加强制备机理和吸附机理的研究,为赤泥基吸附剂的生产和工业应用提供理论指导。

面向溢流与井漏监测的钻井液池体积趋势校正方法

钻井液池体积是溢流和井漏监测的常用参数。在钻井正常施工时,随着井筒容积的变化以及井筒内钻井液与地层流体的交换,钻井液池体积会产生与溢流和井漏发生时相似的“类风险趋势”,导致现有的溢流与井漏监测方法易产生误报,降低了溢流与井漏监测方法在现场应用时的有效性。针对此问题,文章首先分析了导致池体积产生“类风险趋势”的原因,建立了钻进与起下钻工况下池体积的正常变化模型,利用建立的模型校正池体积的“类风险趋势”,降低溢流与井漏监测的误报率;然后,建立了基于规则推理的溢流与井漏监测模型,用于测试池体积的“类风险趋势”对溢流与井漏监测的影响。利用现场实测的4500组钻井数据,采用基于规则推理的溢流与井漏监测方法开展了风险监测实验,结果表明,在进行池体积趋势校正后,溢流与井漏风险监测的误报率由10.03%降低至3.06%。

库区浮泥层纵向流速垂线分布特性研究

水库浮泥是存在于水库底部的一层高含沙水体,流动性较强,直接影响水库淤积形态和水库排沙,研究其运动规律对水库减淤优化调度具有重要意义。根据三峡库区实测泥沙矿物组成和级配资料,配置沙样进行流变试验,以幂律流变模型描述浮泥的本构关系。构建了浮泥运动的速度分布理论模型,通过水槽试验对模型进行了验证,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。结果表明,浮泥运动速度随浮泥厚度、上层水流流速、床面坡度增大而增大,随浮泥密度增大而减少。沿水深方向浮泥纵向流速分布始终呈抛物线型,表层的浮泥流速要远大于底层浮泥,浮泥纵向流速沿垂向方向不断减少,最底部的浮泥几乎处于静止状态。

硫酸亚铁焙烧-水浸工艺分离黑铜泥中铜和砷

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环保要求和泥浆性能维护在地质勘探中的重要性日渐突显,使得铀矿钻探建设对泥浆清洁处理的标准变得更为严格。基于铀矿钻探工作单孔施工周期较短、机台搬家频次较高以及泥浆处理量较小的特点,研制了一种适用于砂岩型铀矿钻探的移动式泥浆净化设备。该设备采用模块化集成设计,主要由泥浆收集系统、除砂系统、自动化控制系统等组成,整合泥浆收集、净化、排放等多项传统泥浆处理设备设施及工艺,并可实现拖拽行走,在机台短途搬迁时能有效节约人力、物力。现场试验证明,该设备在砂岩型铀矿钻探过程中实现了优良的环保效果和经济效益,达成了一次配浆多孔使用和泥浆零排放的目标,并提高了钻孔质量。

CeO_(2)可见光催化合成APEG保坍抗泥型聚羧酸减水剂

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