By the contingent value method, we studied the non-use value of wetland ecosystem service of Hongxing National Nature Reserve （HNNR） in Heilongjiang Pro- vince, northeast China. The proportion of respondents willing...By the contingent value method, we studied the non-use value of wetland ecosystem service of Hongxing National Nature Reserve （HNNR） in Heilongjiang Pro- vince, northeast China. The proportion of respondents willing to pay （WTP） for protection of HNNR was 63 %. The WTP ratio was affected by geographical area, contact nature, personal preferences, and familiar degree of the respondents. The WTP value was affected by age, education level and career of the respondents. The mainly reasons for people rejecting to pay for protecting HNNR were ＂I am not familiar to HNNR＂ and ＂I had no capacity for additional spending because of low income＂. Weighted average individual WTP value was CNY 59.26 Yuan ind.^-1 year^-1 for all the respondents with WTP. The total non-use ecosystem service value of HNNR was CNY 1430 million Yuan in 2013. The heritage value was highest followed by existence value and option value. From the high ecosystem service value in HNNR, it is very important to construct nature reserve for protecting natural ecosystems and human sustainable use of natural resources.展开更多
In this paper,a compact difference scheme is established for the heat equations with multi-point boundary value conditions.The truncation error of the difference scheme is O(τ2+h^4),where t and h are the temporal ste...In this paper,a compact difference scheme is established for the heat equations with multi-point boundary value conditions.The truncation error of the difference scheme is O(τ2+h^4),where t and h are the temporal step size and the spatial step size.A prior estimate of the difference solution in a weighted norm is obtained.The unique solvability,stability and convergence of the difference scheme are proved by the energy method.The theoretical statements for the solution of the difference scheme are supported by numerical examples.展开更多
Generalized Jacobi polynomials with indexes α,β∈ R are introduced and some basic properties are established. As examples of applications,the second- and fourth-order elliptic boundary value problems with Dirichlet ...Generalized Jacobi polynomials with indexes α,β∈ R are introduced and some basic properties are established. As examples of applications,the second- and fourth-order elliptic boundary value problems with Dirichlet or Robin boundary conditions are considered,and the generalized Jacobi spectral schemes are proposed. For the diagonalization of discrete systems,the Jacobi-Sobolev orthogonal basis functions are constructed,which allow the exact solutions and the approximate solutions to be represented in the forms of infinite and truncated Jacobi series. Error estimates are obtained and numerical results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and the spectral accuracy.展开更多
This paper aims at examing how modality values are realized in native and non-native English news reporting and comparing the values they each take.By analyzing,the writer hopes to contribute to the awareness of forei...This paper aims at examing how modality values are realized in native and non-native English news reporting and comparing the values they each take.By analyzing,the writer hopes to contribute to the awareness of foreign language learners in terms of the importance of modality values in news analysis and make readers benefit from their reading,writing.展开更多
International oil and gas projects feature high capital-intensity, high risks and contract diversity. Therefore, in order to help decision makers make more reasonable decisions under uncertainty, it is necessary to me...International oil and gas projects feature high capital-intensity, high risks and contract diversity. Therefore, in order to help decision makers make more reasonable decisions under uncertainty, it is necessary to measure the risks of international oil and gas projects. For this purpose, this paper constructs a probabilistic model that is based on the traditional economic evaluation model, and introduces value at risk(VaR) which is a valuable risk measure tool in finance, and applies Va R to measure the risks of royalty contracts, production share contracts and service contracts of an international oil and gas project. Besides, this paper compares the influences of different risk factors on the net present value(NPV) of the project by using the simulation results. The results indicate:(1) risks have great impacts on the project's NPV, therefore, if risks are overlooked, the decision may be wrong.(2) A simulation method is applied to simulate the stochastic distribution of risk factors in the probabilistic model. Therefore, the probability is related to the project's NPV, overcoming the inherent limitation of the traditional economic evaluation method.(3) VaR is a straightforward risk measure tool, and can be applied to evaluate the risks of international oil and gas projects. It is helpful for decision making.展开更多
The European Union summit ended on December 16 in Madrid. European leaders set their seal on a drive to make Europe a global power ready for challenges of the next century with a new currency and a new list of members...The European Union summit ended on December 16 in Madrid. European leaders set their seal on a drive to make Europe a global power ready for challenges of the next century with a new currency and a new list of members. The US federal government partially shut down for the second time in a month on December 16, with President Bill展开更多
More than 20000 representatives and tourists from 170 countries and regions participated in the World Festival of International. Youth which opened on July 1 in Pyongyang.
On January 4, United States planes shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea. This is the first fighting between the US and Libya since US jets bombed Tripoli in 1986. But on January 12, the United ...On January 4, United States planes shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea. This is the first fighting between the US and Libya since US jets bombed Tripoli in 1986. But on January 12, the United States, Britain and France, in a rare triple veto, blocked a Security Council resolution to deplore the shooting down of two Libyan jets by US navy fighters. President Fidel Castro of Cuba announced on January 4 in Havana that the first 3000 Cuban troops to be withdrawn from展开更多
Russian President Boris Yeltsin, after an emphatic election victory, made a plea on July 4 for national reconciliation. With over 99 per cent of the vote counted, Yeltsin had 53. 70 per cent to Zyuganov’s 40.41 per c...Russian President Boris Yeltsin, after an emphatic election victory, made a plea on July 4 for national reconciliation. With over 99 per cent of the vote counted, Yeltsin had 53. 70 per cent to Zyuganov’s 40.41 per cent. The 65-year-old persident’s victory will return him to展开更多
On August 5, US President Bill Clinton signed into law a bill to punish foreign companies that invest in oil and gas projects in Iran or Libya. The law, which sparked vehement protests from European countries, was des...On August 5, US President Bill Clinton signed into law a bill to punish foreign companies that invest in oil and gas projects in Iran or Libya. The law, which sparked vehement protests from European countries, was designed to discourage investment in Iran and Libya. On August 14, Iran’s Parliament Speaker Ali Akbar Nateq-nouri vowed to take stance against US domination展开更多
Retired senior Chinese leader Chen Yun died atage 90 of an illness at 14:04 on April 10 inBeijing. An Organization of African Unity missionarrived in Burundi on April 12, seeking topromote reconciliatton in a nation r...Retired senior Chinese leader Chen Yun died atage 90 of an illness at 14:04 on April 10 inBeijing. An Organization of African Unity missionarrived in Burundi on April 12, seeking topromote reconciliatton in a nation racked byethnic bloodshed and to head off any massslaughter on a scale similar to Rwanda.展开更多
Russian President Boris Yeltsin arrived in Beijing on December 17 on a visit to China. Speaking to reporters at Beijing airport upon arrival, Yeltsin said it is only natural that Russia and China, which share a 4000-k...Russian President Boris Yeltsin arrived in Beijing on December 17 on a visit to China. Speaking to reporters at Beijing airport upon arrival, Yeltsin said it is only natural that Russia and China, which share a 4000-kilometre border, should seek to develop their friendship and co-operation. Yeltsin and Chinese President Yang Shangkun signed the joint declaration on the basic principles governing bilateral relations in Beijing on December 18 after separate talks in the morning between Yeltsin and Chinese Premier Li Peng and Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin.展开更多
On June 2, US President Bill Clinton renewedthe Most-Favoured Nation trade status for Chinafor another year on the recommendation of USSecretary of State Warren Christopher.
Struggling to rebuild a mission near collapse,the UN Security Council voted on June 16 toenlarge its force in Bosnia to include up to12500 heavily armed troops.
China announced on April 16 its decision to send military observers and engineers to join UN transitional authorities in Cambodia. The contingent left Beijing on the same day. On April 21, Peruvian President Alberto F...China announced on April 16 its decision to send military observers and engineers to join UN transitional authorities in Cambodia. The contingent left Beijing on the same day. On April 21, Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori announced a 12-month plan to return Peru to democracy. He said he never intended to create a dictatorship when he launched his militarybacked crackdown on April 5 aimed at fighting corruption,展开更多
India’s ruling Congress closed ranks on May21 behind Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao,calling a dissident gathering which triggered aparty split "illegal and unconstitutional". Aftera meeting on May 20, th...India’s ruling Congress closed ranks on May21 behind Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao,calling a dissident gathering which triggered aparty split "illegal and unconstitutional". Aftera meeting on May 20, the Congress WorkingCommittee condemned "in the strongest terms thewhole charade put up by the disgruntled andexpelled leaders and reposes its full faith in展开更多
Chinese Premier Li Peng said on June 10 that Sino-Peruvian trade and economic ties will improve. Li told Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori in Beijing that, as developing countries, the two nations shared similar vie...Chinese Premier Li Peng said on June 10 that Sino-Peruvian trade and economic ties will improve. Li told Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori in Beijing that, as developing countries, the two nations shared similar views on展开更多
The U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed, by a.92 to 0 vote, Representative Dick Cheney as defence secretary on March 17. On March 18, the US space shuttle "Discovery" landed in California, completing a flight ...The U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed, by a.92 to 0 vote, Representative Dick Cheney as defence secretary on March 17. On March 18, the US space shuttle "Discovery" landed in California, completing a flight of nearly five days that covered about three million kilometres. The Second Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress opened on March 20 in Beijing. Chinese Premier Li展开更多
The European Community’s Treaty on European Union takes effect on November 1. The Community Will be part of a European Union made up of the same 12 members but with the ambitious new goals of creating a single curren...The European Community’s Treaty on European Union takes effect on November 1. The Community Will be part of a European Union made up of the same 12 members but with the ambitious new goals of creating a single currency by the end of the century and forging common foreign and security policies. Government ministers from the 18 eastern and southern African nations adopted a treaty in Kampah on November Ⅰ to establish a展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DL13BAX10)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(QC2013C037)the assisted project by Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Funds for Scientific Research Initiation(LBH-Q13006)
文摘By the contingent value method, we studied the non-use value of wetland ecosystem service of Hongxing National Nature Reserve （HNNR） in Heilongjiang Pro- vince, northeast China. The proportion of respondents willing to pay （WTP） for protection of HNNR was 63 %. The WTP ratio was affected by geographical area, contact nature, personal preferences, and familiar degree of the respondents. The WTP value was affected by age, education level and career of the respondents. The mainly reasons for people rejecting to pay for protecting HNNR were ＂I am not familiar to HNNR＂ and ＂I had no capacity for additional spending because of low income＂. Weighted average individual WTP value was CNY 59.26 Yuan ind.^-1 year^-1 for all the respondents with WTP. The total non-use ecosystem service value of HNNR was CNY 1430 million Yuan in 2013. The heritage value was highest followed by existence value and option value. From the high ecosystem service value in HNNR, it is very important to construct nature reserve for protecting natural ecosystems and human sustainable use of natural resources.
基金The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11671081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.242017K41044).
文摘In this paper,a compact difference scheme is established for the heat equations with multi-point boundary value conditions.The truncation error of the difference scheme is O(τ2+h^4),where t and h are the temporal step size and the spatial step size.A prior estimate of the difference solution in a weighted norm is obtained.The unique solvability,stability and convergence of the difference scheme are proved by the energy method.The theoretical statements for the solution of the difference scheme are supported by numerical examples.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11571238,11601332,91130014,11471312 and 91430216).
文摘Generalized Jacobi polynomials with indexes α,β∈ R are introduced and some basic properties are established. As examples of applications,the second- and fourth-order elliptic boundary value problems with Dirichlet or Robin boundary conditions are considered,and the generalized Jacobi spectral schemes are proposed. For the diagonalization of discrete systems,the Jacobi-Sobolev orthogonal basis functions are constructed,which allow the exact solutions and the approximate solutions to be represented in the forms of infinite and truncated Jacobi series. Error estimates are obtained and numerical results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and the spectral accuracy.
文摘This paper aims at examing how modality values are realized in native and non-native English news reporting and comparing the values they each take.By analyzing,the writer hopes to contribute to the awareness of foreign language learners in terms of the importance of modality values in news analysis and make readers benefit from their reading,writing.
基金supported by the Young Fund of Shanxi University of Finance and Economics(No.QN-2018002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71774105)the Fund for Shanxi Key Subjects Construction(FSKSC)and Shanxi Repatriate Study Abroad Foundation(No.2016-3)
文摘International oil and gas projects feature high capital-intensity, high risks and contract diversity. Therefore, in order to help decision makers make more reasonable decisions under uncertainty, it is necessary to measure the risks of international oil and gas projects. For this purpose, this paper constructs a probabilistic model that is based on the traditional economic evaluation model, and introduces value at risk(VaR) which is a valuable risk measure tool in finance, and applies Va R to measure the risks of royalty contracts, production share contracts and service contracts of an international oil and gas project. Besides, this paper compares the influences of different risk factors on the net present value(NPV) of the project by using the simulation results. The results indicate:(1) risks have great impacts on the project's NPV, therefore, if risks are overlooked, the decision may be wrong.(2) A simulation method is applied to simulate the stochastic distribution of risk factors in the probabilistic model. Therefore, the probability is related to the project's NPV, overcoming the inherent limitation of the traditional economic evaluation method.(3) VaR is a straightforward risk measure tool, and can be applied to evaluate the risks of international oil and gas projects. It is helpful for decision making.
文摘The European Union summit ended on December 16 in Madrid. European leaders set their seal on a drive to make Europe a global power ready for challenges of the next century with a new currency and a new list of members. The US federal government partially shut down for the second time in a month on December 16, with President Bill
文摘More than 20000 representatives and tourists from 170 countries and regions participated in the World Festival of International. Youth which opened on July 1 in Pyongyang.
文摘On January 4, United States planes shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea. This is the first fighting between the US and Libya since US jets bombed Tripoli in 1986. But on January 12, the United States, Britain and France, in a rare triple veto, blocked a Security Council resolution to deplore the shooting down of two Libyan jets by US navy fighters. President Fidel Castro of Cuba announced on January 4 in Havana that the first 3000 Cuban troops to be withdrawn from
文摘Russian President Boris Yeltsin, after an emphatic election victory, made a plea on July 4 for national reconciliation. With over 99 per cent of the vote counted, Yeltsin had 53. 70 per cent to Zyuganov’s 40.41 per cent. The 65-year-old persident’s victory will return him to
文摘On August 5, US President Bill Clinton signed into law a bill to punish foreign companies that invest in oil and gas projects in Iran or Libya. The law, which sparked vehement protests from European countries, was designed to discourage investment in Iran and Libya. On August 14, Iran’s Parliament Speaker Ali Akbar Nateq-nouri vowed to take stance against US domination
文摘Retired senior Chinese leader Chen Yun died atage 90 of an illness at 14:04 on April 10 inBeijing. An Organization of African Unity missionarrived in Burundi on April 12, seeking topromote reconciliatton in a nation racked byethnic bloodshed and to head off any massslaughter on a scale similar to Rwanda.
文摘Russian President Boris Yeltsin arrived in Beijing on December 17 on a visit to China. Speaking to reporters at Beijing airport upon arrival, Yeltsin said it is only natural that Russia and China, which share a 4000-kilometre border, should seek to develop their friendship and co-operation. Yeltsin and Chinese President Yang Shangkun signed the joint declaration on the basic principles governing bilateral relations in Beijing on December 18 after separate talks in the morning between Yeltsin and Chinese Premier Li Peng and Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin.
文摘On June 2, US President Bill Clinton renewedthe Most-Favoured Nation trade status for Chinafor another year on the recommendation of USSecretary of State Warren Christopher.
文摘Struggling to rebuild a mission near collapse,the UN Security Council voted on June 16 toenlarge its force in Bosnia to include up to12500 heavily armed troops.
文摘China announced on April 16 its decision to send military observers and engineers to join UN transitional authorities in Cambodia. The contingent left Beijing on the same day. On April 21, Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori announced a 12-month plan to return Peru to democracy. He said he never intended to create a dictatorship when he launched his militarybacked crackdown on April 5 aimed at fighting corruption,
文摘India’s ruling Congress closed ranks on May21 behind Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao,calling a dissident gathering which triggered aparty split "illegal and unconstitutional". Aftera meeting on May 20, the Congress WorkingCommittee condemned "in the strongest terms thewhole charade put up by the disgruntled andexpelled leaders and reposes its full faith in
文摘Chinese Premier Li Peng said on June 10 that Sino-Peruvian trade and economic ties will improve. Li told Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori in Beijing that, as developing countries, the two nations shared similar views on
文摘The U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed, by a.92 to 0 vote, Representative Dick Cheney as defence secretary on March 17. On March 18, the US space shuttle "Discovery" landed in California, completing a flight of nearly five days that covered about three million kilometres. The Second Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress opened on March 20 in Beijing. Chinese Premier Li
文摘The European Community’s Treaty on European Union takes effect on November 1. The Community Will be part of a European Union made up of the same 12 members but with the ambitious new goals of creating a single currency by the end of the century and forging common foreign and security policies. Government ministers from the 18 eastern and southern African nations adopted a treaty in Kampah on November Ⅰ to establish a
