Operating Parameters of the District Heating Substation Cooperating With the Installation of Technological Air Conditioning With High Efficiency of Heat Recovery

The article analyses the problem of determining the operating parameters of the district heating substation cooperating with the air heating system in technological air conditioning systems equipped with heat exchangers with high efficiency of heat recovery.Attention was paid to the correct selection of heat exchangers for the heat output balance depending on the heat recovery protection algorithms against a drop in the temperature of the heat transfer surface below 0℃.Critical parameters were determined in Polish climatic conditions,at which the operation of the heat recovery exchanger in the air conditioning system is switched off or limited.It has been proven that the proper functioning of the district heating substation cooperating with the installation of air conditioning with high heat recovery efficiency requires the use of two heat exchangers with different characteristics,equipped with properly selected temperature control systems.The optimal model of cooperation between the technological air conditioning system and the heating substation was also indicated.

Practice and analysis of recycling non-drinking water from air-condition and reverse-osmosis system into rainwater collection system

This paper is based on the rainwater collection project in the retrofit of the Dongyi teaching block in Zhejiang University Xixi Campus.The analysis incorporates the local meteorological data, recycling water utilization, and precipitation adjustment.The rainwater collection system in this program also adds the condensation water from the heating, ventilation and air conditioning （ HVAC） system and the concentration from the reverse-osmosis system used for watering greens and supplying waterscapes.By calculating, the quantity of the HVAC condensation water in summer is 3.48 m3/d, and the quantity of the reverse-osmosis concentrated water is 198 to 396 L/d.This method solves the water shortage caused by high evaporation in summer and low precipitation in winter.Supported by empirical monitoring data, the proposed method significantly increases the economic efficiency of the system during the summer period.

Optimal Scheduling of Residential Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) provides important demand response resources for the new power system with high proportion of renewable energy. Residential HAVC scheduling strategies that adapt to realtime electricity price signals formulated by demand response program and ambient temperature can significantly reduce electricity costs while ensuring occupants' comfort. However, since the pricing process and weather conditions are affected by many factors, conventional model-based method is difficult to meet the scheduling requirements in complex environments. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive optimal scheduling strategy for residential HVAC based on deep reinforcement learning(DRL) method. The scheduling problem can be regarded as a Markov decision process(MDP). The proposed method can adaptively learn the state transition probability to make economical decision under the tolerance violations. Specifically, the residential thermal parameters obtained by the leastsquares parameter estimation(LSPE) can provide a basis for the state transition probability of MDP. Daily simulations are verified under the electricity prices and temperature data sets, and numerous experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Alternative ventilation strategies in U.S.offices:Comprehensive assessment and sensitivity analysis of energy saving potential

Mature technologies exist to reduce the heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC) energy associated with ventilation and use ventilation proactively to save energy.This study investigated the energy use impacts in U.S.office buildings of multiple alternative ventilation strategies that combined:economizing,demand controlled ventilation(DCV),supply air temperature reset(SR),and/or a doubled ventilation rate.We used energy simulations in a Monte Carlo analysis,sampling 17 building inputs and varying locations to match the climate zone distribution of the U.S.office stock.Results indicated the possibility for significant savings compared to a baseline that ventilated constantly at a minimum rate in both a small office type with a constant air volume(CAV) HVAC system and a medium office type with a variable air volume(VAV) system.In 95%of instances,HVAC source energy savings were 5-25%in the small-CAV office(median:11%) and 6-42%in the medium-VAV office(median:27%).In the small-CAV office,DCV typically saved the most energy,usually from heating,and heating degree days and occupant density were decisive influences.In the medium-VAV office,economizing and SR were most important,DCV usually only had minor impacts,and zone temperature setpoints,along with climate indicators,were the critical influences.Other than infiltration,envelope characteristics did not strongly influence energy impacts.The untapped primary energy savings of alternative ventilation strategies over the 74%of U.S.office floorspace reasonably represented by our modeling was estimated at 36 TWh per year,with an annual value of U.S.$ 1.25 billion.

Thermal Management of Vehicle Cabins,External Surfaces,and Onboard Electronics:An Overview

Reducing heat accumulation within vehicles and ensuring appropriate vehicular temperature levels can lead to enhanced vehicle fuel economy,range,reliability,longevity,passenger comfort,and safety.Advancements in vehicle thermal management remain key as new technologies,consumer demand,societal concerns,and government regulations emerge and evolve.This study summarizes several recent advances in vehicle thermal management technology and modeling,with a focus on three key areas:the cabin,electronics,and exterior components of vehicles.Cabin-related topics covered include methods for reducing thermal loads and improving heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems;and advancements in window glazing/tinting and vehicle surface treatments.For the thermal management of electronics,including batteries and insulated-gate bipolar transistors(IGBTs),active and passive cooling methods that employ heat pipes,heat sinks,jet impingement,forced convection,and phase-change materials are discussed.Finally,efforts to model and enhance the heat transfer of exterior vehicular components are reviewed while considering drag/friction forces and environmental effects.Despite advances in the field of vehicle thermal management,challenges still exist;this article provides a broad summary of the major issues,with recommendations for further study.

The Generation of Typical Meteorological Year and Climatic Database of Turkey for the Energy Analysis of Buildings

For sustainable development, a reduction in energy demand is essential. This could be achieved through improving energy efficiency, effective energy conservation and management. The weather conditions of a given region are the most important consideration for the proper design of space AC （Air Conditioning） systems. In this study, the typical meteorological year and climatic database of Turkey for the energy analysis of buildings were generated by SQL （Structured Query Language） database programmimg language. The Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method was applied to analyze the hourly measured weather data of a 23-year period （1989-2012） and select representative TMMs （Typical Meteorological Months）. The selection criteria were based on 13 meteorological parameters. These parameters are the daily mean, maximum and minimum values and ranges of temperature, dew-point and wind velocity and the daily values of global solar radiation. According to results of TMY （Typical Meteorological Year）, climatic database of Turkey including daily or hourly climate variables was created in SQL data tables.

Window Air Conditioners Transition and Restriction in Saudi Arabia

This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO2 emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.

Analysis and Evaluation of Thermal-cooling Loads of Office Buildings Using Carrier Software in Iran

The importance and necessity of energy saving in the world have been dis­cussed for many years,but achieving a logical and transparent solution is still one of the main challenges and problems of the world’s economy.The rapid growth of energy consumption in the last two decades has caused the security of the domestic energy supply of buildings to face serious prob­lems.In this research,first by entering parameters such as the type of mate­rials,doors and windows,and the type of soil on the floor connected to the ground,etc.in the heat and cold load calculation software(HAP Carrier)as the design calculations and then in the second step entering the specifica­tions inferred from the Iran’s national building code as a reference for ener­gy saving calculations,calculations are performed and compared as the first criterion,and finally these two outputs are compared.The actual energy consumption and determination of the building energy consumption index are determined as another criterion,as well as the degree of deviation from the actual consumption.The results showed that the theoretical method and the thermal and refrigeration load calculations of the Zanjan Gas Company building have 6%difference in cooling load but the heating load is about 34%different,which means for cooling loads,the theoretical model can be used with high accuracy but for heating loads,the national building code needs fundamental changes.

Effectiveness of PMV-Based Controls for Commercial Buildings in the USA

Using an accurate energy model,this paper simulated existing commercial buildings to compare PMV-based comfort control with conventional thermostatic control and conduct a sensitivity analysis using the Design of Experiments method with monitored energy consumption data.This analysis was applied considering the impact of building envelope characteristics including thermal insulation level of exterior walls and air leakage rate on the ability of both control options to maintain indoor thermal comfort while minimizing cooling energy consumption.The analysis findings indicated that PMV-based comfort control is viable for striking a middle ground between thermal comfort and heating energy consumption with a PPD(predicted percentage of dissatisfied)level at 8%for any combination of walls’R-value and air infiltration rate while temperature-based controls result in an unacceptable indoor thermal comfort performance especially for low R-values regardless of the air infiltration rate with PPD level reaching over 76%.Also,the results show that in a comfort-controlled space,the average radioactive temperature and occupant-related features like metabolic rate and clothing level have a far bigger effect on energy use than other parameters like relative humidity.

暖通空调给排水管道的表面改性与性能研究

为提升暖通空调铜合金排水管的表面性能,采用化学镀的方法在铜合金排水管表面制备了Ni-P/TiN镀层,研究镀液中TiN质量浓度对化学镀层物相组成、表面及截面形貌、硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,无镀层的铜合金基体主要物相为CuZn和CuZn5,表面镀层主要由非晶Ni组成;在基础镀液中适当添加TiN会形成镀层质量较好的含有胞状颗粒的镀层,而过量的TiN添加会使得镀层质量恶化。相较铜合金基体,表面镀层的硬度明显更高,且表面镀层硬度会随着镀液中TiN质量浓度的增加而增大;当TiN质量浓度为10 g/L时,表面镀层的硬度和磨损率分别为633 HV0.1和0.93×10^(-8)g/(r·N),具有相对较好的耐磨性,此时的磨损机制主要为氧化磨损。

海洋平台HVAC系统减噪技术研究

文章结合海洋平台供热通风与空气调节(HVAC)系统噪声控制的现状,重点介绍了平台HVAC系统噪声对人员和设备的影响;分析了HVAC系统噪声的来源,包括机组本身运行时产生的噪声、管线内流体流动噪声等;提出了设计和安装阶段HVAC系统噪声控制的要点,如选择低噪声设备、合理布置管线、采用隔振器和消声器等。

A concept of capillary active,dynamic insulation integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning system

When a historic façade needs to be preserved or when the seismic considerations favor use of a concrete wall system and fire considerations limit exterior thermal insulation,one needs to use interior thermal insulation systems.Interior thermal insulation systems are less effective than the exterior systems and will not reduce the effect of thermal bridges.Yet they may be successfully used and,in many instances,are recommended as a complement to the exterior insulation.This paper presents one of these cases.It is focused on the most successful applications of capillary active,dynamic interior thermal insulation.This happens when such insulation is integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning(HVAC)system.Starting with a pioneering work of the Technical University in Dresden in development of capillary active interior insulations,we propose a next generation,namely,a bio-fiber thermal insulation.When completing the review,this paper proposes a concept of a joint research project to be undertaken by partners from the US(where improvement of indoor climate in exposed coastal areas is needed),China(indoor climate in non-air conditioned concrete buildings is an issue),and Germany(where the bio-fiber technology has been developed).

溶液调湿空调在医药厂房工程应用的碳减排潜力分析

众多医药生产车间要求低湿环境,需要送风含湿在7 g/kg甚至5 g/kg以下,常规7℃冷冻水驱动的冷冻除湿方式难以完成上述除湿任务,因而医药厂房通常采用转轮除湿系统对空气进行湿处理以满足环境热湿控制需求。然而,转轮系统所需再生温度较高,通常使用高温蒸汽或电加热器作为再生热源,限制了系统的低碳化运行。溶液空调系统具有利用低品位冷热源的优势,但现有研究对于溶液空调技术在医药建筑中应用可行性研究尚不充分,无法揭示其在医药建筑应用的节能减排潜力。因此,现场测试了溶液空调系统在某试点医药厂房的实际应用效果,对比了其与常规转轮系统的性能差异并阐明差异原因。示范工程应用结果表明,一次回风系统送风含湿量在6 g/kg左右时,溶液系统可以将再生热源温度从100℃以上降至50℃以下,相较于常规转轮系统的节能比率为15%~45%,典型工况下的碳减排率为20.7%。以期为医药建筑低碳化发展提供经验参考与数据支撑。

基于多层ReLU网络的楼宇暖通空调系统能量管理策略

提升现代智能楼宇的能量管理能力,是电力紧平衡背景下促进电网节能增效的重要举措。文中提出一种数据驱动的楼宇暖通空调系统节能控制策略,避免了传统模型预测控制对精确热力学建模的依赖。首先,在搭建楼宇热网络仿真模型的基础上,采用延时嵌入法构造输入特征,建立基于修正线性单元的多层神经网络模型,实现室内温度时间序列的多步预测。然后,针对电网的分时电价,构建滚动时域优化模型,并将其重构为混合整数线性规划的形式,实现有限控制周期内优化模型的高效求解。最后,基于Simscape搭建楼宇热仿真模型,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提策略能够满足温度舒适度要求,并提高楼宇的经济运行水平。

探究供热通风与空调工程的施工技术要点与节能控制措施

在当代,低能耗、低污染及低排放是建筑工程施工的必然要求,同时也对其性能提出了更高的要求,如对环境友好、绿色和高效。暖通工程在绿色建筑中的运用是非常关键的一步,只有适时地转变高强度、高环境污染的施工方式,重视空调工程品质的提高,才能取得较好的节能和环境保护成效,促进企业的环保和节能。同时,在通风空调装置的安装过程中,要提高对有关施工的掌控程度,按照施工技术应用要求和通风空调装置的结构进行工程施工,确保建筑通风空调工程质量的提升。供热通风和空调工程施工水平已成为衡量施工部门资质的有效依据,为满足现阶段行业发展需求,施工团队需要进一步规范施工,严格依照建筑物施工方案与安装标准,严格制定现场施工管理策略,提升施工人员技术水平,确保各施工环节的科学性、合理性。

某肿瘤医院质子治疗中心空调通风系统设计

质子治疗使用质子束,其射线粒子质量很大,能对肿瘤区域进行“立体定向爆破”,对病灶区进行精准定位治疗,将身体其他部位功能细胞损伤降到最低,治疗效果良好,我国已越来越重视质子治疗中心的建设。介绍了某肿瘤医院质子治疗中心空调、通风、工艺冷却水系统的设计要点,根据设备工艺需求,提出了冷热源选取需注意的事项及节能措施,为该类医疗建筑的设计提供了借鉴。

协同考虑空气质量与热舒适度的暖通空调系统双层优化控制策略

暖通空调(HVAC)系统作为智能楼宇的耗能主体,实现其能耗成本与用户舒适度的灵活权衡具有重要意义。然而,并行考虑以上两种因素时,系统优化模型的耦合项增加,求解难度增大。基于学习的控制策略在模型构建上具有便捷性,但节能效果一般。面对以上挑战,提出协同考虑空气质量与热舒适度的HVAC系统双层优化控制策略。首先,基于RC等效电路的热动态模型和楼宇内部物理结构,精确刻画各区域温度和空气质量的耦合关系;然后,以能耗成本最低及用户舒适度最优为目标,对HVAC系统的运行策略进行优化,为解决模型的耦合问题,对HVAC系统进行双层优化控制,上层优化送风质量流量,下层优化通风率,并采用滚动优化方法修正误差;最后,在夏季制冷场景下,对不同舒适度系数下的双层优化控制结果进行分析,并与其他控制策略进行比较。结果表明,所提方法能兼顾经济性和用户舒适度。

辽宁省某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂暖通设计

重点介绍了垃圾池间和卸料大厅的热风供暖措施,结合项目特点介绍了渣池间通风、新风系统和蓄电池室空调通风的设计,并探讨了利用冷却水余热的溴化锂热泵供热系统的经济性及可行性。结果表明,垃圾池间暖风系统采用多管淹埋式送风装置能自动适应垃圾堆料面变化,达到最佳的热风供暖效果。锅炉风机采用多支路防臭抽风系统,能有效地防止垃圾池间和卸料大厅的臭气扩散,又能减少大量抽风造成的加热量浪费。冬季从锅炉间补充热风可改善渣池间的能见度和环境温度,且不影响锅炉间供暖效果。房间及走道需要设计合理正压值,新风取风口和污染源须保持足够距离,可减轻臭气的影响。蓄电池室空调通风设计时需要充分考虑防爆及温湿度工况。溴化锂热泵方案的经济性分析需要考虑供热量、冷却水温度对汽轮机发电效率的影响。

暖通工程中气悬浮技术的创新应用

在能源消耗领域中,暖通工程的技术创新具有关键性意义。气悬浮技术是一种新兴的技术,通过利用气体的悬浮能力来实现物体的支撑和运动。在暖通工程领域,气悬浮技术被创新应用在空气净化、空气调节、热回收等方面,以提高系统的效率和节能性能。气悬浮技术具有高效节能、精确控制和可靠性高等优点,但也面临着气膜稳定性、系统复杂性和成本等方面的挑战。

节能环保技术在暖通空调系统的应用研究

针对暖通空调(HVAC)系统高耗能、高污染的问题,从数据分析方面设计了HVAC系统的智慧数据中心。通过传感器获取HVAC终端的数据,利用联邦学习平均算法实现数据分析。采用多路径通信保证数据传输的安全,实现了HVAC系统精准节能运行。设计了地源热泵功能模块和热能回收功能模块。地源热泵功能模块可实现对太阳能和地热能等可再生能源的利用,保证了HVAC系统的环保性。由试验仿真的分析与对比结果可知,该HVAC系统实现了耗电量和排出热量的减少。该HVAC系统可确保节能环保技术的应用效能。