Characterization and Analysis of Inconel 718 Alloy Ground at Different Speeds

Inconel 718(IN718)alloy is widely applied to fabricate high temperature resistant or corrosion resistant parts due to its excellent mechanical performance.However,the machining of IN718 alloy is difficult as it may cause serious tool wear and poor surface quality(SQ)of the workpiece.In this work,grinding experiments on IN718 alloy at different speeds were conducted by using a CBN grinding wheel.The relationship between grinding speed,SQ and subsurface damage(SSD)was well studied.With increasing grinding speed,surface roughness decreased,and SQ was greatly improved.Meanwhile,the microhardness of the grinding surface declined as the grinding speed increased.The SSD depth was almost unchanged when the grinding speed was lower than 15 m/s,then it decreased with higher grinding speeds.It was attributed to the mechanical-thermal synergistic effect in the grinding process.The results indicated that increasing grinding speed can effectively improve the SQ and reduce the SSD of IN718 alloy.The conclusion in the work may also provide insight into processing other hard-to-machining materials.

Effect of two-step solid solution on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy

Inconel 718 is the most popular nickel-based superalloy and is extensively used in aerospace,automotive,and energy indus-tries owing to its extraordinary thermomechanical properties.The effects of different two-step solid solution treatments on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy were studied,and the transformation mechanism fromγ″metastable phase toδphase was clarified.The precipitates were statistically analyzed by X-ray diffractometry.The results show that theδphase content firstly increased,and then decreased with the temperature of the second-step solid solution.The changes in microstructure andδphase were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.An intragranularδphase formed in Inconel 718 alloy at the second-[100]_(δ)[011]γ step solid solution temperature of 925℃,and its orientation relationship withγmatrix was determined as//and(010)_(δ)//(111)γ.Furthermore,the Vickers hardness of different heat treatment samples was measured,and the sample treated by second-step solid solution at 1010℃ reached the maximum hardness of HV 446.84.

喷丸工艺参数对718镍基合金表面性能的影响

为全面理解718镍基合金喷丸强化工艺参数的作用,用精确的三维建模对弹丸和基体进行模拟,并结合仿真分析方法考察喷丸尺寸、速度及入射角度对喷丸强化的影响。重点分析了表面粗糙度和残余应力分布,以全面展现喷丸强化的关键特征。结果表明:随弹丸直径和速度的增加,残余应力呈规律性变化,入射角度为0°~10°时对残余应力影响较小,但可轻微降低表面粗糙度。当入射角度从10°增至30°时,喷丸强化效果减弱,同时表面粗糙度增加。这为工艺参数选择提供了重要参考。通过试验验证仿真结果,进一步证实了本研究的准确性和实用性。

新型热处理方法制备超高强度Inconel 718合金

为改善Inconel718合金的组织并优化性能,提出一种980℃,1 min高温超短退火和随后的双时效相结合的新型热处理方法。结果表明,超短退火处理产生了部分再结晶组织,KAM图表明即使在变形晶粒中也形成了再结晶晶核。因此,高温超短退火克服了再结晶势垒,使得后续的再结晶过程可以在较低温度的时效处理过程中完成,从而获得了均匀细化的组织(~3.59μm)。980-1min-aged样品具有优异的拉伸性能,室温极限强度和总伸长率分别为1600 MPa和19%。650℃热拉伸条件下的极限强度和伸长率分别约为1350 MPa和26%。因此,高温超短退火能有效提高Inconel718合金的性能。

Research on CMT welding of nickel-based alloy with stainless steel

Cold Metal Transfer （CMT） welding technique is a new welding technique introduced by Fronins company. CMT welding of nickel-based alloy with stainless steel was carried out using CuSi3 filler wire in this paper. Effects of welding parameters, including welding current, welding speed, etc, on weld surface appearance were tested. Microstructure and mechanical properties of CMT weld were studied. The results shaw that the thickness of interface reaction layer of the nickel- based alloy is 14. 3 μm, which is only 4. 33% of base material. The weld is made up of two phases, α-copper and iron-based solid solution. Rupture occurs initially at the welded seam near the edge of stainless steel in shear test. The maximum shear strength of the CuSi3 welded joint is 184. 9 MPa.

Microstructural investigation and castability anticipation in modern Ti/Al/Nb-containing nickel-based superalloys

A quantitative relation between the γ/γ′ and γ/Laves intermetallics was investigated with the change of chemical composition, i.e., Ti, Al and Nb in the third generation of nickel-based superalloys. The results demonstrated that the maximum amount of intermetallic eutectics （i.e., 41.5%, mass fraction） has been formed in 9.8% （Ti＋Al）. It is predicted that high level of intermetallics formed in the 3GSA-HNM-1 （γ-9.8%（Ti＋Al）） deteriorates its castability. The type and morphology of eutectic intermetallics change and the amount considerably diminishes by decreasing Ti＋Al in 3GSA-HNM-2 （γ-7.6%（Ti＋Al）, 1.5% Nb）. Thus, it is predicted that the castability for the 3GSA-HNM-2 improves. The amount of Laves intermetallics shows an ascending behavior again, however, with less intensity by increasing the Nb content in the 3GSA-HNM-3 （γ-5.7%（Ti＋Al）, 2.9% Nb）. It can be concluded that for 3GSA-HNM-3 with composition of γ-5.7%（Ti＋Al） and 2.9% Nb, the optimized castability can be anticipated, because the minimum amount of eutectic intermetallics （i.e., 4.7%） is formed.

Review on synergistic damage effect of irradiation and corrosion on reactor structural alloys

The synergistic damage effect of irradiation and corrosion of reactor structural materials has been a prominent research focus.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the synergistic effects on the third-and fourth-generation fission nuclear energy structural materials used in pressurized water reactors and molten salt reactors.The competitive mechanisms of multiple influencing factors,such as the irradiation dose,corrosion type,and environmental temperature,are summarized in this paper.Conceptual approaches are proposed to alleviate the synergistic damage caused by irradiation and corrosion,thereby promoting in-depth research in the future and solving this key challenge for the structural materials used in reactors.

超声振动方向对激光定向能沉积Inconel 718性能影响研究

目的面向激光定向能沉积表面改性及再制造发展需求,揭示超声振动方向对激光定向能沉积Inconel 718零件的影响机制,为超声辅助激光定向能沉积高质量成形提供参考。方法开展多方向超声振动辅助激光定向能沉积Inconel 718零件试验,结合原位熔池监测技术,研究沉积方向、搭接方向和扫描方向超声振动对熔池流动行为、微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果不同方向超声振动显著影响了熔池的动态流动行为,其中搭接方向超声振动使熔池润湿面积提高了86.4%,并且形状更为规则,拖尾现象得到改善。微观组织细化方面,扫描方向振动效果最佳,晶体直径细化了46.9%,水平方向的晶体等轴晶转变优于沉积方向,而在沉积方向振动下,Laves相点球化和减少最为明显。相较于对照组的显微硬度210.4HV0.2,添加沉积、搭接和扫描方向超声振动后分别提高到了232.5HV0.2、230.9HV0.2和233.9HV0.2,变化趋势与晶体直径变化趋势基本一致。水平方向超声振动影响下,特别是扫描方向的超声振动在提高材料强度的同时,还在一定程度上保持了材料的延展性;在搭接方向上,超声振动辅助显示出较好的各向异性消除能力,获得了优异的硬度、强度和塑性匹配。结论不同方向超声振动,通过不同方向的惯性力和热流改善了熔池的动态流动性,其中搭接方向超声振动在扩大熔池润湿面积和改善熔池动态形状方面具有优异的综合能力。由于超声强度方向性传播衰减和引起不同的声压梯度,微观组织细化和Laves相的细小点球状消减分别在扫描方向和沉积方向上最为显著,这些变化引起了显微硬度和拉伸性能的相关性提升。超声振动还均衡了材料的力学性能,提高了抗拉强度、屈服强度和延展性,尤其在搭接方向上,显示出较好的各向异性消除能力。可根据具体需求目标,选用相应的超声振动方向或者复合使用,以获得优异的Inconel 718零件熔池流动、微观形貌和力学性能匹配。

THE SEGREGATION OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS IN NICKEL-BASE ALLOY 718

The segregation behavior of sulfur and phosphorus has been studied by means of scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) on microstructural interfaces,such as grain boundaries and carbide/matrix interfaces,The experimental results clearly reveal that sulfur strongly segregates on carbide/matrix interfaces,while phosphorus predominantly distributes on grain boundaries. Molybdenum tends to segregat on grain boundaries.

晶界工程调控Inconel 718合金晶界处δ相的析出

目的针对镍基Inconel 718合金在高温服役时强化相转化为晶界δ脆性相从而降低服役性能的问题,通过热机械处理工艺调整晶界脆性相的析出和分布,以提升合金在高温环境下的耐用性和服役性能。方法通过晶界工程(GBE)技术提高样品中低Σ重位点阵(CSL)晶界的比例,调整晶界处δ相的分布规律。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术分析样品的显微组织演化规律。结果GBE处理使样品中低ΣCSL晶界比例较固溶态的54.34%提高至81.43%,显著优化了晶界特征分布。通过SEM分析了δ相在不同类型晶界处的分布特征:较小的δ相沿平行于Σ3c晶界两侧分布、沿垂直于Σ3i晶界两侧分布,沿Σ9晶界一侧呈针状分布;较大的δ相沿Σ27晶界一侧呈短棒状或层片状分布,在随机晶界处杂乱分布。GBE处理后合金的塑性显著提升,其延伸率从固溶态的21.1%提升至GBE态的26.6%。结论通过晶界工程技术提升了镍基合金中低ΣCSL晶界的比例,调整了晶界处δ相的析出规律,优化了Inconel 718合金的微观结构,从而有望提高其在高温环境下的服役性能。

不同温度对Inconel 718合金微动磨损行为的影响研究

Inconel 718高温合金在航空航天、燃气轮机和核电能源等领域有着广泛运用,为评价其在实际服役工况下的微动磨损性能,采用自主研制的高温微动磨损试验机开展切向微动磨损试验,研究并揭示不同环境温度下材料的微动运行行为、材料损伤响应和磨损机理。结果表明:环境温度对Inconel 718合金微动磨损区域特性及其损伤机理有较大影响。在不同位移幅值下,随着环境温度的升高,微动磨损均向完全滑移的方向转变。微动部分滑移区的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损,且随着温度的升高黏着加剧并在600℃转变为混合区。对于微动混合区或滑移区,其损伤机制由较低温度(室温和200℃)下的疲劳磨损主导转变为较高温度(400和600℃)下的黏着磨损和磨粒磨损主导,同时氧化磨损加剧。此外,环境温度的升高将不同程度加剧材料的微动损伤,其磨损率约为室温工况下的1.76~18.60倍,不同位移幅值下所导致最大磨损率的温度阈值亦不尽相同。研究结果为不同服役温度下Inconel 718合金的抗微动损伤防护提供了理论数据和应用参考。

Simulation and experiments of ultrasonic propagation in nickel-based alloy weldments

In order to obtain good understanding of complicated beam propagation behaviors in nickel-based alloy weldments , ray tracing simulation is established to predict the ultrasonic beam path in a special welded structure of dissimilar steels. Also experimental examinations are carried out to measure the ultrasonic beam paths in the weldment. Then comparisons of the modeling predictions with experimental results are presented to reveal the complicated beam propagation behaviors.

Inconel 718合金粉末热等静压成形及其影响因素

采用无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法(Electrode induction melting gas atomization,EIGA)和真空惰性气体雾化法(Vacuum induction melting gas atomization,VIGA)制备Inconel 718预合金粉末,随后采用热等静压工艺制备Inconel 718合金。研究制粉工艺、粉末粒度及包套结构对Inconel 718合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,EIGA粉末具有更好的球形度,成形合金力学性能优于VIGA粉末;综合考虑力学性能、得粉率等因素,选择15~106μm粒度范围的粉末作为热等静压用粉末;包套壁厚的增加对作用在粉末上的有效应力产生屏蔽作用,空腔体积变化对致密化过程影响较小;粉末填充过程的长时间振动会导致粉末发生粒度偏析,需要控制粉末填充过程的振动频率和振动时间。

Evolution of helium bubbles in nickel-based alloy by post-implantation annealing

Nickel-based alloys have been considered as candidate structural materials used in generation IV nuclear reactors serving at high temperatures.In the present study,alloy 617 was irradiated with 180-keV helium ions to a fluence of 3.6×10^(17) ions/cm^(2) at room temperature.Throughout the cross-section transmission electron microscopy(TEM)image,numerous over-pressurized helium bubbles in spherical shape are observed with the actual concentration profile a little deeper than the SRIM predicted result.Post-implantation annealing was conducted at 700℃for 2 h to investigate the bubble evolution.The long-range migration of helium bubbles occurred during the annealing process,which makes the bubbles of the peak region transform into a faceted shape as well.Then the coarsening mechanism of helium bubbles at different depths is discussed and related to the migration and coalescence(MC)mechanism.With the diffusion of nickel atoms slowed down by the alloy elements,the migration and coalescence of bubbles are suppressed in alloy 617,leading to a better helium irradiation resistance.

Electronic Properties of Passive Films Formed on G3 and G30 Nickel-based Alloys in Bicarbonate/Carbonate Buffer Solution

The electronic properties of passive films formed on G3 and G30 alloys in bicarbonate/carbonate buffer solution were comparatively studied by electrochemical impedance spectra（EIS） and Mott-Schottky analysis, the chemical composition of the passive film formed on G3 alloy was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The results show that passive film on G3 alloy had better protection than that on G30 alloy. The transfer resistance, film resistance and diffusion resistance of the passive films on both alloys increased with increasing formation potential, prolonging formation time, increasing pH value, decreasing formation temperature, and decreasing chloride and sulphide ions concentration. Mott-Schottky plot reveals that the passive films on the two alloys show a p-n semi-conductive character. XPS analysis indicates that the passive film on G3 alloy was composed of an inner Cr oxide and an outer Fe, Mo/Ni oxides.

ADVANCED NICKEL-BASED AND NICKEL-IRON-BASED SUPERALLOYS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

The use of high-temperature materials is especially important in power station construction, heating systems engineering, furnace industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, waste incineration plants, coal gasification plants and for flying gas turbines in civil and military aircrafts and helicopters. Particularly in recent years, the development of new processes and the drive to improve the economics of existing processes have increased the requirements significantly so that it is necessary to change from well-proven materials to new alloys. Hitherto, heat resistant ferritic steels sufficed in conventional power station constructions for temperatures up to 550℃ newly developed ferritic/martensitic steels provide sufficient strength up to about 600 - 620℃. In new processes, e.g. fluidized-bed combustion of coal, process temperatures up to 900℃ occur. However, this is not the upper limit, since in combustion engines, e.g. gas turbines. Material temperatures up to 1100℃ are reached locally. Similar development trends can also be identified in the petrochemical industry and in the heat treatment and furnace engineering. The advance to ever higher material temperatures now not only has the consequence of having to use materials with enhanced high-strength properties, considerable attention now also has to be given to their chemical stability in corrosive media. Therefore not only examples of the use of high-temperature alloys for practical applications will be given but also be contributed to some general rules for material selection with regard to their high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance.

THE ROLE OF NIOBIUM IN NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PM ALLOY EP741NP

The role of niobium in nickel-based superalloys is reviewed. The importance of niobium as a strengthener is discussed. New developments in nickel-based superalloys are also briefly mentioned, including some results that show improved resistance to sulfidation by niobium. Research results from a current program on the role of niobium in the Russian powder metallurgy alloy EP741NP are presented. Future research plans on the role of niobium in superalloys are also discussed.

Property uniformity of thick nickel-based alloy plate for nuclear power steam-generator divider plate

This paper introduces a thick 690 nickel-based alloy plate produced by the former Baosteel Special Steel Co.,Ltd.used as the steam-generator divider plate in the pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant.According to the product characteristics and design requirements of the thick nickel-based alloy plate,multidimensional sampling and testing were conducted to investigate its microstructure and mechanical properties.The results show that all the property indexes of the thick hot-rolled nickel-based alloy plate meet the design requirements,and there is good uniformity in the microstructure and mechanical properties in different dimensions.These findings indicate that China has mastered the core manufacturing technology of thick nickel-based alloy plates for their use as divider plates in nuclear power steam generators.

Corrosion performance and applicability evaluation of nickel-based alloys for oil and gas production tubing applications

The sulfide stress corrosion cracking（ SSC） performance of G3 and 028 nickel-based alloys w as studied using slow strain rate test（ SSRT） and the four-point bend（ FPB） test under simulated dow nhole conditions. The effect of high temperature,high H2 S / CO2 partial pressure,and the presence of sulfur on SSC susceptibility w as investigated. The G3 alloy w as found to have a higher SSC resistance than the 028 alloy. Presence of sulfur and temperature bear a strong influence on the SSC performance of the metals,particularly on the 028 alloy. The applicability of 028 and G3 alloys may be expanded and both could safely be used beyond the limits set by the ISO15156-3 standard.

High temperature tensile properties of laser butt-welded plate of Inconel 718 superalloy with ultra-fine grains

For successfully forming multi-sheet cylinder sandwich structure of Inconel 718 superalloy, high temperature tensile properties of laser butt-welded plate of Inconel 718 superalloy were studied. The experiment results show that tensile direction has great effect on elongation of the laser butt-welded plate. Under conditions of transverse direction tension, the maximum elongation reaches 458.56% at 950 °C with strain rate of 3.1-10-4 s-1, in which the strain rate sensitivity value m is 0.352 and the welding seam is not deformed. Under conditions of longitudinal direction tension, the maximum elongation is 178.96% at 965 °C with strain rate of 6.2-10-4 s-1, in which m-value is 0.261, and the welding seam contributes to the deformation with the matrix. The microstructure in as-welded fusion zone is constituted of austenite dendrites and Laves phase precipitated in interdendrites. After longitudinal direction tension, a mixed microstructure with dendrite and equiaxed crystal appears in the welding seam due to dynamic recrystallization. After high temperature deforming, many δ-phase grains are transformed from Laves phase grains but a small part of residual Laves phase grains still exist in the welding seam. The deformation result of multi-sheet cylinder sandwich structure verifies that high temperature plasticity of the laser butt-welded plate can meet the requirement of superplastic forming.