Research progress on temperature field evolution of hot reservoirs under low-temperature tailwater reinjection

This paper focuses on the study of the evolutionary mechanism governing the temperature field of geothermal reservoir under low-temperature tailwater reinjection conditions,which is crucial for the sustainable geothermal energy management.With advancing exploitation of geothermal resources deepens,precise understanding of this mechanism becomes paramount for devising effective reinjection strategies,optimizing reservoir utilization,and bolstering the economic viability of geothermal energy development.The article presents a comprehensive review of temperature field evolution across diverse heterogeneous thermal reservoirs under low-temperature tailwater reinjection conditions,and analyzes key factors influ-encing this evolution.It evaluates existing research methods,highlighting their strengths and limitations.The study identifies gaps in the application of rock seepage and heat transfer theories on a large scale,alongside the need for enhanced accuracy in field test results,particularly regarding computational effi-ciency of fractured thermal reservoir models under multi-well reinjection conditions.To address these shortcomings,the study proposes conducting large-scale rock seepage and heat transfer experiments,coupled with multi-tracer techniques for field testing,aimed at optimizing fractured thermal reservoir models'computational efficiency under multi-well reinjection conditions.Additionally,it suggests integrat-ing deep learning methods into research endeavors.These initiatives are of significance in deepening the understanding of the evolution process of the temperature field in deep thermal reservoirs and enhancing the sustainability of deep geothermal resource development.

Study on the geothermal production and reinjection mode in Xiong County

The large karst geothermal field of Xiong County,which is located to the south of geothermal field in Niutuozhen,features huge geothermal resources and favorable condition for development and utilization.Because of the long-term extensive production,the pressure of geothermal reservoir continues to decline and some geothermal wells even face the danger of scrapping.To relieve the fall in pressure of geothermal reservoir and achieve the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal field in the long run,reinjection experiment is conducted in the geothermal field of Xiong County and a three-dimensional hydrothermal coupled numerical model was constructed.The reinjection experiment showed that the mode of one production well and one reinjection well can be achieved in this geothermal field.The numerical simulation is used to forecast and compare the change in pressure field and temperature field under different production and reinjection modes and concludes that the most opotimized production and utilization mode is the concentrated production-reinjection mode,and the most opotimized production-reinjection combination mode is the shallow production and shallow reinjection mode which can ensure the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources in the long run.

Formation blockage risk analysis of geothermal water reinjection:Rock property analysis,pumping and reinjection tests,and long-term reinjection prediction

The blockage induced by particle migration and deposition is one of the main reasons for the decrease of reinjection capacity in the porous geothermal reservoir with a low and medium temperature.In this paper,a new drilled geothermal well in Xining basin China is taken as an example to investigate the formation blockage risk due to the movable clay and sand particles in pores.The physical properties of the reservoir rocks were analyzed,a series of pumping and reinjection tests were conducted,and the longterm reinjection performance of the well was predicted by numerical simulation based on the test fitting.The results show that the geothermal reservoir rocks are argillaceous and weakly cemented sandstones with a content of movable clay and sand particles up to 0.18–23.42 wt.%.The well presented a high productivity of 935–2186 m3?d-1 at a pressure difference of 0.7–1.62 MPa in the pumping tests associated with a large amount of clay and sand particles produced out,while in the reinjection test,only a low injectivity of 240–480 m3?d-1 was observed at an injection pressure of 0.2–0.6 MPa with the clay and sand particles near the wellbore move into deep.According to the prediction,under conditions of a blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will start to decline after 100 days of injection,and in the third year,it will decrease by 59.00%–77.09%.The influence of invasion of pretreated suspended particles and scale particles can be neglected.Under conditions of a high blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will decrease significantly in the first 20–30 days,with a decline of 75.39%–78.96%.Generally,the higher the injection pressure or rate,the greater the decrease in injectivity of the well caused by particle blockage.Pump lifting is an effective measure to remove the well blockage which can be used regularly.

Clogging mechanism in the process of reinjection of used geothermal water: A simulation research on Xianyang No.2 reinjection well in a super-deep and porous geothermal reservoir

In the process of geothermal exploitation and utilization, the reinjection amount of used geothermal water in super-deep and porous reservoir is small and significantly decreases over time. This has been a worldwide problem, which greatly restricts the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. Based on a large amount of experiments and researches, the reinjection research on the tail water of Xianyang No.2 well, which is carried out by combining the application of hydrogeochemical simulation, clogging mechanism research and the reinjection experiment, has achieved breakthrough results. The clogging mechanism and indoor simulation experiment results show: Factors affecting the tail water reinjection of Xianyang No.2 well mainly include chemical clogging, suspended solids clogging, gas clogging, microbial clogging and composite clogging, yet the effect of particle migration on clogging has not been found; in the process of reinjection, chemical clogging was mainly caused by carbonates(mainly calcite), silicates(mainly chalcedony), and a small amount of iron minerals, and the clogging aggravated when the temperature rose; suspended solids clogging also aggravated when the temperature rose, which showed that particles formed by chemical reaction had a certain proportion in suspended solids.

An Experimental Study on Bio-Clogging in Porous Media during Geothermal Water Reinjection

To study the mechanism of bio-clogging in a porous medium during the reinjection of geothermal water and to improve reinjection efficiency, an indoor one-dimensional reinjection experiment was conducted based on the geological model of the geothermal reinjection demonstration project in Dezhou City. The biological process of porous media clogging was investigated by analyzing the variation of permeability within the medium, the main indexes of nutrient salts, and the content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). High-throughput sequencing, based on 16S rRNA, was used to analyze the characteristics and succession of microbial communities during the reinjection of geothermal water. The results of the study show that significant bio-clogging occurs during the reinjection of geothermal water, with an increase in the heterogeneity of the thermal reservoir medium, and a decrease in permeability. The extent of clogging gradually reduces with an increase in seepage path. Thus, thermal reservoir clogging is more serious closer to the water inlet. With an increase in the duration of reinjection, the permeability of the porous medium undergoes three stages: “rapid”, “decline-slow”, and “decrease-stable”. The results show that the richness and diversity of the bacterial community increase and decrease, respectively, during the reinjection process. Bacterial community succession occurs, and the bacterial communities mainly include the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. Pseudomonas and Devosia are respectively the dominant bacteria in the early and late stages of geothermal water reinjection.

A New Method for the Dynamic Reserves of Gas Condensate Reservoir Using Cyclic Gas Injection Based on the Effects of Reinjection Ratio and Water Influx

As we all know, cyclic gas injection is one of the most effective development methods to improve condensate oil recovery. When dealing with the calculation of the reserves, the injection-production differences and water influx create great influence on the accuracy. Based on the existing research, we proposed a new material balance equation which considered the differences of composition between produced and injected fluids and the effect of water influx, and a solution was provided in this paper. The results of the method are closer to the actual situation because they are built on the law of conservation of mass, and the using of curve fitting method can not only avoid the use of water influx coefficient but also obtain the water influx rate and reserves at the same time. The YH-23 gas condensate reservoir is taking as a typical subject to do the research, which has been exploited by cycle gas injection for 14 years. Three different methods are used to calculate the reserves, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper has minimum error of 2.96%.

Reinjection Tests in Bedrock Geothermal Reservoir of Tianjin

By the end of 2002, there are about 219 production wells (including 12 reinjection wells) in Tianjin. The annual production rate is 1.5×10 7 m 3 and the reinjection rate is 1.66×10 6 m 3. The main side effect anticipated from reinjection is the cooling of the reservoir. It is necessary to estimate the thermal breakthrough time in different distances between injection production wells. This paper describes the 2 D mass and heat transfer in the heterogeneous fractured rocks. The equations that arise for each grid block must be linearized. The main reinjection model is simulated by a program of the TOUGH2 to analyze the change of the temperature field and predict the pressure and heat break through. The tracer test is very important for understanding the transportation pathway and transport channel/space in the doublet system, and estimating the possible cooling resulted from the injection processes.

尕斯高盐油藏污水配聚阳离子对聚合物溶液黏度影响的主控因素

根据青海油田尕斯区块回注污水矿化度较高的特点,以山东宝莫生产的聚合物为研究目标,系统探讨了从聚合物驱采出水中的Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(^(2+))、Fe^(2+)、Fe^(3+)等6种离子对聚合物溶液的黏度和稳定性影响的变化规律,并提供了回注污水配聚主要研究方法。结果表明:导致聚合物黏度降低的主要控制因素是高价阳离子,其影响顺序从大到小的次序是Fe^(2+)、Fe^(3+)、Mg^(^(2+))、Ca^(2+)、Na+、K+;而高价阳离子对聚合物溶液黏度稳定性影响顺序从大到小的次序则是:Fe^(2+)、Ca^(2+)(Mg^(^(2+)))、Fe^(3+)、Na^(+)(K^(+))。研究结果展示了回注污水配聚中阳离子对聚合物溶液黏度的响应机理,为聚合物驱技术提供了理论指导。

基于“深地-井下-地面”联动的煤矿矿井水处理利用模式初探

煤矿矿井水的高效低耗处理有助于推动煤炭资源的安全、高效开采。现有矿井水井下处理工艺选择受限、处理量小,地面处理占地面积大、运行成本高,矿井水处理后外排至地表又会产生高额的排水费。本文在总结分析煤矿矿井水处理技术现状基础上,提出了“深地-井下-地面”联动的煤矿矿井水处理利用模式:对矿井涌水通过“井下-地面”协同的方式进行高效低耗处理,处理后的矿井水部分用于矿区生产和矿区居民生活,其余部分则进行深地回灌或外排。首先介绍了该模式的基本原理;然后从水质、水量、水文、地质、地下建筑结构和回灌工程可行性对矿井水回灌工程的适用性进行评估和分析;最后介绍了不同水质矿井水处理技术和“井下-地面”协同处理技术体系,尤其针对回灌含水层选择、回灌施工作业、回灌试验、回灌水质模拟、回灌安全性分析等进行总结。

海上油田污水回注井高效解堵技术研究与应用

针对污水回注井酸化效果不理想的问题,利用岩心流动实验、悬浮物含量及粒径测试、X射线衍射对堵塞情况进行了分析。在此基础上,利用填砂管流动和岩心溶蚀实验研发了一套兼具污油清洗与高溶蚀率的酸液体系。此外,结合储层特征优化了酸液置放工艺。结果表明,污油和固体悬浮物在近井地带形成的复合堵塞物是造成储层堵塞的主要原因;1%水基清洗剂洗油率达到86.44%,高溶蚀酸对固体悬浮物溶蚀率达到89.77%,二者复配体系能够快速瓦解油泥小球;化学微粒分流剂可对储层形成有效暂堵分流,且酸化后自动溶解。该技术矿场应用8井次,平均视吸水指数提高1.74倍。该技术适用于污水回注井解堵,并为提高海上污水回注井酸化效果提供理论和实践依据。

海上平台超临界CO_(2)管道泄漏扩散规律实验研究

CO_(2)封存是实现中国“双碳”目标的有效技术途径之一,海上CO_(2)封存通常依托海上油气平台管道回注,CO_(2)回注过程中可能发生泄漏而严重影响作业人员安全。以恩平15-1海上平台为研究对象,开展超临界CO_(2)泄漏扩散规律实验研究。通过缩比设计,搭建与恩平15-1相应的物理模型实验平台,利用相似理论和量纲分析方法,设计了超临界CO_(2)泄漏扩散参数,开展了海上平台管道CO_(2)在不同泄漏压力(1.5~3.0 MPa)、泄漏孔径(0.5~6.2 mm)、泄漏方向(水平、竖直、斜45°)及环境风速(0~0.5 m/s)下的相似模型实验,研究泄漏CO_(2)在平台上的扩散情况及浓度分布规律。结果表明:压力和环境风速的变化,会影响CO_(2)泄漏后的近场射流,但对其远场扩散的影响较小;CO_(2)浓度会在泄漏约20 s后达到峰值并保持稳定,不会随泄漏时间的增加而增大;泄漏口径会显著影响泄漏口轴向CO_(2)浓度的分布规律。研究结果为海上平台CO_(2)泄漏监测与安全防护设计提供了参考。

永久式光纤监测技术在海上首口二氧化碳回注井的应用

近期南海东部海域恩平油田我国海上首口二氧化碳回注井正式投产,采油分离出来的二氧化碳气体被烘干压缩后回注至储层进行封存。为确保注入期间的安全性需要实时掌握注入参数判断井下情况,采用永久式分布式光纤监测技术,实现了全井筒温度剖面及井底压力的实时动态监测。现场应用结果表明:分布式光纤温度监测剖面与地层梯度测试温度剖面误差0.1%,光纤压力计监测结果与注入压力、地层压力误差0.05%,根据光纤数据监测的分布解释结果可反演二氧化碳回注剖面,从而指导注气参数动态调整。

影响岩溶热储采出温度的开采参数敏感性研究——以河南清丰地区为例

采出温度是影响地热能有效利用率的关键指标,采出温度越高,热储开发效果越好。岩溶热储作为一种重要的地热储层类型,其采出温度受到储层参数的影响。以河南清丰地热田奥陶系岩溶热储为例,通过建立热储地质模型并利用7口地热井资料,进行基于热流和井储耦合的数值模拟研究,探讨储层地质条件和回灌参数对采出温度的影响。研究结果发现,断层的存在加速了热储中低温区向生产井的扩散,导致热突破时间的提前。在开采后期,有断层情况下采出温度较高,且变化曲线斜率远高于无断层情况,表明断层有助于提高清丰地区热平衡时的采出温度,最终有利于增加采热量。目前,一般认为,注采井距越小采出温度越低。但是,当回灌速率高于50 kg/s时,随着开采时间的增加,采出温度呈现快速下降趋势,注采井距835 m下的采出温度甚至高于1000 m的情况。最后,确定清丰地区特定场景下的最优回灌参数组合为:回灌温度20℃、回灌速率50 kg/s、注采井距835 m。本研究结果将为清丰地区或其他类似岩溶热储开发方案的制定提供有益指导。

热储特征对砂岩热储采灌井距的影响-以济阳坳陷为例

水热型地热资源的回灌式开采是公认的地热可持续开采方式,而采灌井距是地热项目中需要着重关注的问题,以避免开采井中的热突破现象。回灌水在热储中的运移取决于热储特征,也就是储层的透水能力,主要指热储的孔隙度、渗透率及砂泥岩组合关系等参数。基于济阳坳陷典型地热田的储层数据,采用Tough2为核心的Petrasim软件建立数值模型,系统研究了储层孔隙度、渗透率及单砂体厚度对热储中回灌水的运移以及温度场的影响。模拟结果显示:(1)储层孔隙度对回灌压力与采灌井距几乎没有影响;(2)储层渗透率对采灌率和采灌压力影响较大,控制着热储的回灌能力,但对采灌井距没有影响;(3)多次叠置的薄砂层热储中的泥岩隔层影响回灌水运移,在多层薄砂叠置的热储中回灌水水平运移距离远,温度影响范围更大,应扩大采灌井距。该研究对地热开发项目的可持续运行具有指导意义。

破碎带条件下深基坑内外水位动态平衡控制技术研究

在破碎带条件下深基坑开挖施工,存在基坑周边地下水水位下降以及建筑沉降增大等施工风险。基于此,开展破碎带条件下深基坑内外水位动态平衡控制技术研究,建立深基坑内外水位动态平衡控制系统,结合坑外不间断回灌和坑内抽水施工技术,实现施工过程深基坑内外地下水水位的动态平衡控制,确保施工过程周边建(构)筑物的安全稳定,提高了施工效率,保证了施工质量。

半圈闭深循环基岩热储开采扰动分析及回灌方案研究

聊城东热田奥陶系热储为山东省基岩热储勘探开发优选区,本文通过分析区内盖储源通等地热特征建立了区域半圈闭深循环裂隙-岩溶基岩热储模型,分析认为其半圈闭深循环赋存特征在提升热水矿化度及微量元素的同时,导致了储层封闭性较强、开采扰动大、难以可持续利用等问题。基于区内观测井多年实测数据建立了开采降深经验公式,采用变异系数法及综合指数法对区内热储开采扰动性进行评价,认为区内基岩热储开采导致了水位下降、水量减少、储层压力、温度及使用寿命降低等不利影响,对水质的扰动性及地面沉降、热污染、环境污染、串层水源污染等开采次生问题较少;结合区内回灌试验,探讨了适宜本地的开采回灌方案:集中开采、梯度利用、同层回灌、采灌均衡,区内基岩热储回灌井宜设置在开采井周边300-500 m范围内,尾水温度以35-40℃为宜。本次研究为区内基岩热储的可持续利用提供了理论依据。

人类活动影响下北京市平原区地下水资源变化研究

地下水开采是为人类的工农业发展和居民生活服务的,是人类利用、影响地下水资源最直接、最重要的方式。为研究地下水压采和远程回灌等人类活动对北京市平原区地下水利用的影响,在校准的三维非稳定流GMS模型的基础上设计了4种情景(保持现状的情景S1、沉降中心地下水压采50%的情景S2、沉降中心地下水采用不同压采比例的情景S3和潮白河冲洪积扇顶部远程回灌的情景S4)进行预测与分析。结果表明:(1)对于区域地下水水位,情景S1和S4下分别平均下降0.223 m/年和0.048 m/年,而情景S2和S3下分别平均恢复0.310 m/年和0.658 m/年;(2)平均来看,在情景S1和S4下每年分别消耗1.04×10^(8)m^(3)和0.25×10^(8)m^(3)的含水层储量,而在情景S2和S3下则每年分别恢复1.30×10^(8)m^(3)和2.95×10^(8)m^(3)的含水层储量;(3)地下水压采和远程回灌等人类活动可以有效恢复地下水水位与含水层现状储量,是北京市解决地下水超采及地面沉降等问题的有效方法。地下水压采量越多,对于地下水水位和含水层现状储量的恢复效果越好。

油田水处理用杀菌剂研究进展

油田回注水中的细菌引起的腐蚀问题一直是困扰油田生产企业的重要因素之一,化学杀菌剂作为一种简单有效的灭菌方法,在油田中的作用越来越重要。本文系统地介绍了国内外常用的化学杀菌剂的类型和杀菌机理,并综述了目前的研究现状。结合存在的问题,对油田杀菌剂在未来的发展趋势进行了展望,为高效杀菌剂的进一步开发提供参考。

油田废弃钻井液处置技术研究

随着石油钻采工业化生产进程的迅速发展,油田废弃钻井液量逐年增加,油田废弃钻井液含有多种有毒有害化学物质,实现油田废弃钻井液的无害化处置对环境保护有重要的意义。文章分析了目前油田废弃钻井液处置技术存在的问题,如成本问题、环保问题等,介绍了目前常见地处置油田废弃钻井液的技术,主要包括:回注技术、循环使用技术、固化技术、生物降解技术、回填技术、钻井液转化固井液技术及固液分离技术等,指出了废弃钻井液各种处置技术的适用范围及存在的局限性,提出了油田废弃钻井液处置技术及今后的研究方向,应从源头上进行管控,加强处理剂和技术研发,加强发掘高效菌种,以实现废弃钻井液的无害化处置。