Eff ects of temperature on photosynthetic performance and nitrate reductase activity in vivo assay in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis is an economically-valued species and widely cultured in China at present.After being acclimated to diff erent growth temperatures(15,20,25,and 30°C)for 7 days,the relative growth rate(RGR),nitrate reductase activity,soluble protein content and chlorophyll a fl uorescence of G.lemaneiformis were examined.Results show that RGR was markedly aff ected by temperature especially at 20°C at which G.lemaneiformis exhibited the highest eff ective quantum yield of PSII[Y(II)]and lightsaturated electron transport rate(ETR max),but the lowest non-photochemical quenching.Irrespective of growth temperature,the nitrate reductase activity increased with the incubation temperature from 15 to 30°C.In addition,the greatest nitrate reductase activity was found in the thalli grown at 20°C.The value of temperature coeffi cient Q10 of alga cultured in 15°C was the greatest among those of other temperatures tested.Results indicate that the optimum temperature for nitrate reductase synthesis was relatively lower than that for nitrate reductase activity,and the relationship among growth,photosynthesis,and nitrate reductase activity showed that the optimum temperature for activity of nitrate reductase in vivo assay should be the same to the optimal growth temperature.

Effects of allelochemicals on activity of nitrate reductase

Study on the effects of allelochemicals such as trans \|ferulic acid ( t \|FA), benzoic acid (BA) and p \|hydroxybenzoic acid ( p \|HA), isolated from decomposed wheat straw on the activity of nitrate reductase at different concentrations of allelochemicals and different pH is described. t \|FA (0.26, 2.58 and 5.15 mmol/L) and BA (4.09, 8.19 mmol/L) showed a certain inhibition to the activity of nitrate reductase. The highest inhibition rate was 18.40%, but BA (0.41 mmol/L) and p \|HA (0.36, 1.81 and 3.62 mmol/L) showed stimulation, the more strong stimulation rate was 15.80%. At pH 6 condition, the activity of nitrate reductase was stronger inhibited than pH 7 and pH 8, but the mixture of 3 allelochemicals at pH 6 showed a stimulation. The mixture, however, at pH 7 and pH 8 showed some inhibition. It was found that there was a relationship between production of NO\+-\-2 and transformation of NO\+-\-3.

The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice

Nitrate reductase(NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plants,and its activity is regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation.To investigate the effects of dephosphorylation of the NIA1 protein on the growth and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under different forms of nitrogen supplies,the phenotypes,nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism were measured in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines(S532 D and S532 A),an Os Nia1 over-expression line(OE) and Kitaake(wild type,WT).Compared with WT and OE,S532 D and S532 A have stronger nitrogen assimilation capacities.When ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source,the plant heights,dry weights of shoots and chlorophyll(Chl) contents of S532 D and S532 A were lower than those of the WT and OE,whereas hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),malondialdehyde(MDA) and nitrite contents were higher.When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source,the plant heights,dry weights of shoots and Chl contents of S532 D and S532 A were higher than those of the WT and OE,there were no significant differences in the contents of H_(2)O_(2) and MDA in the leaves of the test materials,and the difference in nitrite contents among different lines decreased.When ammonium sulfate served as the nitrogen source,there were no significant differences in the physiological indexes of the test materials,except NR activity.Compared with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate,the content of NH_(4)^(+)-N in the leaves of each plant was lower when potassium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source.The q PCR results showed that Os GS and Os NGS1 were negatively regulated by downstream metabolites,and Os Nrt2.2 was induced by nitrate.In summary,when ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source,the weak growth of NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines was due to the toxicity caused by the excessive accumulation of nitrite.When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source,the assimilation rates of nitrate,nitrite and ammonium salt were accelerated in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines,which could provide more nitrogen nutrition and improve the tolerance of rice to ammonium nitrogen deficiency.These results could provide a possible method to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in rice under low-nitrogen conditions.

不同氮素形态配比对花榈木幼苗根系生长及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为探究最适于花榈木幼苗生长的氮素形态配比,采用氮素形态配比为NH_(4)^(+)∶NO_(3)^(-)=10∶0、5∶5、0∶10及以改良霍格兰标准营养液为对照的营养液,共4个处理,对花榈木1 a生幼苗进行处理。结果表明,处理期间氮素配比为NH_(4)^(+)∶NO_(3)^(-)=5∶5时,花榈木幼苗根系形态指标及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均显著大于其他处理,可知花榈木幼苗根系喜欢混合氮源,且铵硝1∶1均衡配比更利于氮素吸收和代谢,而单一氮源营养液对于花榈木幼苗生长的促进效果不佳,其中全铵营养液会抑制幼苗生长,降低硝酸还原酶活性。

枫香种源生物量和NRA对供氮水平的响应差异

为研究不同纬度枫香种源经过无营养胁迫生长后对供氮水平的响应差异,按种源与氮2因素裂区设计砂培试验,以N水平为主处理,枫香种源为副处理,3次重复,随机排列(水平内种源间)。结果表明:低氮胁迫会刺激枫香叶片提前形成花青素变红,且低纬区种源变红早于高纬区种源;另外低纬区种源与高纬区种源硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)存在各自的变化规律。以最高生物量为对照,在0 N水平下福建延平种源生物量降低最少(54.54%),且具有较高的生物量,但其在2N水平生物量迅速降低,耐肥性较差;其它种源生物量变化趋势一致。各种源根冠比从0 N到1/2 N水平均迅速降低:广西南丹>福建延平>浙江永康>安徽泾县,即随着纬度的升高,枫香种源根冠比受N的影响越来越小。统计分析发现,福建延平种源在无N及低N水平时NRA极显著高于其它种源,且具有较高生物量,受环境影响较小(主要是棚内重复间光照的差异),可以认为福建延平是优良的耐低N型种源。

离子束介导的小麦低蛋白变异株系NRA、叶绿素含量动态分析

对离子束介导大豆DNA的小麦后代低蛋白质变异株系的旗叶硝酸还原酶活性(nitrate reductase ac-tivity NRA)、叶绿素含量进行分析.结果表明:株系05-49的NRA从抽穗中期至灌浆后期均高于对照,灌浆末期低于对照;株系05-14从扬花中期至灌浆中期均低于对照,灌浆后期至末期均高于对照.叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,株系05-14在被检测的各时期均高于对照,株系05-49仅在灌浆末期低于对照,其它各时期均高于对照.两变异株系叶绿素a/b值均低于对照.

陆地棉幼苗叶片硝酸还原酶活力(NRA)的遗传研究

本文以4个品种(系)的完全双列杂交为材料,研究了陆地棉幼苗NRA 的配合力及基因作用性质,并探讨了 NRA 与后期重要经济性状的关系。试验结果表明,NRA 主要以加性基因作用为主,显性效应也明显存在,表现部分显性,狭义遗传力较高。在所研究的亲本中,NRA 正负效应基因比例分布不均;隐性基因比例较高,幼苗 NRA 与衣分率有极显著的正相关,与单铃重有显著的负相关,与其它重要经济性状如种子生化品质和纤维品质相关不明显。在陆地棉中,幼苗 NRA 作为生化育种指标存在其局限性。

La对UV-B辐射下大豆幼苗NRA和可溶性蛋白的影响

在温室模拟增强紫外辐射UV-B(280~320nm)环境下,研究镧(La)对UV-B胁迫下大豆幼苗叶片硝酸还原酶活性(N itrate reductase activity,NRA)、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果显示,高低两个紫外强度剂量下,叶片NRA较对照组都有显著下降,处理5d后降幅分别达到40.9%和42.0%;而经过适宜浓度LaC l3(20mg/L)预处理后,降幅较UV-B单独处理组均有明显升高,分别为39.2%和38.9%。蛋白质、淀粉和可溶性糖含量变化与NRA相似,但是紫外辐射处理组蛋白含量变化较对照组呈现先升高后下降趋势。结果表明适宜浓度的La3+能够促进NRA以及UV-B胁迫下NRA活性的提高,缓解UV-B胁迫对植物的伤害。

Effect of Nitrate on Root Development and Nitrogen Uptake of Suaeda physophora Under NaCl Salinity

The effiects of NaCl salinity and NO3- on growth, root morphology, and nitrogen uptake of a halophyte Suaeda physophora were evaluated in a factorial experiment with four concentrations of NaCl (1, 150, 300, and 450 mmol L-1) and three NO-3 levels (0.05, 5, and 10 mmol L-1) in solution culture for 30 d. Addition of NO3- at 10 mmol L-1 significantly improved the shoot (P < 0.001) and root (P < 0.001) growth and the promotive effect of NO3- was more pronounced on root dry weight despite the high NaCl concentration in the culture solution, leading to a significant increase in the root:shoot ratio (P < 0.01). Lateral root length, but not primary root length, considerably increased with increasing NaCl salinity and NO3- levels (P < 0.001), implying that Na+ and NO-3 in the culture solution simultaneously stimulated lateral root growth. Concentrations of Na+ in plant tissues were also significantly increased by higher NaCl treatments (P < 0.001). At 10 mmol L-1 NO-3 , the concentrations of NO-3 and total nitrogen and nitrate reductase activities in the roots were remarkably reduced by increasing salinity (P < 0.001), but were unaffected in the shoots. The results indicated that the fine lateral root development and effective nitrogen uptake of the shoots might contribute to high salt tolerance of S. physophora under adequate NO3- supply.

The δ^15N response and nitrate assimilation of Orychophragmus violaceus and Brassica napus plantlets in vitro during the multiplication stage cultured under different nitrate concentrations

Natural nitrogen isotope composition(δ^(15)N) is an indicator of nitrogen sources and is useful in the investigation of nitrogen cycling in organisms and ecosystems. δ^(15)N is also used to study assimilation of inorganic nitrogen. However, the foliar δ^(15)N of intact plants, which is a consequence of nitrate assimilation occurring in the roots and shoots, is not suited for studying nitrate assimilation in cases where nitrate is the sole nitrogen source. In this study, Orychophragmus violaceus(Ov) and Brassica napus(Bn) plantlets, in which nitrate assimilation occurred in the leaves, were used to study the relationship between foliar δ^(15)N and nitrate assimilation.The plantlets were grown in vitro in culture media with different nitrate concentrations, and no root formation occurred for the plantlets during the multiplication stage.Nitrogen isotope fractionation occurred in both the Ov and the Bn plantlets under all treatments. Furthermore, the foliar nitrogen content of both the Ov and Bn plantlets increased with increasing nitrate concentration. Foliar nitrogen isotope fractionation was negatively correlated with foliar nitrogen content for both the Ov and Bn plantlets. Our results suggest that the foliar nitrogen isotope fractionation value could be employed to evaluate nitrate assimilation ability and leaf nitrate reductase activity.Moreover, high external nitrate concentrations couldcontribute to improved foliar nitrogen content and enhanced nitrate assimilation ability.

小麦秸秆还田后茬棉田土壤NO_(3)^(−)-N和酚酸变化对棉苗根系生长的影响

揭示前茬小麦长期秸秆还田后,后茬棉田土壤硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)与酚酸含量的时空变化对棉苗根系生长影响的生理机制,可为完善秸秆还田技术提供理论支撑。试验于2021年与2022年在小麦长期秸秆定位还田地块进行。以棉花品种‘中棉所425’为材料,设置小麦秸秆不还田(CK)与小麦秸秆还田(S)2个处理。结果表明,秸秆还田增加了土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N与酚酸含量,对0~20 cm土层的影响大于20~40 cm;随秸秆还田后时间推移,土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N与酚酸含量呈先增加后降低趋势,且在秸秆还田后24~31 d达到峰值。秸秆还田后31 d前,秸秆还田处理棉株根系活力、根系NO_(3)^(-)-N含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系生物量和形态指标均显著低于CK处理,31 d后则呈相反趋势。相关分析表明,0~20 cm土壤酚酸含量与根系活力、根系NO_(3)^(-)-N含量、棉花根系长度、直径、表面积和地上部生物量呈显著负相关;不同土层NO_(3)^(-)-N含量与棉苗形态、生理指标及生物量之间呈正相关但未达显著水平。秸秆还田对棉花幼苗生长影响呈“先抑后促”的趋势,秸秆还田后31 d内,酚酸含量的增加降低了棉苗根系活力,阻碍了根系生长,抑制了棉苗对NO_(3)^(-)-N的吸收利用,表明秸秆还田前期对棉株生长的“抑制效应”大于秸秆的“肥料效应”,秸秆还田31 d后,秸秆的“肥料效应”大于酚酸的“抑制效应”,促进棉株根系的生长。

施氮量与栽插密度对南疆水稻氮素利用率及产量的影响

为研究施氮量与栽插密度对南疆水稻氮素利用效率及产量的影响,开展施氮量为主区、栽插密度为副区的裂区试验,分析新稻36号的群体LAI、NR活性、氮素吸收与转运及产量变化。结果显示:适当增施氮肥和适宜密植有利于提高群体LAI和叶片NR活性,其中LAI在施氮量360 kg/hm2、密度20.83万~26.69万穴/hm2较大,NR在施氮量240~260 kg/hm2、密度16.67万~20.83万穴/hm2时较高;施氮量240 kg/hm2配合27.78万穴/hm2的栽插密度能获得最大的茎鞘氮转运量和穗部氮增加量,其氮肥农学利用率显著高于其他组合处理。结果表明,适当增加密度可减轻由于施氮量增加而导致的氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收效率下降的现象;在240 kg/hm2的施氮量条件下,配合20.83万~27.78万穴/hm2的栽插密度能够实现氮素利用及产量协同提高。

与氮转化有关的土壤酶活性对抑制剂施用的响应

利用室内模拟培养试验 ,研究好气条件下施用尿素后土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性对脲酶抑制剂氢醌 (HQ)与硝化抑制剂包被碳化钙 (ECC)和双氰胺 (DCD)组合 (HQ +ECC、HQ +DCD)的响应 .结果表明 ,HQ +DCD组合与其它抑制剂处理相比能更有效地降低土壤脲酶活性 ,增加硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、羟胺还原酶活性 .不同处理土壤脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性与土壤NH4 + 、NO3-、NH3 挥发和N2 O排放速率间存在不同形式的显著相关关系 .土壤脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性之间亦存在不同形式的显著正相关关系 .

不同水稻品种对NO_3^-同化差异的比较

采用水培方法测定了不同形态氮素下 4个品种水稻 (汕优 63、扬稻 6号、泗优 917、农垦 57) 的生长量及其水稻苗期硝酸还原酶活性 (NRA) 和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性 (GSA)。结果表明, 1mmol·L-1 NH+4 培养下, 水稻生长无明显差异, 而 1mmol·L-1 NO-3 培养 28d后, 各品种水稻生长差异显著, 其中, 扬稻 6号生长最优, 农垦 57最差; 籼稻体内的NRA和GSA比粳稻更高, 其中籼稻叶片的NRA比粳稻高出 58 7%, GSA高出 34 6%, 籼稻根系GSA是粳稻根系的 3 2倍, 说明籼稻对NO-3 的吸收利用优于粳稻。

蔬菜硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性的研究

对镇江地区9种主要蔬菜70个样品的硝酸盐含量测定结果表明, 该地区根、茎、叶类蔬菜硝酸盐污染较严重,其中以小青菜、茼蒿、芹菜、萝卜、蕹菜和苋菜最为突出,莴苣其次,生菜和土豆较轻。50mmol/L硝酸钾诱导下,各种蔬菜幼苗组织的硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)增加,但变化规律不同。不同浓度的硝酸钾诱导2h,蔬菜叶片中NRA也增加,但峰值浓度不同。NRA高的蔬菜对硝酸盐的耐受性好,诱导后高活性作用时间长。

白三叶、多年生黑麦草和鸭茅光合生理生态特性研究

为研究白三叶、多年生黑麦草和鸭茅各生育期群落光合生理生态特性,探讨三者作为人工草地混播组合的生态适应性,用CI-310便携式光合仪测定了各生育期群落光合特性,并分析了硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)以及叶绿素含量的变化。结果表明:白三叶、多年生黑麦草和鸭茅光合生理生态指标互补优势明显,光合生理生态适应性较强,推测光合生理生态特性能够作为混播牧草搭配组合的重要参考指标;开花期,鸭茅群落同化CO2的净光合速率、同化CO2的光能利用效率(LUE)和同化CO2的水分利用效率(WUE)日平均值分别为17.9μmol/(m2.s),40.9mmol/mol和44.2 mmol/mol均显著高于多年生黑麦草和白三叶;开花期和成熟期LUE日变化曲线呈“V”字形,中午LUE较低,成熟期鸭茅的最高值可达54.5 mmol/mol,而最低值仅为15.1 mmol/mol;WUE各生育期日变化均呈逐渐下降的趋势,3种牧草WUE的差异主要表现在上午;白三叶硝酸还原酶活性在整个生育期均显著高于多年生黑麦草和鸭茅,而多年生黑麦草和鸭茅的差异不显著;分蘖期和开花期多年生黑麦草和鸭茅叶绿素a和b的含量高于白三叶,在枯黄期却相反。

硝态氮对不结球白菜产量与主要营养品质及硝酸盐含量的影响

以对硝酸盐诱导较敏感的不结球白菜品种苏州青为材料,采用无土栽培法,研究营养液中不同浓度硝态氮(0、4、8、12、16、20 mmol.L-1)对植株产量、主要营养品质及硝酸盐含量的影响,为不结球白菜生产及施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:地上部产量随NO3--N的增加而增加,但是20 mmol.L-1时植株的生长量反而有所下降;可溶性糖含量与维生素C含量变化趋势相同,除0 mmol.L-1处理外,二者与供氮水平呈负相关;可溶性蛋白含量在16 mmol.L-1处理中达到最大,20 mmol.L-1处理中略有下降。处理后不同器官的硝酸盐浓度也有所不同,叶柄中的硝酸盐含量明显高于叶片和根系;硝酸还原酶活性在叶片中最高,且与硝酸盐含量无明显相关性。综合各项测定指标,硝态氮浓度为12 mmol.L-1时,不结球白菜产量高,硝酸盐含量低且可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C含量也都处于较高水平。

氮肥对小麦硝酸还原酶活性和籽粒蛋白质含量变化动态的影响

于１９９１—１９９３年进行了两年份不同氮肥用量处理试验，研究了氮肥对小麦各生育期硝酸还原酶活性（ＮＲＡ）和蛋白质含量变化动态的影响，阐述了ＮＲＡ与蛋白质含量变化的关系。结果表明，小麦生长发育中叶片ＮＲＡ在开花前后为最大，而籽粒ＮＲＡ和颖片ＮＲＡ以开花后１５—２１天为最大；施用氮肥可显著增加各生育期的ＮＲＡ和籽粒蛋白质含量，并且有随施氮量增加ＮＲＡ和蛋白质含量也随之增加的趋势；灌浆期籽粒蛋白质含量与叶片ＮＲＡ为高度正相关，与籽粒ＮＲＡ为中度负相关，与颖片ＮＲＡ无相关性。

氮磷营养盐对中肋骨条藻生长及硝酸还原酶活性的影响

通过实验室培养，在不同氮磷浓度及氮磷比率的营养条件下，对中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）的生长及藻细胞硝酸还原酶的活性进行研究。实验结果表明，中肋骨条藻属于营养型藻类，氮磷营养盐的添加，极大地促进了藻细胞的增殖。在接种后的第4～5天，各培养组藻密度达到最大值并与对照组形成极显著性差异（P〈0．01）。实验进一步发现，环境中的氮、磷浓度及氮磷比率都会影响中肋骨条藻的生长及藻细胞硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）。此外，在各培养组中，中肋骨条藻硝酸还原酶活性的最大值（NRAmax）均出现在指数生长期（接藻后第1，2天），早于最大藻密度的出现时间（第4，5天），这表明藻对营养盐的同化速率与生长速率并不一致，后者存在一定的滞后效应。在本实验条件下，中肋骨条藻的硝酸还原酶活性存在一定的阈值。

印度梨形孢对水稻的促生作用及其机理的初探

印度梨形孢（Piriformospora indica）是一种能与植物建立互惠共生关系的根部内生真菌,能促进植物生长,增加作物产量。为了研究印度梨形孢对水稻生长发育的影响,将印度梨形孢与籼稻苗共培养后,分析印度梨形孢对水稻植株高度、生物量、分蘖数、抽穗期、穗粒性状、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力以及生长相关调控基因表达水平的影响。结果显示,接种印度梨形孢的水稻株高、地上部干鲜质量、分蘖数、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力显著高于对照;与对照相比,印度梨形孢定殖的水稻植株抽穗期提前4~6d;印度梨形孢处理第3、4周后,叶片叶绿素含量比对照分别增加了19.77%和17.89%。RT-PCR分析表明,印度梨形孢定殖的水稻植株叶片中生长素相关调控基因OsIAA13和YUCCA的上调表达,表达量分别为对照的1.49倍和1.30倍;负调控水稻生长的NRR基因表达量为对照的58%。印度梨形孢促进水稻地上部的生长与叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力和生长相关调控基因的表达有关,印度梨形孢可能通过提高光合速率、增强水稻对矿质营养的吸收与利用和诱导生长素的分泌,促进水稻地上部的生长。