Rosiglitazone prevents gliosis,oxidative/nitrative stress and memory deficits induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in rats

Objective To study the preventive effect of rosiglitazone glial activation,oxidative/nitrative stress and spatial memory deficits induced by intracerebroventricular(ICV)injection of streptozotocin(STZ)in rats.Methods 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham operated group,model group and rosiglitazone group.The model of Alzheimer's was induced by injection with ICV 10% STZ bilaterally,on day 1 and 3(3 mg·kg-1).The rats were treated with rosiglitazone(2 mg·kg-1,p.o.)for a consecutive 21 days,once a day,beginning 7 days prior to STZ injection.The learning and memory behavior was assessed using Morris water maze task and Y-maze 21 d after ICV STZ injection.Malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH)levels and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in brain were estimated as parameters of oxidative/nitrative stress.Brain acetyl cholinesterase(AchE)activity was measured by EllMann's method and activated microglia and astrocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results ICV STZ injection resulted in a severe deficit in spatial learning and memory associated with increased MDA level(+69.5%)and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity(+23.7%),decreased SOD activity(-29.2%)and GSH(-25.1%)in brain.It also showed the activated microglia and astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region and a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity(-40.2%).Compared with model group,chronic administration of rosiglitazone significantly shorten the escape latency time from the third day in place navigation test,increase the number of passing through primary flat place in spatial probe test in Morris water maze test,and decrease the error times in Y-maze test(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,it also prevented the glial changes,decreased the elevated MDA and nitrite levels and restored the depleted GSH and acetylcholinesterase activity in cortex(P<0.05),but had no effect on SOD activity in cortex.Conclusions Rosiglitazone has a neuroprotective role against streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment and associated oxidative/nitrative stress.

Generation of trans-arachidonic acid under nitrative stress is associated with upregulation of thromponsdin-1 in diabetic rats

Background Trans-arachidonic acids （TAAs）, newly discovered markers of nitrative stress and the major products of nitrogen dioxide （NO2）-mediated isomerization of arachidonic acid （AA）, represent a new mechanism of NO2-induced toxicity. It has been reported that TAAs were generated in oxygen-induced microvascular degeneration model and TAAs were also generated in a diabetic retinopathy （DR） model. In this study, we examined high glucose-induced nitrative stress damage and TAAs levels and explored the possible mechanisms for DR caused by reactive nitrogen species. Methods Diabetic rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （BTZ） at 60 mg/kg. Bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells （BRECs） were selectively cultured and incubated with normal or high glucose. The serum TAAs and AA in diabetic rats were measured by the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry （GC/MS） method. The ratio of peak area of TAAs to AA with selected ion of 79 was estimated by a group t-test. Thrombospondin-1 （TSP-1） in the rat retinas and BRECs extracts were examined by Western blotting. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2） protein was examined by Western blotting in BRECs incubated with high glucose. Results The TAAs to AA ratio （TAAs/AA） was significantly increased in the serum at 8, 12 and 16 weeks after BTZ injection （P 〈0.05）, with no noticeable change found at 2 or 4 weeks （P 〉0.05）. Expression of TSP-1 in the retina of diabetic rats was progressively elevated according to the duration of diabetes. TSP-1 expression was increased in BRECs incubated with high glucose all 48 hours. Moreover, high glucose also increased ERK1/2 expression, which peaked at 30 minutes and then decreased in the following 48 hours. Conclusion An elevation of TAAs/AA is associated with high glucose-induced nitrative stress, which probably involves upregulation of TSP-1 through activating ERK1/2.

尼罗罗非鱼NITR基因的克隆鉴定与组织表达分析

从尼罗罗非鱼脾脏组织中克隆获得新型免疫受体(NITR,Novel immune-type receptor)基因的编码区序列(Gen Bank登录号:KX989509;命名为On-NITR),该基因c DNA全长1 119 bp,ORF为1 026 bp,可编码341个氨基酸,理论分子量为37.38k D,等电点为8.28。通过NCBI BLAST比对发现罗非鱼NITR与其他已报道的物种NITR氨基酸序列相似度为27%-46%。氨基酸序列分析显示:On-NITR具有1个信号肽区域、2个胞外Ig-domain区、1个跨膜结构域,以及1个胞质尾区,该胞质尾区含有NITR典型的免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序(ITIM)和一个ITIM类似基序itim,且具有较高的保守性。荧光定量PCR分析显示,On-NITR在健康尼罗罗非鱼组织中均有表达,在肠道、皮肤、肝脏表达水平较高,在胸腺、鳃、脾脏、心脏、脑组织中的表达量较低,在头肾组织中的表达量最低。

VME64总线的高性能单板机系统Nitro60

ＶＭＥ６４总线是适用于各类工业控制及图形／图像处理等领域的６４位ＶＭＥｂｕｓ总线。本文介绍一种基于ＶＭＥ６４总线、以ＭＣ６８０６０超标量微处理器为ＣＰＵ的高性能单板机，即Ｎｉｔｒｏ６０系统，分别讨论它的系统结构、各类接口、软件支持与系统客户化等。

Evaluation of oxidative and nitrosative stress in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS) through demyelination and neurodegeneration. Several lines of evidence support a role for oxidative and nitrative stress (OS and NS) in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. The mechanism of influence of OS and NS on blood-brainbarrier (BBB) has critical importance for evaluating antioxidant therapies. As far as we know, markers of oxidative and nitrative stress in MS patients have been investigated independently for their relationship with the state of the blood-brain-barrier. Blood plasma samples of 58 patients with relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) with normal (Group A, n = 48, 36.2 ± 10.5 years) and damaged BBB (Group B, n = 10, 38.2 ± 11.2 years) and of 44 healthy controls (39.2 ± 14.9 years) were analyzed. TAS (total antioxidant plasma status), lipoperoxides, protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine and uric acid were evaluated in each group. Our results confirmed decreased TAS (Group A: 1.35 ± 0.55 mmol/l, P e level of lipoperoxidation positively correlated with the state of BBB (P of protein’s carbonyls (A: 0.48 ± 0.11 nmol/mg protein, P nmol/l, P ed damage to plasma proteins, what was confirmed by their positive mutual correlation (P The level of uric acid was physiological and correlated negatively with protein’s carbonyls (P 0.05) while there was no significant relationship with 3-nitotyrosine. The results suggest the role of this antioxidant in the protection of the proteins against OS what was confirmed by its positive correlation with TAS

Participation of microbiota in the development of gastric cancer

There are a large number of bacteria inhabiting the human body,which provide benefits for the health.Alterations of microbiota participate in the pathogenesis of diseases.The gastric microbiota consists of bacteria from seven to eleven phyla,predominantly Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria.Intrusion by Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)does not remarkably interrupt the composition and structure of the gastric microbiota.Absence of bacterial commensal from the stomach delays the onset of H.pylori-induced gastric cancer,while presence of artificial microbiota accelerates the carcinogenesis.Altered gastric microbiota may increase the production of N-nitroso compounds,promoting the development of gastric cancer.Further investigation of the carcinogenic mechanisms of microbiota would benefit for the prevention and management of gastric cancer.

Role of barium nitrate on the sulfur fixation of calcium oxide

In this paper, the effect of Ba(NO 3) 2 on the efficiency of sulfur fixation of calcium oxide during coal combustion was studied. The results showed that addition of barium nitrate to the CaO can enhance the sulfur removal rate of CaO significantly. The X \|ray diffraction spectrum of residual ash of coal added some sulfur fixative expressed that Ba\+\{2+\} can form a compound of Ba\|Al\|Si\|O which encloses the CaSO\-4 to prevent it's decomposition, so Ba\+\{2+\} can improve the action of sulfur fixation of CaO. The combustion character of the original coal and original coal added sulfur fixative was researched with thermal\|gravity analyzer and the results expressed that adding some sulfur fixative to the coal will make the combustion character of coal change little.

SRS27,a semisynthetic diterpenoid lactone,inhibits airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness via NF-κB pathway in an allergic mouse asthma model

Andrographis paniculata contains two main diterpenoid constituents,andrographolide(AGP)and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide(DDAG),which were found to exhibit antiasthma effects in a mouse asthma model.However,due to inadequacies of both compounds in terms of drug-likeness,DDAG analogues were semisynthesised to tackle these shortcomings.The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of DDAG analogues as new antiasthma agents.Among the analogues,(SRS27)was proven to inhibit cysteinyl leukotrienes(CysLT)and nitric oxide(NO)synthesis in mouse macrophages,like AGP.DDAG,on the other hand,failed to exhibit such activities.SRS27 is less cytotoxic than AGP,suggests that a simple chemical modification of DDAG produces a compound with CysLT and NO inhibitory activites similar to AGP while maintaining toxicity profile similar to DDAG.It is interesting to note that other analogues such as SRS28,SRS49,SRS76 and SRS83 with chemical modifications on the same carbon numbers 3 and 19 of DDAG were unable to show inhibition of CysLT and NO synthesis.Consequently,the potential anti-inflammatory effect of SRS27 was investigated in ovalbumin(OVA)-induced mouse asthma model.The compound was administered in a prophylactic manner and showed a substantial decrease in mouse asthma model parameters.SRS27 at 3mg·kg-1 significantly reduced OVA-induced total cell such as macrophages,eosinophils,lymphocytes and neutrophils,as well as inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4,IL-5,IL-13 and eotaxin in bronchoalveolar lavage BAL fluid.The compound also suppressed serum IgE production.In addition,SRS27 suppressed mucus hyper-secretion and expression of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α,MCP-1,Muc5 ac,RANTES,IL-33 and iNOS.SRS27 is the first known DDAG derivative tested positive in mouse asthma model and as such SRS27 could serve as a prototype prophylactic agent.

Effects of Soil C/N Ratio on Apple Growth and Nitrogen Utilization,Residue and Loss

Soil C /N ratio is an important influencing factor in soil nitrogen cycling. Two-year old apple trees( Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji'/Malus hupehensis) were used to understand the effect of soil C/N ratio [6. 52( CK),10,15,20,25,30,35 and 40]on apple growth and nitrogen utilization and loss by using15N trace technique. The results showed that,with the increasing of soil C/N ratio,apple shoot length and fresh weight increased at first,and then decreased; the higher apple shoot length and fresh weight appeared in C/N = 15,20 and 25 treatments,and there were no significant differences among these three treatments,but significantly higher than the other treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference in nitrogen utilization rate between the different treatments,the highest N utilization rate was occurred in soil C/N = 25 treatment which value was 22. 87%,and there was no significant difference between soil C/N = 25 and C/N = 20 treatments,but both the two treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments; Soil C/N = 40 had the lowest N utilization rate which value was 15. 43%,and this value was less than CK( 16. 65%). The proportion of plant absorption nitrogen from fertilizer was much higher when the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25,but the percentage of plant absorption nitrogen from soil was much higher when the soil C/N ratio was too low( < 15) or high( < 25). Amount of residual nitrogen in soil increased gradually with the soil C/N ratio increasing,the amount of residual nitrogen in C/N = 40 treatment was 1. 32 times than that in CK. With the increasing of soil C/N ratio,fertilizer nitrogen loss decreased at first,and then increased,fertilizer nitrogen loss was the minimum in C/N = 25 treatments( 49. 87%) and the maximum were occurred in CK( 61. 54%). Therefore,regarding the apple growth and nitrogen balance situation,the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25 would be favorable for apple growth and could increase effectively nitrogen fixed by soil,reduce nitrogen loss,and improve the nitrogen utilization ratio.

Shanxi Fengxi Launches 100 000 T/A Ammonium Calcium Nitrate Production Line

Xinjiang Company of Shanxi Fengxi Fertilizer Industry(Group)Ltd.has started construction of the 100000 t/a ammonium calcium nitrate pro-duction line.It is scheduled for startup the end of this year.After the completion,Shanxi Fengxi will become the biggest ammonium calcium ni-trate producer in China.

2008 Foreign Trade Friction for the Petrochemical Sector

Foreign trade has shown rapid growth inChina’s petrochemical sector in the years sinceDecember 2001-its entry into WTO-andthat friction remains a major factor in the developmentof the domestic petrochemicalsector.According to incomplete statistics by ChinaChemical Reporter,7 countries and