Experimental studies on photocatalytic oxidation of nitric oxides using titanium dioxide

In order to remove nitric oxides （NO） from flue gas, experimental studies on the photocatalytic oxidation （PCO） of NO are carried out in an efficient laboratory-scale reactor. Nano-sized TiO2 particles loading on quartz sand are prepared and used as the photocatalyst. Effects of several key operating parameters on NO conversion are investigated, including operating temperature, NO inlet concentration, oxygen percentage, relative humidity and residence time. The results illustrate that the NO inlet concentration, the oxygen percentage and the relative humidity play an important role in the oxidation of NO. A lower NO inlet concentration and a higher oxygen percentage result in a higher NO conversion efficiency. When the relative humidity is 8%, the maximum value of NO conversion efficiency is achieved. In addition, the operating temperature and the residence time have a little effect on the conversion efficiency of NO.

Performance, optimization, and mechanism of nitric oxide removal by thiourea dioxide/Fe^ⅡEDTA reaction systems

In this work,a new innovative absorption system containing both thiourea dioxide(TD)and FeⅡEDTA was used to NO removal.The independently influences of O2 volume concentration,TD concentration,original p H value and absorbent temperature on NO removal in bubbling device were examined preliminarily.The results revealed that the NO removal efficiency firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing of the three independent variables(O2 volume concentration,TD concentration and temperature).However,the NO removal efficiency monotonously increased to some extent with p H value increasing from 6.5 to 10.5.In addition,the respective effects of the four variables and the interactive function of them on NO removal were checked with the response surface methodology(RSM)by central composite design(CCD).The calculative model showed that pH value possessed a main positive independent impact on NO removal.Furthermore,the interactive effects between any two factors were expounded by the 3D surface and counter plots.Finally,the optimum absorption conditions for the maximum NO removal at 94.3%experimentally and 95.8%statistically were obtained in O2 volume content of 6.0%,TD concentration of 0.02 mol·L^-1,original p H value of 10.5 and absorption temperature of 42℃.

Nitrogen Dioxide Fumigation for Microbial Control on Unshelled Peanuts*

Stored peanuts often need treatments to control microbial infections as well as insects to maintain postharvest quality. Nitric oxide (NO) is a recently discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. NO fumigation must be conducted under ultralow oxygen condition to preserve NO and always contains NO2 due to NO reaction with oxygen and NO2 has antimicrobial property. Therefore, NO fumigation has potential to control both pests and pathogens. In this study, we evaluated antimicrobial effects of NO2 fumigation on unpasteurized unshelled peanuts. Peanuts were fumigated with 0.3%, 1.0%, and 3.0% NO2 for three days at 25˚C by injecting NO gas into glass jars to react with O2 in the atmosphere. After fumigation, wash-off microbial samples were collected from intact peanut samples and, then, cracked open peanut samples with non-selective tryptic soy broth medium. The wash-off samples were then diluted with both the non-selective medium and a fungal-selective potato dextrose broth medium and were tested on GreenLight™ rapid enumeration test based on oxygen depletion on culture medium. All three NO2 fumigation treatments showed significant antibacterial and antifungal effects on intact peanuts as well as on cracked peanuts with complete inhibition with 3.0% NO2. Fumigation did not have obvious effects on appearance of skinned peanut kernels. These results suggested that NO2 fumigation has potential to control microbes on stored products, and NO fumigation with the combination of NO and NO2 has potential to control both insects and microbes on stored products.

Spotlights on immunological effects of reactive nitrogen species: When inflammation says nitric oxide

Over the last decades, nitric oxide(NO) has been definitively recognised as one of the key players involved in immunity and inflammation. NO generation was originally described in activated macrophages, which still represent the prototype of NO-producing cells. Notwithstanding, additional cell subsets belonging to both innate and adaptive immunity have been documented to sustain NO propagation by means of the enzymatic activity of different nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Furthermore, due to its chemical characteristics, NO could rapidly react with other free radicals to generate different reactive nitrogen species(RNS), which have been intriguingly associated with many pathological conditions. Nonetheless, the plethora of NO/RNS-mediated effects still remains extremely puzzling. The aim of this manuscript is to dig into the broad literature on the topic to provide intriguing insights on NO-mediated circuits within immune system. We analysed NO and RNS immunological clues arising from their biochemical properties, immunomodulatory activities and finally dealing with their impact on different pathological scenarios with far prompting intriguing perspectives for their pharmacological targeting.

Porous reduced graphene oxide for ultrasensitive detection of nitrogen dioxide

The defect engineering in graphene plays a significant role for the application of gas sensors. In this work, we proposed an efficient method to prepare ultrasensitive gas sensors based on the porous reduced graphene oxide(PRGO). Photo-Fenton etching was carried out on GO nanosheets in a controlled manner to enrich their vacancy defects. The resulting porous graphene oxide(PGO) was then drop-coated on interdigital electrodes and hydrothermal reduced at 180 °C. Controllable reduction was achieved by varying the water amount. The gas sensor based on PRGO-5 min-6h exhibited superior sensing and selective performance toward nitrogen dioxide(NO2), with an exceptional high sensitivity up to 12 ppm-1.The theoretical limit of detection is down to 0.66 ppb. The excellent performance could be mainly attributed to the typical vacancy defects of PRGO. Some residue carboxylic groups on the edges could also facilitate the adsorption of polar molecules. The process has a great potential for scalable fabrication of high-performance NO2gas sensors.

Antioxidant phenolic compounds from seeds of Hordeum vulgare Linn.ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective:To examine the effects of hydroalcoholic extract and fractions of Hordeum vulgare Linn.(H.vulgare,Da Mai)on streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rat models.Methods:The study involved preliminary phytochemical screening of extract and fractions,estimation of secondary metabolites,chromatographic studies using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),antioxidant potential using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),nitric oxide radical scavenging and reducing power methods along with the determination of potential against diabetic nephropathy in STZ-induced rat models.Results:The phytochemical evaluation of the hydroalcoholic extract of H.vulgare and fractions revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids,saponins,tannins,flavonoids,and glycosides.The chromatographic analysis indicated the peak complementing marker compound epicatechin and significant antioxidant activity in the extract and aqueous fraction.STZ-induced rats showed abnormal levels of serum albumin,creatinine,total cholesterol,blood urea nitrogen(BUN),and triglycerides,and urine albumin and creatinine,which returned to normal after 8 weeks of treatment with hydroalcoholic extract(400 mg/kg)and aqueous fraction(50 mg/kg)of H.vulgare.Conclusion:Hydroalcoholic extract(400 mg/kg)and aqueous fraction(50 mg/kg)of H.vulgare have significant antioxidant potential and positive effects on diabetic nephropathy.The fractionation and optimization increase the concentration of polyphenols in aqueous extract,causing a decrease in the dose required for effects against diabetic nephropathy.

硝化应激在肺动脉高压中的研究进展

肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)是一种进行性发展的肺血管疾病,病理基础包括内皮功能障碍、平滑肌细胞异常增生、炎症浸润以及肺纤维化。PH的发生机制尚不完全清楚,但硝化应激已经证实在PH中发挥了重要作用。该文综述了活性氮(reactive nitrogen species,RNS)的种类及肺循环中RNS的来源,以及由此引发的硝化应激在PH发生发展中的作用,以期为靶向抗硝化治疗的临床应用提供参考依据。

串联四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱测定石脑油中痕量硫

基于串联四极杆电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)建立了测定石脑油中痕量硫(S)的分析方法。石脑油经有机溶剂简单稀释后直接采用串联四极杆ICP-MS进行测定。在MS/MS模式下,选择N_(2)O作为反应气,基于S^(+)与N_(2)O分别发生O原子转移反应和N原子转移反应消除质谱干扰,优化了利用质量转移反应消除干扰的分析条件。通过与传统的O_(2)反应模式进行对比分析显示了该方法具有良好的分析性能,采用标准参考物质验证了该方法的准确性和可靠性。结果表明:在N_(2)O流速为0.25 mL/min条件下,S质量分数的检出限(LOD)分别为19.6 ng/kg(^(32)S)和23.5 ng/kg(^(34)S);相对标准偏差(RSD)小于4.5%;回收率为96.3%~104.0%。所建立的分析方法,样品处理简单,分析灵敏度高,准确性和精密度好,适用于石脑油中痕量S的快速测定。

Effects of nitrogen dioxide and its acid mist on reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant enzyme activity in Arabidopsis plants

Nitrogen dioxide（NO2） is one of the most common and harmful air pollutants. To analyze the response of plants to NO2 stress, we investigated the morphological change, reactive oxygen species（ROS） production and antioxidant enzyme activity in Arabidopsis thaliana（Col-0） exposed to 1.7, 4, 8.5, and 18.8 mg/m3NO2. The results indicate that NO2 exposure affected plant growth and chlorophyll（Chl） content, and increased oxygen free radical（O2-）production rate in Arabidopsis shoots. Furthermore, NO2 elevated the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, accompanied by the induction of antioxidant enzyme activities and change of ascorbate（As A） and glutathione（GSH） contents. Following this, we mimicked nitric acid mist under experimental conditions, and confirmed the antioxidant mechanism of the plant to the stress. Our results imply that NO2 and its acid mist caused pollution risk to plant systems. During the process, increased ROS acted as a signal to induce a defense response, and antioxidant status played an important role in plant protection against NO2/nitric acid mist-caused oxidative damage.

常压法硝酸装置的优化改造

以杭州龙山化工的常压法硝酸装置为例,该装置在运行中出现尾气环保达标排放困难和产品结构不合理等问题。通过采取硝酸生产工艺优化和新增尾气处理装置等改造,调整了硝酸和亚硝酸钠产品结构,可减少亚硝酸钠产量2 kt/a,同时增加硝酸(质量分数为40%)产量4 kt/a;尾气中氮氧化物质量浓度<300 mg/m^(3),解决了尾气达标排放问题。该方法可为同行业类似的常压法硝酸装置改造提供借鉴经验。

循环流化床大气污染物机理模型及关键状态变量研究

基于循环流化床机组炉内脱硫、炉内自脱硝和选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝技术等,对循环流化床锅炉(CFB)机组大气污染物排放进行了研究,建立了CFB机组炉内燃烧模型以及污染物生成、脱除模型,并对影响污染物排放的关键状态变量进行了分析。结果表明:所建立的循环流化床机组SO_(2)和NO_(x)排放模型可以较好地拟合实际运行数据,且具有一定的预测效果和较强的模型通用性;即燃碳的燃烧影响了炉内还原气氛,其会显著影响炉内NO_(x)的还原;活性石灰石量以及炉膛温度是影响SO_(2)与活性石灰石固化反应的主要因素,相对较高的炉膛温度以及较少的活性石灰石存量均会使SO_(2)排放质量浓度升高,但温度越高,NO_(x)的排放水平越低。

一氧化氮、二氧化氮电化学检测气体报警器校准

建立一氧化氮、二氧化氮电化学检测气体报警器的校准方法,评定了校准结果不确定度。介绍了一氧化氮、二氧化氮电化学检测气体报警器的测试原理和应用,分析了该类仪器检定规程和校准规范缺失的问题现状。利用一氧化氮、二氧化氮气体标准物质进行试验,选择仪器的示值误差、测量重复性、响应时间作为主要校准项目。通过试验和参考其他技术规范给出了参考技术指标:绝对误差为±2μmol/mol,或者相对示值误差不大于±10%,满足其中之一即可;重复性不大于3%;响应时间不大于120 s。利用校准案例对校准方法进行验证,结果表明该校准方法切实可行,给出的参考技术指标较为合理。

NIR-triggered on-site NO/ROS/RNS nanoreactor:Cascade-amplified photodynamic/photothermal therapy with local and systemic immune responses activation

Photothermal and photodynamic therapies(PTT/PDT)hold promise for localized tumor treatment,yet their full potential is hampered by limitations such as the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and inadequate systemic immune activation.Addressing these challenges,we present a novel near-infrared(NIR)-triggered RNS nanoreactor(PBNO-Ce6)to amplify the photodynamic and photothermal therapy efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC).The designed PBNOCe6 combines sodium nitroprusside-doped Prussian Blue nanoparticles with Chlorin e6 to enable on-site RNS production through NIR-induced concurrent NO release and ROS generation.This not only enhances tumor cell eradication but also potentiates local and systemic antitumor immune responses,protecting mice from tumor rechallenge.Our in vivo evaluations revealed that treatment with PBNO-Ce6 leads to a remarkable 2.7-fold increase in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and a 62%decrease in regulatory T cells in comparison to the control PB-Ce6(Prussian Blue nanoparticles loaded with Chlorin e6),marking a substantial improvement over traditional PTT/PDT.As such,the PBNO-Ce6 nanoreactor represents a transformative approach for improving outcomes in TNBC and potentially other malignancies affected by similar barriers.

农作物种植区一氧化氮及二氧化氮排放通量特征研究

研究针对农作物种植区的含氮元素气体排放问题,对一氧化氮及二氧化氮排放通量特征进行了研究。过程中选取实验区域代表研究所处地区,对地区农作物种植条件和特点进行了分析,通过划分实验样地和对照样地的方式对是否施肥时的农作物种植区气体排放进行对比分析,并设计了相应的气体收集和分析方法。实验结果表明,在观察期间,实验样地的一氧化氮最大通量达到997.19μg·N·m^(-2)·h^(-1);对照样地中第一季农作物种植期间的一氧化氮累积排放量约为0.047 kg·N·ha^(-1);实验样地的二氧化氮最大通量为994.81μg·N·m^(-2)·h^(-1)。说明农作物种植区的含氮元素气体排放主要集中在农作物栽种时间段内。

不同氮源用于电催化合成氨的研究进展

氨是化肥生产和化学工业的重要原料,也是良好的无碳储能燃料.相比于工业应用上能耗大、转化率低的哈勃博施(Haber-Bosch)法,电催化合成氨的方法能够在温和条件下绿色高效地合成氨.本文综合评述了以氮气、硝酸根和一氧化氮作为不同氮源时电催化合成氨的反应机理,并结合不同氮源的特点分析了各自的研究进展与优势,分别讨论了氮气难以溶解在水中被吸附和活化、硝酸盐还原元素价态跨度大难以控制中间体和反应路径及一氧化氮体系复杂、水溶液中析氢副反应难以控制等问题,总结了运用不同策略开发高活性、高稳定性催化剂以提高反应效率和选择性、优化反应装置以减小传质影响、选用不同电解质体系改善反应过程等解决思路.最后,对不同氮源电催化合成氨的未来发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望.

森林在缓和空气污染中的作用分析与抗大气污染绿化树种的选择研究

为分析森林在缓和空气污染中的作用,在郁闭度不同的4个20 m×20 m样方内采样,共设立了5个样方,其中一个样方为空旷地作为对照实施比较。在各采样点范围内设置四个降尘网,测定各样方的总悬浮颗粒物量,计算森林总悬浮颗粒物滞留量。选择健康的成年植株,每次采集至少4片新老叶片,测定植物叶片中二氧化硫、氮氧化物含量。再选出研究区域森林的主要树种,分别测试空气中总悬浮颗粒物量与叶片中二氧化硫、氮氧化物含量。经检测发现:森林郁闭度越高,滞留空气中总悬浮颗粒物的能力越强,对有害气体的吸收量越大。

氮中一氧化氮、二氧化硫、一氧化碳气体标准物质的研制

介绍了氮中一氧化氮、二氧化硫、一氧化碳气体标准物质的研制过程。以高纯一氧化氮气体、高纯二氧化硫气体、高纯一氧化碳气体、高纯氮气为原料,采用称量法制备了氮中一氧化氮、二氧化硫、一氧化碳气体标准物质,采用与同基体国家一级标准物质比较的方法定值。对原料气中的杂质进行了分析,基于傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪建立了分析方法,对制备的气体标准物质进行了均匀性和稳定性考察。结果表明:研制的氮中一氧化氮、二氧化硫、一氧化碳气体标准物质均匀性和稳定性良好,浓度特征量值范围为:一氧化氮:200~1000μmol/mol、二氧化硫:200~1000μmol/mol、一氧化碳:1000~5000μmol/mol,相对扩展不确定度为1.5%(k=2)。

成都市喘息婴幼儿呼出气一氧化氮水平与大气污染物浓度的相关性

目的:探讨喘息婴幼儿呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)水平与大气污染物浓度的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2019年1—12月在我院就诊且有喘息患儿的临床资料,根据不同年龄分为婴儿组(<12个月,1783例)和幼儿组(12~36个月,2354例),进行FeNO检测。收集成都市环境监测部门和气象局2019年1—12月每月PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、二氧化硫(SO_(2))、二氧化氮(NO_(2))、臭氧(O_(3))、一氧化碳(CO)和气象数据,并分析喘息婴幼儿FeNO水平与大气污染物浓度的相关性。结果:幼儿组喘息发生率、FeNO值均高于婴儿组(P<0.05)。婴幼儿FeNO值与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)浓度均呈正相关,与O3浓度及平均气温水平呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:成都市喘息婴幼儿的FeNO水平与大气污染物浓度存在紧密的相关性,应告诫患儿家长在空气污染较重时减少外出,并持之以恒地推进大气污染综合整治。

COD/N对短程内源反硝化过程中NO和N_(2)O积累的影响

利用序批式活性污泥反应器研究不同碳氮比(COD/N)(1,3,4,6)对短程内源反硝化污染物去除性能以及NO和N_(2)O积累的影响。结果表明,化学需氧量和亚硝态氮在COD/N大于3时去除效果较好。NO的积累峰值随着COD/N的增加而先增加后降低,在COD/N为4时达到最大值0.45 mg/L。而N_(2)O则呈现先降低后增加的趋势,当COD/N为3时积累峰值最小(3.7 mg/L)。NO的积累与COD/N、厌氧时间、NO和游离亚硝酸的抑制有关。N_(2)O的积累是COD/N、NO、游离亚硝酸等共同作用的结果。

基于氧化锌骨架的二氧化氮传感器及其敏感特性增强方法

提出了一种基于结构优化特性优化的α-6T的传感器敏感特性增强方法。通过水热法和有机热蒸发,制备了不同α-6T厚度的α-6T/氧化锌(ZnO)层状复合气体传感器。与单一α-6T传感器相比,优化后的复合传感器具有更高的响应(是单一α-6T的2.14倍)、更快的响应(是单一α-6T传感器的18.81%)。此外,基于形态学特性和异质结理论分析建立了α-6T/ZnO复合薄膜的敏感特性增强机制。研究为基于α-6T的NO_(2)传感器提供一种简单的增强方法。