Identification and Metabolic Mechanism of Non-fermentative Short-cut Denitrifying Phosphorus-removing Bacteria

To investigate the characteristics and metabolic mechanism of short-cut denitrifying phospho- rus-removing bacteria （SDPB） that are capable of enhanced biological phosphorus removal （EBPR） using nitrite as an electron acceptor, an aerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor was operated under three phases. An SDPB-strain YC was screened after the sludge enrichment and was identified by morphological, physiological, biochemical properties and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Denitrifying phosphorus-removing experiments were conducted to study anaerobic and anoxic metabolic mechanisms by analyzing the changes of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, phosphate, nitrite, poly-fl-hydroxybutyrate （PHB）, and glycogen. The results show that strain YC is a non-fermentative SDPB similar to Paracoccus denitrificans. As a kind of non-fermentative bacteria, the energy of strain YC was mainly generated from phosphorus release （96.2%） under anaerobic conditions with 0.32 mg P per mg synthesized PHB. Under anoxic conditions, strain YC accumulated 0.45 mg P per mg degraded PHB, which produced most of energy for phosphate accumulation （91.3%） and a little for glycogen synthesis （8.7%）. This metabolic mechanism of strain YC is different from that of traditional phosphorus-accumulating organisms （PAOs）. It is also found that PHB, a kind of intracellular polymer, plays a very important role in denitrifying and accumulating phosphorus by supplying sufficient energy for phosphorous accumulation and carbon sources for denitrification. Therefore, monitoring AP/APHB and ANO2 -N/APHB is more necessary than monitoring AP/ACOD, ANO2 -N/ACOD, or AP / ANO2 -N.

Effect of carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge

Effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated. Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess to the PHB saturation of poly-P bacteria, residual COD carried over to anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. Simultaneously, phosphate uptake continued until all nitrate was removed, following a slow endogenous release of phosphate. High nitrate concentration in anoxic phase increased the initial denitrifying phosphorus rate. Once the nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the denitrificaion and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.

Operation of three parallel AN/AO processes to enrich denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria for low strength wastewater treatment

Three parallel anaerobic-anoxic/anaerobic-aerobic （AN/AO） processes were developed to enrich denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria （DPB） for low strength wastewater treatment. The main body of the parallel AN/AO process consists of an AN （anaerobic-anoxic） process and an AO （anaerobic-aerobic） process. In the AO process, the common phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） was dominate, while in the AN process, DPB was dominate, The volume of anaerobic zone（Vana）：anoxie zone（Vano） ： aerobic zone （Vaer） for the parallel AN/AO process is 1：1：1 in contrast with a Vana：Vaer and Vano：Vaer of 1：2 and 1：4 for a traditional biological nutrient removal process （BNR）. Process 3 excels in the 3 processes on the basis of COD, TN and TP removal. For 4 month operation, the effluent COD concentration of process 3 did not exceed 60 mg/L; the effluent TN concentration of process 3 was lower than 15 mg/L; and the effluent TP concentration of process 3 was lower than 1 mg/L.

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.

Anoxic Biological Phosphorus Uptake in A^2O Process

A lab-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O) process used to treat a synthetic brewage wastewater was investigated. The objectives of the study were to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in A2O bioreactors. Sludge analysis confirmed that the average anoxic P uptake accounted for approximately 70% the total amount of P uptake, and the ratio of anoxic P uptake rate to aerobic P uptake rate was 69%. In addition, nitrate concentration in the anoxic phase and different organic substrate introduced into the anaerobic phase had significant effect on the anoxic P uptake. Compared with conventional A2O processes, good removal efficiencies of COD, phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen (92.3%, 95.5%, 96% and 79.5%, respectively) could be achieved in the anoxic P uptake system, and aeration energy consumption was saved 25%. By controlling the nitrate recirculation flow in the anoxic zone, anoxic P uptake could be enhanced, which solved the competition for organic substrates among poly-P organisms and denitrifiers successfully under the COD limiting conditions. Therefore, in wastewater treatment plants the control system should be applied according to the practical situation to optimize the operation.

Denitrification and Dephosphatation by Anaerobic/Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1 mg·L-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg· L-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.

Simultaneous denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal in a full-scale anoxic–oxic process without internal recycle treating low strength wastewater

Performance of a full-scale anoxic-oxic activated sludge treatment plant（4.0×10-5 m-3/day for the first-stage project） was followed during a year.The plant performed well for the removal of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in the process of treating domestic wastewater within a temperature range of 10.8℃ to 30.5℃.Mass balance calculations indicated that COD utilization mainly occurred in the anoxic phase,accounting for 88.2% of total COD removal.Ammonia nitrogen removal occurred 13.71% in the anoxic zones and 78.77% in the aerobic zones.The contribution of anoxic zones to total nitrogen（TN） removal was 57.41%.Results indicated that nitrogen elimination in the oxic tanks was mainly contributed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification（SND）.The reduction of phosphorus mainly took place in the oxic zones,51.45% of the total removal.Denitrifying phosphorus removal was achieved biologically by 11.29%.Practical experience proved that adaptability to gradually changing temperature of the microbial populations was important to maintain the plant overall stability.Sudden changes in temperature did not cause paralysis of the system just lower removal efficiency,which could be explained by functional redundancy of microorganisms that may compensate the adverse effects of temperature changes to a certain degree.Anoxic-oxic process without internal recycling has great potential to treat low strength wastewater（i.e.,TN 〈 35 mg/L） as well as reducing operation costs.

Influence of carbon source and temperature on the denitrifying phosphorus removal process

To supply the valuable operating parameters for the popular usage of the new denitrifying phosphors removal process,it is essential to study the dominant biochemical reactions and the characteristics of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria(DPB).Thus,parallel batch experiments using DPB sludge were carried out to assess the effect of substrates(sewage,HAc,and endogenous carbon source)on denitrifying dephosphorus removal efficiency in this study.The results showed that the initial specific phosphorus release rate increased with the high concentration of the short-chain volatile fatty acids ratio in the influent,and sufficient phos-phorus was released by DPB.This improved the subsequent denitrification and phosphorus uptake efficiency.The specific endogenous denitrification mainly relies on the internal carbon source(PHB)stored by poly-P bacteria.Denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria were very hungry when the internal PHB was consumed.Consequently,the specific endogenous denitrification rate was low and the phosphorus uptake did not happen.On the other hand,in the experiment,the denitrifying phosphorus removal performance under two temperature conditions(8-10°C and 25-26°C)was also investigated and analyzed.It was found that the lower temperature decreased the specific phosphorus release and uptake rate,but did not inhibit the denitrifying phosphorus removal completely.Therefore,the negative influence of the low temperature on the overall phosphorus removal was not significant.

调控内生正磷酸盐强化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

采用絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,以人工配水为进水,分别以不同的内生正磷酸盐调节方式运行4组活性污泥序批式反应器(SBR),探究不同内生正磷酸盐调节方式对于富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)和造粒等方面的影响.结果表明,以内生正磷酸盐排出液回流方式运行的颗粒污泥脱氮除磷效果更好,DPAOs活性更高,并且颗粒沉降性能良好.其中,相较于以微好氧模式运行的颗粒污泥系统,以厌氧/微好氧(AO)模式运行的颗粒污泥系统的污染物处理污染物性能更优,其化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除效率可分别达到92.57%、94.7%和97.62%.这主要是由内生正磷酸盐刺激、DPAOs和反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)的协同作用等多种因素共同影响的结果,在周期性调控系统中内生正磷酸盐后,系统中污泥的内碳源转化率明显提高,DPAOs和DGAOs的活性得到增强,异养反硝化菌(DOHOs)活性被抑制,这也是在进水水质不变的情况下系统脱氮除磷效果得到明显提高的原因,而在较长的周期运行模式下,氨氧化菌(AOB)与DPAOs形成互生作用的同时也抑制其他异养微生物的生长.本研究结果可为同步短程硝化反硝化除磷(SPNDPR)工艺的实际工程化应用提供理论支持.

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌氮代谢特性研究进展

综述近40年异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)菌的相关报道,从HN-AD细菌的种类、常见应用及脱氮效果、氮代谢途径、氮代谢的关键酶、氮代谢过程的影响因素等5个方面对HN-AD菌的脱氮特性进行详细阐述,以期为挖掘更多高效的HN-AD菌并应用于实际废水处理提供理论依据。目前,关于HN-AD细菌的大部分应用研究还处在实验室阶段,其脱氮分子机制的研究依然不够深入,未来可以通过基因敲除等手段进一步明确关键酶编码基因在菌株氮代谢过程中的作用,也可以利用基因重组或体细胞融合等手段构建高效脱氮工程菌,以应对更复杂的废水环境。

双污泥SBR工艺反硝化除磷脱氮特性及影响因素

以生活污水为处理对象,研究了双污泥A2NSBR工艺反硝化除磷脱氮特性,重点考察了进水C/P和C/N及HRT的影响作用;同时基于DO、ORP和pH的典型变化规律,验证它们作为反硝化除磷过程控制参数的可行性.结果表明,在本试验条件下,P的去除率随着进水C/P的升高整体呈现上升趋势.当进水C/P≥19.39左右时,系统可维持优良的除磷效果;而当进水C/P降至15.36以下时,系统除磷效果呈恶化趋势.另一方面,A2NSBR在低C/N条件下仍可获得相对良好的除磷率,但易导致反硝化脱氮率的下降.C/N的升高增加了聚磷菌厌氧阶段合成PHB的量,继而提高最终的脱氮和除磷效果;但C/N过高将使厌氧段未反应完全的过剩碳源滞留到缺氧段,优先支持反硝化异养菌(ordinary heterotrophic organisms,OHOs)的反硝化反应而减少了缺氧阶段DNPAOs可利用的电子受体数,致使缺氧除磷效果恶化.此外,A2NSBR拥有2套完全独立的SBR,较利于建立以DO、ORP和pH为参数的过程控制体系.

亚硝酸根作为电子受体的反硝化吸磷特性

为了考察聚磷污泥以NO2-为电子受体的反硝化吸磷特性,通过静态烧杯试验,研究了不同NO2-浓度聚磷污泥的反硝化同时吸磷能力及动力学。实验结果表明:NO2-质量浓度在31.25 mg/L以下时,反硝化聚磷菌可以利用NO2-为电子受体完成反硝化吸磷;在高于37.50 mg/L时,NO2-对缺氧吸磷有明显的抑制作用。但是反硝化聚磷菌经过驯化之后,即使NO2-质量浓度达到很高(75.00 mg/L),仍然可以利用NO2-作为电子受体完成反硝化吸磷,而没有发现抑制吸磷的现象,而且NO2-的浓度对吸磷速率没有明显影响。以NO2-为电子受体平均吸磷速率为3.16 mg P/(gMLVSS.h),平均反硝化速率为5.14mg NO2--N/(gMLVSS.h),吸磷速率小于以氧和NO3-为电子受体时的速率。

好氧微生物颗粒污泥脱氮机理

好氧颗粒污泥应用于生物脱氮,机理为如下几种。第一种为常规硝化-反硝化途径。第二种为亚硝化-反硝化途径,颗粒污泥的外部为好氧的硝化区,通过适当的控制,使硝化过程停留在亚硝化阶段,直接进入内层进行反硝化。第三种为硝化-厌氧氨氧化途径,通过外层的硝化和内层的厌氧氨氧化作用实现脱氮。第四种为硝化-反硝化聚磷方式,颗粒污泥内部在反硝化的同时聚磷,实现好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷。第五种脱氮的途径为好氧反硝化。在不同的条件下,某一种脱氮的途径可能占主导地位。

两段SBR双污泥系统的短程硝化/反硝化除磷研究

针对传统脱氮除磷工艺存在的占地面积大、运行成本高等问题,将短程硝化与反硝化除磷工艺相结合而构建了两段SBR双污泥短程硝化反硝化除磷工艺。在成功启动短程硝化反应器后,亚硝酸盐氮的积累率达到94.23%,系统对氨氮的平均去除率>95%;在以亚硝酸盐氮为电子受体的反硝化除磷菌培养驯化阶段,吸磷率达到了64.44%,同时NO2--N由17.79 mg/L降低为0.05 mg/L,电子受体被完全消耗,基本达到了以NO2--N为电子受体进行反硝化聚磷菌富集的目的。在此基础上,考察了N/P值对系统脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,当N/P为3.0、2.2、1.7时对COD和氨氮的去除效果均较好,对COD的去除率分别为90%、89%、90%,对氨氮的去除率分别为96%、95%和96.7%;当N/P为3.0和2.2时除磷效果良好,平均去除率分别达到了88.5%和91%;而当N/P为1.7时除磷效果明显下降,仅为75.6%。

反硝化除磷系统的启动及其稳定性研究

采用厌氧／缺氧(A／A)SBR为研究对象,通过启动试验研究了反硝化除磷菌(DPB)选择和富集的必要条件。试验结果表明,厌氧／缺氧交替的环境和合适的C、N值可使DPB快速成为系统中的优势菌群;稳定运行后的系统,当进水CODCr:N:P为250:60:10．5时除磷所用碳源最少,且C、N、P的去除率均在90％以上。当进水CODCr为250 mg／L,SRT、为18 d左右,进出水硝氮浓度分别控制在1．5 mg／L和7 mg／L以下时,系统运行稳定性较好。

异养硝化好氧反硝化菌对食品工业废水的降解特性研究

通过用模拟的食品工业废水来培养8株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌,以研究8株菌的生化及脱氮除磷性能,为提高食品工业废水处理效率提供理论基础.以琥珀酸钠为碳源、硫酸铵为氮源、磷酸氢二钾为磷源,将8株菌接种于实验室配制的模拟培养基,每隔24 h测定水中OD600、COD、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度.实验结果表明,8株菌生长情况良好并且均具有良好的生化能力和脱氮能力,在初始进水COD为2 310 mg/L、TN为87 mg/L的情况下,COD和TN的去除率最高分别可达到97.2%和89.2%,但除磷效果不明显.说明这8株菌能够在磷源低消耗的情况下,正常生长并表现出良好生化能力和脱氮能力,适合处理N/P较高的食品废水.

基于短程硝化的同步脱氮除磷影响因素研究

对以亚硝态氮为电子受体的同步脱氮除磷技术的影响因素进行了研究,分别考察了亚硝态氮最大抑制浓度、碳氮比、碳磷比、pH值等因素对氮和磷去除效果的影响,结果表明,亚硝态氮的最大抑制浓度为150 mg/L,COD∶NO2-N∶P最佳质量比大致为100∶7.69∶2,最佳pH值为7.39±0.2,此时磷的去除率接近100%.

氮磷比对一体化反硝化同时脱氮除磷的影响

基于反硝化同时脱氮除磷理论,设计了1套连续流一体化脱氮除磷反应试验装置,并实现了反应器的连续稳定运行。在COD为250～350mg·L-1、m(C)/m(N)为5～8的条件下,研究了不同N/P对一体化系统的影响。结果表明,在m(N)/m(P)=5～8的低值时,TP去除率仅有64%,COD、NH3-N、TN的去除率分别可达到90%、98%、90%;m(N)/m(P)在8～10时,COD、NH3-N、TP和TN的去除率分别为91%、98%、90%和90%,达到了GB18918-2002的一级A标准,处理效果最佳;而在m(N)/m(P)=10～14的高值下,除COD的去除率可达到92%外,NH3-N、TP和TN的去除率仅为80%、60%和52%。

脱氮除磷新途径——反硝化除磷

介绍反硝化除磷的原理和两种反硝化除磷新工艺。反硝化除磷缓解了传统脱氮除磷工艺中存在的碳源紧张的矛盾 ,反硝化菌利用硝酸盐替代氧气作为电子受体进行聚磷 ,可节省曝气量、降低运行成本 。

新型短程硝化工艺的反硝化除磷特性

构建以厌氧(An)、好氧(O1和O2)、缺氧(A1和A2)、快速曝气(O3)单元组成的新型短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺。在其中厌氧(An)/缺氧(A1)的运行环境,成功驯化出了一种能以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),其兼具脱氮与除磷双重功能,实现了一碳两用的目的,节约了能耗和曝气量。通过静态试验发现,亚硝酸盐型反硝化除磷速率为4.78 mg/(L·h),硝酸盐型反硝化速率为6.24 mg/(L·h)。反硝化除磷量占到了系统总除磷量的60%以上,其中缺氧1池就占到了50%。