While newer,more efficient Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and extinguishing agents have been developed to reduce the occurrence of thermal runaway accidents,there is still a scarcity of research focused on the application...While newer,more efficient Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and extinguishing agents have been developed to reduce the occurrence of thermal runaway accidents,there is still a scarcity of research focused on the application of surfactants in different LIBs extinguishing agents,particularly in terms of patented technologies.The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of the technological progress of LIBs and LIBs extinguishing agents in terms of patents in Korea,Japan,Europe,the United States,China,etc.The initial part of this review paper is sort out LIBs technology development in different regions.In addition,to compare LIBs extinguishing agent progress and challenges of liquid,solid,combination of multiple,and microencapsulated.The subsequent section of this review focuses on an in-depth analysis dedicated to the efficiency and challenges faced by the surfactants corresponding design principles of LIBs extinguishing agents,such as nonionic and anionic surfactants.A total of 451,760 LIBs-related patent and 20 LIBs-fire-extinguishing agent-related patent were included in the analyses.The extinguishing effect,cooling performance,and anti-recombustion on different agents have been highlighted.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents,this review suggests that temperature-sensitive hydrogel extinguishing agent is ideal for the effective control of LIBs fire.The progress and challenges of surfactants have been extensively examined,focusing on key factors such as surface activity,thermal stability,foaming properties,environmental friendliness,and electrical conductivity.Moreover,it is crucial to emphasize that the selection of a suitable surfactant must align with the extinguishing strategy of the extinguishing agent for optimal firefighting effectiveness.展开更多
Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale...Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale battery pack applications,the possibility of LIBs fire significantly increases.Because of the fast burning and the easy re-ignition characteristics of LIBs,achieving an efficient and prompt LIBs fire suppression is critical for minimizing the fire hazards.Different from conventional fire hazards,the LIBs fire shows complicated and comprehensive characteristics,and an effective and suitable fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs is highly desirable.Considerable efforts have been devoted to this topic,to the best of our knowledge,a comprehensive review on this regard is still rare.Moreover,in practice,a guidance for the design and selections of a proper fire-extinguishing agent for LIBs is urgently needed.Herein,the special mechanisms and characteristics for LIBs fire and the corresponding design principles for LIBs fire-extinguishing agent were introduced.It is revealed that a fire-extinguishing agent developed for LIBs fire will most likely need a high heat capacity,high wetting,low viscosity and low electrical conductivity.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents in terms of these performances,water-based fire-extinguishing agents show best.Several typical fire-extinguishing agents such as gaseous agents,dry powders,water-based and aerosol fire-extinguishing agents were then introduced,and their fire extinguishment mechanisms were presented.Finally,their effectiveness in suppressing the fire were summarized.Water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess high cooling capacity and excellent anti-reflash performance for the fire.We believe this review could shed light on developing an efficient fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs.展开更多
Nitrogen oxides(NO_2 and NO)are absorbed by tributyl phosphorate(TBP)to fom a new complex mixture of TBP-NO_x. which is used as a selective oddizing agent to oxidize benzylalcohols to corresponding sldehydes or ketone...Nitrogen oxides(NO_2 and NO)are absorbed by tributyl phosphorate(TBP)to fom a new complex mixture of TBP-NO_x. which is used as a selective oddizing agent to oxidize benzylalcohols to corresponding sldehydes or ketones In high yield. In the reaction process, nitrogen oxides are llberated mildly and mainly reduced to nitrogen, while tributyl phosphorate is recovered end recycled.展开更多
There is an overlooked problem which increasing microbial abundance while reducing nitrogen loss during composting.This study investigated the viability of spent mushroom substrate(SMS)as conditioners in the aerobic c...There is an overlooked problem which increasing microbial abundance while reducing nitrogen loss during composting.This study investigated the viability of spent mushroom substrate(SMS)as conditioners in the aerobic composting of kitchen waste(KW)with cattle manure(CM).The variation of temperature,pH,C/N,organic matter,cellulose,hemicelluloses,germination index(GI),and microflora structure were explored to evaluate the potential in accelerating maturity and nitrogen fixation by SMS addition.The results showed that the addition of SMS accelerated the heating rate,prolonged the high temperature time,and decreased organic matter,hemicellulose,and cellulose by 17.49%,23.61%,and 18.62%,respectively.The GI reached 105.86%with SMS addition,while 74.17%was found in control treatment after composting.SMS changed the microbial community composition and increased the species abundance.Proteiniclasticum,Clostridium XI and Azomonas were dominant bacteria,which increased the retention of nitrogen,promoted organic matter degradation and reduce compost time.The study can provide a feasible strategy for nitrogen fixation in the field of organic waste recycling.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2017YFC0804700)the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology,Beijing Institute of Technology (No.KFJJ23-23M)。
文摘While newer,more efficient Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and extinguishing agents have been developed to reduce the occurrence of thermal runaway accidents,there is still a scarcity of research focused on the application of surfactants in different LIBs extinguishing agents,particularly in terms of patented technologies.The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of the technological progress of LIBs and LIBs extinguishing agents in terms of patents in Korea,Japan,Europe,the United States,China,etc.The initial part of this review paper is sort out LIBs technology development in different regions.In addition,to compare LIBs extinguishing agent progress and challenges of liquid,solid,combination of multiple,and microencapsulated.The subsequent section of this review focuses on an in-depth analysis dedicated to the efficiency and challenges faced by the surfactants corresponding design principles of LIBs extinguishing agents,such as nonionic and anionic surfactants.A total of 451,760 LIBs-related patent and 20 LIBs-fire-extinguishing agent-related patent were included in the analyses.The extinguishing effect,cooling performance,and anti-recombustion on different agents have been highlighted.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents,this review suggests that temperature-sensitive hydrogel extinguishing agent is ideal for the effective control of LIBs fire.The progress and challenges of surfactants have been extensively examined,focusing on key factors such as surface activity,thermal stability,foaming properties,environmental friendliness,and electrical conductivity.Moreover,it is crucial to emphasize that the selection of a suitable surfactant must align with the extinguishing strategy of the extinguishing agent for optimal firefighting effectiveness.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2017YFC0804700)the National Key Research and Development Program(2019YFC0810703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 51874041).
文摘Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale battery pack applications,the possibility of LIBs fire significantly increases.Because of the fast burning and the easy re-ignition characteristics of LIBs,achieving an efficient and prompt LIBs fire suppression is critical for minimizing the fire hazards.Different from conventional fire hazards,the LIBs fire shows complicated and comprehensive characteristics,and an effective and suitable fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs is highly desirable.Considerable efforts have been devoted to this topic,to the best of our knowledge,a comprehensive review on this regard is still rare.Moreover,in practice,a guidance for the design and selections of a proper fire-extinguishing agent for LIBs is urgently needed.Herein,the special mechanisms and characteristics for LIBs fire and the corresponding design principles for LIBs fire-extinguishing agent were introduced.It is revealed that a fire-extinguishing agent developed for LIBs fire will most likely need a high heat capacity,high wetting,low viscosity and low electrical conductivity.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents in terms of these performances,water-based fire-extinguishing agents show best.Several typical fire-extinguishing agents such as gaseous agents,dry powders,water-based and aerosol fire-extinguishing agents were then introduced,and their fire extinguishment mechanisms were presented.Finally,their effectiveness in suppressing the fire were summarized.Water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess high cooling capacity and excellent anti-reflash performance for the fire.We believe this review could shed light on developing an efficient fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs.
文摘Nitrogen oxides(NO_2 and NO)are absorbed by tributyl phosphorate(TBP)to fom a new complex mixture of TBP-NO_x. which is used as a selective oddizing agent to oxidize benzylalcohols to corresponding sldehydes or ketones In high yield. In the reaction process, nitrogen oxides are llberated mildly and mainly reduced to nitrogen, while tributyl phosphorate is recovered end recycled.
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Projects of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.2022ZX02C14)the Technological Project of Heilongjiang Province“the Open Competition Mechanism to Select the Best Candidates”(Grant No.2022ZXJ05C01)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD1501000)。
文摘There is an overlooked problem which increasing microbial abundance while reducing nitrogen loss during composting.This study investigated the viability of spent mushroom substrate(SMS)as conditioners in the aerobic composting of kitchen waste(KW)with cattle manure(CM).The variation of temperature,pH,C/N,organic matter,cellulose,hemicelluloses,germination index(GI),and microflora structure were explored to evaluate the potential in accelerating maturity and nitrogen fixation by SMS addition.The results showed that the addition of SMS accelerated the heating rate,prolonged the high temperature time,and decreased organic matter,hemicellulose,and cellulose by 17.49%,23.61%,and 18.62%,respectively.The GI reached 105.86%with SMS addition,while 74.17%was found in control treatment after composting.SMS changed the microbial community composition and increased the species abundance.Proteiniclasticum,Clostridium XI and Azomonas were dominant bacteria,which increased the retention of nitrogen,promoted organic matter degradation and reduce compost time.The study can provide a feasible strategy for nitrogen fixation in the field of organic waste recycling.
文摘适用p H范围窄是限制亚铁/过一硫酸盐(Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS)体系进一步推广应用的关键因素之一,亟需开发拓宽Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS体系适用p H范围的策略。该文旨在探究含氮络合剂1,10-邻菲罗啉(phen)和2,2'-联吡啶(bipy)对Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS体系降解有机污染物效能和机制的影响。结果表明,引入phen和bipy可显著促进Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS体系对富含供电子基团的有机污染物苯酚和双氯芬酸的降解。当phen/Fe(Ⅱ)和bipy/Fe(Ⅱ)的摩尔比分别为3.0和4.5时,phen/Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS和bipy/Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS体系对苯酚的去除效果最佳。phen/Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS和bipy/Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS体系在p H 3.0~9.0条件下均能有效降解苯酚。化学探针、电子顺磁共振和淬灭剂实验结果表明,phen/Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS和bipy/Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS体系产生的活性氧化剂包括^(1)O_(2)和Fe(Ⅳ),且^(1)O_(2)对这2个体系中苯酚的降解起主要作用。
