Effect of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Treatment on Mineral Metabolism in Grazing Yaks

To assess the impact of N fertilization on contents of mineral elements in herbage and the effect of increased forage S on the copper metabolism of grazing yaks, study was conducted during the summer grazing season （2005, 2006, and 2007）. Pasture replicates （20 ha; n=3 per treatment） received the same fertilizer treatment in each growing season, consisting of i） 90 kg N ha^-1 from quickly available nitrogen, ii） 90 kg N ha^-1 from ammonium nitrate, iii） 90 kg N ha^-1 from ammonium sulfate, and iv） control （no fertilizer）. Forage sampling was collected at 60 days intervals following fertilization （10 samples per pasture） for Cu, Mo, Mn, Se, Fe, Zn, Ca, and P. To determine the effect of fertilizer treatment on mineral metabolism in grazing yaks, liver and blood samples were collected at the start and end of the study period in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Ammonium sulfate fertilization increased （P 〈 0.01） forage S concentration. Plant tissue N concentrations were increased by N fertilization, regardless of source in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Yaks grazing S fertilization pastures had lower （P〈0.05） liver and blood Cu concentrations at the end of the study period in 2005, 2006, and 2007, compared with urea, ammonium nitrate, and control. Nominal increases in forage in vitro organic matter digestibility were realized by fertilization, regardless of N source in each year.

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a new type of nitrogen-containing die steel

Nitrogen can increase the strength of steels without weakening the toughness and improve the corrosion resistance at the same time. Compared with conventional nitrogen-free die steels, a new type of nitrogen-containing die steel was developed with many superior properties, such as high strength, high hardness, and good toughness. This paper focused on the effects of heat treatment on the microstruc- tures and mechanical properties of the new type of nitrogen-containing die steel, which were investigated by the optimized deformation process and heat treatment. Isothermal spheroidal annealing and high-temperature quenching as well as high-temperature tempering were ap- plied in the experiment by means of an orthogonal method after the steel was multiply forged. The mechanical properties of nitro- gen-containing die steel forgings are better than the standard of NADCA #207-2003.

Heat Treatment and Properties of Nitrogen Alloyed, Martensitic, Corrosion-resistant Steels

This paper gives a short introduction to the typical process route and material properties of these steels in comparison to standard martensitic corrosion-resistant steels. The typical response of these steels to various heat treatment parameters is shown and explained using the three grades M333, N360 and M340 (all made by Bohler Edelstahl GmbH) as examples, and the physical metallurgy of these steels and its consequences for practical heat treatment is explained. The correlation between tempering parameters and their effect on the toughness and corrosion properties is explained in particular detail, showing that these new steels not only offer far better property combinations under the usual heat treatment parameters than standard martensitic corrosion-resistant steels, but that they also open the door to extending heat treatment combinations and properties.

Effect of Treatment Temperature on Iron Nitride Foils Irradiated with Nitrogen Plasma

We investigated the effect of treatment temperature on the magnetic property of iron nitride foils irradiated with nitrogen plasma. The iron nitride foils irradiated with nitrogen plasma were composed of ε-Fe2/3N, γ'-Fe4N and γ nitrogen austenite in α-Fe of the matrix. The saturation magnetization of the iron nitride foils decreased with increasing the surface temperature. The coercive force of the iron nitride foils increased with increasing the surface temperature.

Experimental analysis of a nitrogen removal process simulation of wastewater land treatment under three different wheat planting densities

Nitrogen contaminant transport, transformation and uptake simulation experiments were conducted in green house under three different planting density of winter wheat. They were Group A, planting density of 0.0208 plants/cm 2, Group B, 0.1042 plants /cm 2, and Group C, 0.1415 plants/cm 2. The capacity and ratio of nitrogen removal were different on three kinds of conditions of wastewater land treatment. From analysis of wastewater treatment capacity, wastewater concentration and irrigation intensity for Group C were suitable and nitrogen quantity added was 2 times of that for Group B, 2.6 times for Group A while nitrogen residue was only 7.06%. Hence, wastewater irrigation and treatment design with purpose of waste water treatment should select the design with maximum capacity, optimal removal ratio and least residue in soil, which was closely related to crop planting density, crop growth status and also background nitrogen quantity in soil.

Traditional Nitrogen Removal Coupled with SND to Meet Advanced WWTP Standards at a Full Scale SBR Wastewater Treatment Facility

A Florida wastewater treatment facility studied how Simultaneous Nitrification Denitrification (SND) coupled with traditional nitrogen removal would be used to meet the state’s current advanced wastewater treatment nutrient criterion. This study examined the effect of these combined processes on the fate and transport of the nitrogen species during the treatment process. The effectiveness of nitrogen removal within the full scale sequential batch reactor system (SBR) and the extent of SND compared to nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen removal process was also evaluated. Finally, the overall performance of the municipal wastewater treatment facility utilizing these combined processes was evaluated. Overall, this application reduced the total nitrogen to almost 6% of the permitted concentration of 3.0 mg/L. The combination of both processes also resulted in an actual ?concentration 93.7% lower than the acceptable theoretical ?concentration, which also resulted in effluent Total Inorganic Nitrogen nearly 80% lower than the permitted 3.0 mg/L effluent concentration. Further, the process produced a composite Total Nitrogen concentration that was 74% lower than the permitted concentration. This coupling of SND with traditional nitrogen removal resulted in a highly effective process to reduce nitrogen in the municipal wastewater effluent which is also attractive for potential implementation due to the low cost expenditure incurred in its utilization.

Nitrogen Removal Efficiency of the Reclaimed Water by Land Treatment System

[Objective] The research aimed to study nitrogen removal effect of the land treatment process on reclaimed water. [Method] By using land treatment system, reclaimed water which reached one-level A standard was conducted advanced processing, and nitrogen removal efficiency of the effluent was inspected. [ Result] There was a positive correlation between organic matter content of the soil medium and nitrogen removal effect. With appropriate soil medium, TN and NH3-N could obtain the removal efficiency of more than 90% and 75% respectively, and they could be removed at 30 and 10 cm height of soil medium respectively with land treatment system to treat reclaimed water. [ Conclusion ] The research provid- ed theoretical basis for application of the land treatment system into nitrogen removal of the reclaimed water.

固定化异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌在污水生物强化中的研究进展

异养硝化-好氧反硝化(Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification,HN-AD)菌可以在有机碳存在的好氧条件下实现同时硝化和反硝化,广泛应用于各类污水处理过程中。综述了HN-AD菌株的脱氮特性和代谢途径,总结了其在污水处理中的应用和研究现状,比较了不同载体材料的优缺点,重点讨论了固定HN-AD菌株提高反应器处理效果和稳定性的作用机理。最后,展望了固定化HN-AD菌株在污水处理中面临的挑战和未来的研究方向。

高温和液氮处理对马棘种子萌发能力的影响

马棘为豆科木兰属多年生小灌木,具有较高的饲用及生态价值,但自然条件下种子的发芽率低,研发提高马棘种子萌发能力的技术措施,将为马棘的推广应用提供重要支撑。本试验以2022年收获的马棘种子为试材,进行不同时间的高温(60℃)、液氮及其组合预处理,并开展发芽实验。其中,液氮和高温分别设计了4个种子处理时间,液氮处理的时间分别为0.5、1、2、5min;高温(60℃)处理的时间分别为10、30、60、180min;组合处理包括先高温后液氮处理及先液氮后高温处理两种方式;试验处理有自然萌发条件下的对照(CK)、8个单一处理及32个组合处理,共计41个。种子发芽周期结束后计算种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及平均萌发时间,并利用隶属函数的方法评价不同处理对马棘种子发芽能力的影响。马棘种子自然条件下发芽率为55%,不同时间高温处理对种子发芽率的提升作用不显著(P>0.05);用液氮处理马棘种子1min后,发芽率可达78.5%,显著高于CK(P<0.05);先高温后液氮组合处理中,高温30min+液氮5min、高温60min+液氮2min两处理发芽率可达80%;先液氮后高温组合处理中,液氮1min+高温60min发芽率最高,可达82.5%,比CK发芽率高27.5%。液氮1min+高温60min处理,能显著提高马棘种子的发芽能力,且该方法处理种子,操作简单,耗时短,生产实用性强,值得推广。

潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的应用研究及展望

基质的选择直接影响着潜流人工湿地全生命周期及污水处理效果,不同类型的基质对脱氮除磷具有差异性效果。综述了不同类型潜流人工湿地基质的研究现状,分析了其脱氮除磷机理,总结了各类基质的应用效果,展望了天然矿石基质、固体废弃物基质和人工合成基质研究方向和研究重点,以期为潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的研发提供参考。

常压法硝酸装置的优化改造

以杭州龙山化工的常压法硝酸装置为例,该装置在运行中出现尾气环保达标排放困难和产品结构不合理等问题。通过采取硝酸生产工艺优化和新增尾气处理装置等改造,调整了硝酸和亚硝酸钠产品结构,可减少亚硝酸钠产量2 kt/a,同时增加硝酸(质量分数为40%)产量4 kt/a;尾气中氮氧化物质量浓度<300 mg/m^(3),解决了尾气达标排放问题。该方法可为同行业类似的常压法硝酸装置改造提供借鉴经验。

珍贵阔叶树种胡桃楸幼苗光合生理特性对模拟氮沉降的响应

【目的】研究模拟氮沉降对采伐迹地上生长季胡桃楸幼苗光合参数与叶性状的影响。【方法】在吉林省舒兰市开原林场以人工更新胡桃楸幼苗为试验材料,以尿素溶液为氮源供体进行叶面喷施,设置对照(CK,0 kg/(a·hm^(2)))、低氮(LN,50 kg/(a·hm^(2)))和高氮(HN,100 kg/(a·hm^(2)))3种氮处理水平,测定胡桃楸幼苗的光合、荧光及叶性状参数,并分析各光合参数之间的相关性。【结果】(1)氮添加处理有效增强了胡桃楸幼苗的光合能力,低氮和高氮水平下幼苗的叶绿素含量、最大羧化速率、瞬时羧化速率、最大电子传递速率都显著增大,高氮水平下幼苗的最大净光合速率、净光合速率、单株光合碳同化、光补偿点以及光饱和点也同时增大;(2)氮添加改变了胡桃楸叶片的气孔行为,低氮水平下叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著降低,水分利用效率显著增加;(3)氮添加改变了胡桃楸的叶面积,高氮水平下小叶数量、小叶面积和单株叶面积都表现出正向响应;(4)叶片的荧光参数随氮添加水平的上升呈先升高后降低的趋势;(5)单株光合碳同化与单株叶面积之间的相关系数大于其与单位面积上的净光合速率的相关系数。【结论】氮添加对胡桃楸幼苗的光合作用具有积极的正向作用,但不同的光合过程对不同氮添加水平的响应存在差异。相较于单位面积上净光合速率的增加,氮刺激下单株尺度上光合碳同化的增长可能与氮刺激下叶面积的扩展存在更紧密的关系。

污水硫自养反硝化技术研究进展

硫自养反硝化(SAD)是一种绿色低碳的污水脱氮技术,具有成本低、污泥产量少、无须外加有机碳源等优点,已成为污水脱氮技术研究的热点之一。阐述SAD填料组成与复合硫源填料的合成方法,归纳SAD固定床反应器和流化床反应器的结构及其适用条件,回顾SAD与电化学、异养反硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺等方面的研究进展,并总结SAD耦合技术的优缺点以及耦合工艺的脱氮特征。微生物的代谢功能是实现高效SAD的关键因素,列举不同代谢特性的SAD功能微生物种类,阐述代表性微生物Thiobacillus和Sulfurimonas在SAD过程中的反硝化特性及其生长条件。目前,SAD技术在填料、反应器和耦合工艺等方面取得显著进步,但仍面临诸多挑战,在SAD技术温度适应性、高处理负荷反应器设计以及工艺流程优化等方面进一步创新。

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on biomass production and nodulation behavior of Pongamia pinnata Pierre seedlings under nursery conditions

At the seedling stage, a small amount of N is required to boost growth of leguminous plants. A pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of N fertilizer on various growth parameters and nodulation behavior of Pongamia pinnata under nursery conditions. After the estab- lishment of seedlings, four nitrogen treatments, 0, 40, 80 and 100 kg-ha^-1 N were applied in two equal splits. Monthly observations were taken for the morphological parameters viz. plant height, collar diameter, leaf number, root length, root shoot ratio, nodule number and weight per plant. Maximum plant height was recorded after application of N at 40 kg.ha^-1. Seasonally, the difference in collar diameter in rainy season was signifi- cantly higher than in winter or summer. However, more leaves were produced per plant at N-40 and N-100 treatments in winter and rainy seasons. Higher root length was recorded in rainy season than in winter or summer. Root biomass was higher than for stems or leaves. Seasonal effects of N-80 and N-40 treatments on leaf dry weight were significantly higher than for N-100 or N-0. Stem dry weight was higher at N-40 than at other treatments in winter and summer seasons. Root：shoot ratio was higher throughout winter to early summer. Nodule biomass was 2-3 times higher in rainy season compared to winter or summer. Maximum nodule number and biomass per plant were highest at N-40, followed by N-0, N-80 and N-100 treatments. New nodule formation started from June to the end of September. Maximum biomass per plant was recorded at N-40, followed by N-80, N-100 and N-0. Nitrogen treatment effect and seasonal behaviour interaction were not significant. Significantly higher numbers of nodules per plant were recorded in rainy season followed by summer and winter for all treatments. Higher nitrogen doses suppressed growth while lower doses promoted growth in Pongamia pinnata. Therefore, the lower nitrogen dose i.e., N-40 Kg.ha^-1 applied in two equal splits was suitable at the initial nursery stage for the increase in nodula- tion and biomass production.

温度对垃圾渗滤液生化处理过程中氨氮去除的影响研究

为解决垃圾渗滤液处理工程中常出现夏季高温导致生化污泥失活、出水氨氮不达标的问题,利用杭州市某垃圾中转站的渗滤液和活性污泥,探究了温度对垃圾渗滤液生化处理过程中氨氮去除的影响。通过小试试验探究得出,高温条件下活性污泥对氨氮的去除效果随温度的升高而逐渐降低;当生化系统温度小于40℃时,简单的降温措施即可恢复污泥的活性;当活性污泥受到40℃以上的高温损伤后,生物膜结构受到破坏而彻底失活,生化系统对氨氮的去除率降至20%以下,此时仅通过降温措施并不能有效恢复活性,需重新接种污泥或添加硝化菌剂方能快速恢复氨氮去除功能。因此,在垃圾渗滤液处理工程中,应通过设置冷却塔等措施避免活性污泥处于40℃以上的高温环境中。

氮掺杂碳阳极电化学处理水中难降解有机污染物研究进展

电化学氧化处理难降解有机污染物具有快速、高效等优点,具有良好应用前景。近年来,氮掺杂碳材料因其特殊结构被广泛用于电化学水处理领域。列举了常见的氮掺杂碳阳极材料,比较了各种氮掺杂碳修饰阳极降解水中污染物的效能,简要梳理了氮掺杂碳对电极性能作用影响的机理,并对该类阳极在电催化降解水中污染物进行了展望。

连续流中氮负荷对好氧颗粒污泥稳定性的影响

考察了连续流反应器中好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)处理无机高氨氮废水的脱氮性能及稳定性。接种成熟AGS启动连续流反应器,运行第1~55 d内进水氮负荷由初始时的1.0 kg/(m~3·d)逐步升至4.0 kg/(m~3·d),第56~125 d内氮负荷逐步降至1.4 kg/(m~3·d),第126~145 d氮负荷再次升至2.0 kg/(m~3·d)。前75 d内观察到明显的AGS破碎及流失现象,且颗粒平均粒径不断减小;虽然多次补充接种AGS可维持系统的稳定性,但前80 d内颗粒的污泥容积指数(SVI)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及比耗氧速率(SOUR)剧烈波动。其中,第91~109 d反应器原位闲置。系统重新运行后,AGS的理化指标逐渐趋于稳定。前45 d内AGS对氨氮去除率逐渐升至98%以上;46~75 d内AGS对氨氮去除率迅速降至50%后又回升至99%以上;总无机氮去除率基本维持为35%~45%。考察了连续流反应器对污泥选择性筛分的效果,利用高通量测序分析污泥菌群组成变化。结果表明,当沉淀池中挡板深度为27 cm时,反应器对污泥截留率在98%以上,出水污泥粒径多为0~0.30 mm。与刚接种AGS相比,运行145 d时AGS中的硝化细菌属(Nitrosomonas)相对丰度明显增大,而反硝化细菌属(unclassified_Bacteria、Thauera、Truepera等)的相对丰度略有降低。

南方离子型稀土矿区地下水氨氮污染现状及其治理技术

我国是主要的稀土出产国,约占全球年产量的90%以上。当前,我国离子型稀土矿采用硫酸铵介导的原地浸矿工艺,造成矿区及周边地下水氨氮污染,严重的超标高达200倍以上。本文分析了离子型稀土矿区地下水氨氮污染来源与现状,阐述了地下水氨氮污染治理技术,以期为我国稀土矿区地下水氨氮污染治理开发绿色、安全的新技术提供参考。