Effect Models of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Formulation in Banana

[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer ＂3414＂ test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.

Effects of Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium Combined Fertilization on Rice Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Jianghan Plain

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the rational formula for rice fertilization in Jianghan Plain.[Methods]An experiment on the combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was carried out in Jianghan Plain,an important rice producing area in Hubei,with a total of five treatments to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the fertilizer use efficiency and yield of rice.[Results]Fertilization had a significant effect on improving rice yield,and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on rice yield,followed by potassium fertilizer and phosphorous fertilizer.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the application of rice fertilizers and the reduction and efficiency improvement of chemical fertilizers in Jianghan Plain.

Effects of different ration of NPK fertilizer on the grain yield and protein content in forage rice

Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theory. At the same time, the possibility of increasing yield and protein content in the grain through cultivation technique was also studied. The conclusions were：

基于产量和品质目标的塑料大棚甜瓜优化施肥方案研究

以薄皮甜瓜‘博洋61’为试材,采用3因素5水平二次正交旋转组合设计,研究了氮肥(尿素)、磷肥(过磷酸钙)、钾肥(硫酸钾)用量对塑料大棚薄皮甜瓜产量和品质的影响,分别建立了以产量和果实可溶性固形物为目标效应方程,以期为甜瓜科学施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:甜瓜产量和果实可溶性固形物含量均先随氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量的增加而增加,达到极大值后又随施用量的增加而降低。氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对甜瓜产量和品质的单因子效应均为钾>磷>氮,磷肥与钾肥存在交互效应。结合模型优化分析结果,筛选出该试验条件下甜瓜既高产又优质的施肥方案为氮肥513.16~543.38 kg·hm^(-2),磷肥1317.23~1391.93 kg·hm^(-2),钾肥319.20~353.78 kg·hm^(-2),即N 236.05~249.95 kg·hm^(-2),P2O5210.76~222.71 kg·hm^(-2),K_(2)O 159.60~176.89 kg·hm^(-2)。

日本落叶松无性系种子园球果产量对长期氮磷钾配方施肥的响应

【目的】研究了氮(N)磷(P)钾(K)不同配方施肥以及最佳配比连年施肥对日本落叶松种子园球果产量的影响,为落叶松种子园长期施肥管理提供依据。【方法】以1989年营建的日本落叶松种子园中的正常结实无性系分株为对象,采用随机区组试验设计,自2008年起按照N_(1)P_(1)K_(1)、N_(1)P_(2)K_(1)、N_(1)P_(1)K_(2)3种氮磷钾配方肥,以2.5 kg/株的水平连续3年开展配方施肥对比试验,确定影响球果产量的最佳施肥配方;自2011年起在最佳配方下设置3水平(2.5、5.0、7.5 kg/株),研究连续8年施肥对球果产量的影响。【结果】(1)不同配方施肥均能显著提高球果产量且差异显著(P<0.05),N_(1)P_(2)K_(1)为最佳配方,施加后母株球果产量最高,达到(97.63±0.87)kg/株,比不施肥对照、N_(1)P_(2)K_(1)和N1P1K2分别提高了18.15%、3.17%和2.63%。(2)以最佳配方N_(1)P_(2)K_(1)连续8年长期施肥,球果年产量和累积产量均显著高于对照(P<0.05),且3水平处理下的施肥母株的球果产量存在差异,其中以2.5 kg/株水平施肥效果最优,球果累积产量达到(267.43±5.15)kg/株,比对照、5.0 kg/株水平下和7.5 kg/株水平下的球果累积产量分别提高了52.93%、3.06%和5.70%。(3)连年施肥可将不(或极少量)结实年份的球果产量提高至结实小年或平年的水平(20.93~34.22 kg/株),并缩短大小年间隔,出现连年结实的现象,但是对结实大年影响较小。【结论】N_(1)P_(2)K_(1)配方肥能有效提高日本落叶松球果产量,且长期连年施肥效果显著,适宜施肥量为2.5 kg/株。

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.

我国蔬菜测土配方施肥的研究进展

简述了测土配方施肥技术的建立、发展及其作用意义,综述了我国蔬菜测土配方施肥技术的研究进展,并针对目前推广测土配方施肥技术存在的问题和不足提出了解决办法。

配方施肥对成熟期谷子氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响

以衡200131谷子品种为试材,研究了配方施肥对谷子成熟期干物重积累、产量以及植株全N、P2O5和K2O含量的影响。结果表明:(1)配方施肥对谷子成熟期的植株干物重影响不大,而谷子植株干物重与产量相关性不明显,但秸秆干物重与穗粒干物重具有很强的相关性。(2)配方施肥处理中,仅处理13、处理9和处理2较对照增产,增产率分别为12.51%、2.23%和0.68%;其他处理均较对照减产,其中处理5、处理10和处理7减产幅度较大,减产率分别为18.53%、10.89%和9.06%。(3)谷子成熟期,秸秆和籽粒中的全氮、全磷、全钾含量比例不同,表现为各处理的全氮、全钾含量基本是秸秆高于籽粒,全磷含量则是籽粒高于秸秆。(4)不同施肥处理对谷子穗重、穗粒重、出谷率和千粒重影响不大。

不同坡位和施肥对思茅松幼林生长的影响

在云南省景谷县内,采用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥3种肥料对不同坡位的思茅松幼林开展配方施肥试验,结果表明：坡位影响思茅松幼林的生长,山中、山下的幼林比山顶的幼林生长量高,树高、胸径分别比山顶增加了21.5%~30.3%、30.5%~38.0%,均差异显著;较适宜的施肥方案为尿素250 g＋钙镁磷400 g＋硫酸钾100 g,施肥后思茅松幼林平均树高提高17%（约40 cm）,平均胸径提高30%（约1 cm）,差异均达显著水平,同时也提高了林地土壤速效磷107.6%、全磷57.9%和全钾6.8%,并有效减缓林地有机质、速效氮、全氮、速效钾等土壤养分的流失。仅采用氮、钾配比施肥或磷、钾配比施肥,树高和胸径提高较小。3种肥料中氮肥和磷肥对思茅松树高和胸径生长影响显著,钾肥影响较小。在培育思茅松人工幼林时,采用氮、磷配比施肥对其树高和胸径生长具有促进作用。

Effect of Fertilizer Application on the Yield of Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the fertilization ratio of walnut, so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization of walnut. [Methods] Under the condition of gravelly yellow soil in Chaotian District, Guangyuan City, the orthogonal design of L_9(3~4) was used to test the fertilization ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. [Results] The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on walnut yield ranked as phosphate fertilizer>potassium fertilizer>nitrogen fertilizer. The different treatments had great effects on the yield of walnut, and for the land with gravelly yellow soil, the suitable annual fertilization amount of walnut was urea 1 200 g/plant + calcium superphosphate 1 500 g/plant + potassium sulfate 940 g/plant. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of walnut in Sichuan Province.

Chinese yam yield is affected by soil nutrient levels and interactions among N, P, and K fertilizers

Objective: The current fertilization methods for Chinese yam are uneconomic and unfriend to environment. A rational one is very important to achieve desired balance of high yield of Chinese yam, economic and friend to environment. Here, we studied the effects of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) fertilizers on the yield of ’Qinfeng’ Chinese yam in shallow-groove directional cultivation.Methods: The experiments were conducted in Dehua County, Fujian Province, China using a "3414" optimal design. Overall, three fertilizer factors(N, P, and K) were evaluated at the following four levels: 0, no fertilizer;1, 0.5-fold the typical rate;2, typical fertilization rate;and 3, 1.5-fold the typical rate. There were 14 different fertilization treatments.Results: Treatment 6(N2P2K2) produced the longest(75.6 cm) and thickest tubers(4.9 cm) with the highest tuber fresh weight(1311.9 g) and yield(41 015.9 kg/hm2), whereas, treatment 1 produced the shortest(65.6 cm) and thinnest tubers(3.9 cm) with the lowest fresh weight(953.4 g) and yield(28 532.8 kg/hm2) among the 14 fertilizer combinations. The experimental data could be fitted to single-variable quadratic and binary quadratic models but not to a ternary quadratic polynomial model. Appropriate N, P, and K fertilizer application rates increased Chinese yam yield. However, excessive fertilization lowered the yield. Chinese yam yield was significantly and strongly correlated with the amounts of N, P, and K fertilizer applied.Conclusion: Based on the single variable quadratic and binary quadratic models, we propose that the quantities of N, P, and K fertilizer used to grow 1 hm^(2)’Qinfeng’ Chinese yam should be 360–388.3,90–100.95, and 416.3–675 kg, respectively.

氮磷钾指数配方施肥对假苹婆幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

【目的】探究氮磷钾指数配方施肥对假苹婆幼苗生长和光合特性的影响,为假苹婆的科学施肥提供参考依据。【方法】以1年生假苹婆幼苗为试验材料,采用"3414"试验方案,结合指数施肥法进行配方施肥设计,测定其在不同氮磷钾配方施肥处理(T1~T14)下的生长指标和光合生理指标,筛选适宜假苹婆幼苗生长的最佳配方施肥组合。【结果】T3处理(N_(0)P_(0)K_(0))假苹婆幼苗的株高增量、地径增量、叶面积、总根长、根尖数、生物量干重及叶片的叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))和蒸腾速率(T_(r))均最优,分别为50.44 cm、5.73 mm、114.57 cm;、1621.74 mm、5053.66个、59.92 g、3.10 mg/g、0.45 mg/g、7.88μmol/(m^(2)·s)、0.090 mol/(m^(2)·s)、253.20μmol/m和1.67 mol/(m^(2)·s),分别是T1处理(N_(0)P_(0)K_(0))(对照组)的267.24%、217.87%、155.41%、416.32%、302.01%、492.76%、223.02%、225.00%、258.36%、321.43%、107.98%和305.36%,且均达显著差异水平(P<0.05,下同)。T11处理(N_(0)P_(0)K_(0))假苹婆幼苗的各生长指标在所有处理中均最差。氮磷钾3因素对假苹婆幼苗株高增量、叶面积和总根长的影响排序为N>K>P,对地径增量、根尖数和生物量干重的影响排序为N>P>K,对叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量的影响排序为K>N>P,对P_(n)、G_(s)、C_(i)和T_(r)影响排序为N>K>P,即总体上氮素对是假苹婆幼苗各生长指标和光合气体交换参数的影响最重要,磷素对株高增量、地径增量、叶面积和总根长无显著影响(P>0.05),钾素显著影响叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量。【结论】氮素是影响假苹婆幼苗各生长指标和光合气体交换参数的首要因子。每株施用纯N 0.9 g、纯P 2.0 g和纯K 1.8 g是最适宜1年生假苹婆幼苗生长和生物量积累及进行光合代谢活动的氮磷钾配方施肥组合。

大棚甜椒配方施肥试验

本文研究了甜椒整个生育期水和氮磷钾的吸收规律,以及水溶性肥对甜椒产量、经济效益的影响。试验结果表明:在氮磷钾总养分含量一定的优化施肥条件下,从果实膨大期开始适当的调整氮、钾的施用量,可以有效地提高甜椒的产量。氮肥适当的减少并没有影响产量,而适当的增加钾肥的施用量可以有效提高产量。配方2处理氮磷钾肥每667m^2施肥量为15.6kg、6.72kg、21.56kg时,产量高于配方1,为5022kg/667m^2;甜椒在盛果期的干物质积累量较高,其次是定植缓苗期,在开花初果期干物质积累较低;甜椒不同施肥处理整个生育期对氮、钾养分的吸收较平缓,对磷养分的吸收存在先高后低的趋势,养分吸收值整体趋势是钾>氮>磷,氮、磷的吸收峰值出现在开花期、初果期,钾的吸收峰值出现在开花期、初果期、盛果期;甜椒对氮磷钾平衡施用,缺一不可,有机肥也必不可少,有机肥在改良土壤的同时,有机肥矿化提供氮源,满足甜椒对氮磷钾的吸收,有一定的增产效果。

无患子细根形态及垂直分布特征对配方施肥措施的响应

【目的】探究不同施肥处理下无患子细根垂直分布特征与形态差异,以及氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)对细根生长的影响及其交互作用,为中国南方地区广泛种植的生物质能源树种无患子的科学培育提供支撑。【方法】以福建省三明市建宁县8年生无患子原料林为研究对象,对N、P、K肥料各设置3个水平,采用“3414”随机区组设计进行配方施肥试验,共14个处理,以不施肥为对照(CK),设置3个区组,共42个处理小区,每小区5株作为重复。分别在2015年生长季末、2016年花期前、2016年果实迅速生长期按照配比开沟施3次肥料,2016年12月在每个处理小区选取4株平均标准木样株,在距树1 m处分3层(0~20 cm、≥20~40 cm、≥40~60 cm)采集林地土柱样品,研究各处理3层土壤内的细根分布规律及细根形态。【结果】无患子细根主要分布在0~20 cm土层,呈各土层逐层递减的规律,0~20 cm土层细根生物量(fine root biomass,FRB)及根长密度(fine root length density,FRLD)是≥20~40 cm土层的1.51~2.52倍和1.82~2.25倍,是≥40~60 cm土层的6.29~13.17倍和6.03~9.31倍。无患子FRB、FRLD、细根表面积(fine root surface area,FRSA)及细根平均直径(fine root average diameter,FRAD)均随着N、P、K施肥量的增加呈先增加后平缓降低的变化趋势,而细根比根长(fine specific root length,SRL)随着施肥量的增加表现为先降低再急剧增加而后平稳降低的变化规律。对根系促进效果最佳的N2P2K2处理在0~20 cm土层的FRB及FRLD较不施肥(CK)分别显著提高了152%和164%,≥20~40 cm土层较不施肥(CK)分别显著提高了242%和161%,≥40~60 cm土层较CK分别显著提高了385%和135%。【结论】无患子FRB、FRLD和FRSA在0~60 cm土层范围内逐层递减,有明显的垂直分布特点。在缺P条件下施用N肥和K肥对无患子根系生长影响效果较小,需要在一定范围内增加土壤养分有效性以促进无患子细根生长及生物量积累。施肥量较为充足时,无患子能够根据≥40~60 cm土层土壤养分资源有效性调整细根分布结构,以充分吸收养分。N和P的交互作用对FRB、FRLD、FRAD和SRL的影响达极显著水平,与无患子细根生长的相关性较大。在配方施肥处理下无患子细根生长的拟合模型分析基础上建议施N肥693 kg/hm^(2)、施P肥321 kg/hm^(2)、施K肥432 kg/hm^(2)。