Design of compact integrated diamond nitrogen-vacancy center quantum probe

An integrated quantum probe for magnetic field imaging is proposed,where the nitrogen–vacancy(NV)center fixed at the fiber tip is located on the periphery of flexible ring resonator.Using flexible polyimide(PI)as the substrate medium,we design a circular microstrip antenna,which can achieve a bandwidth of 140 MHz at Zeeman splitting frequency of 2.87 GHz,specifically suitable for NV center experiments.Subsequently,this antenna is seamlessly fixed at a three-dimensional-printed cylindrical support,allowing the optical fiber tip to extend out of a dedicated aperture.To mitigate errors originating from processing,precise tuning within a narrow range can be achieved by adjusting the conformal amplitude.Finally,we image the microwave magnetic field around the integrated probe with high resolution,and determine the suitable area for placing the fiber tip(SAP).

Preparing highly entangled states of nanodiamond rotation and NV center spin

A nanodiamond with an embedded nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center is one of the experimental systems that can be coherently manipulated within current technologies.Entanglement between NV center electron spin and mechanical rotation of the nanodiamond plays a fundamental role in building a quantum network connecting these microscopic and mesoscopic degrees of motions.Here we present a protocol to asymptotically prepare a highly entangled state of the total quantum angular momentum and electron spin by adiabatically boosting the external magnetic field.

Design and simulation of an accelerometer based on NV center spin–strain coupling

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center quantum systems have emerged as versatile tools in the field of precision measurement because of their high sensitivity in spin state detection and miniaturization potential as solid-state platforms.In this paper,an acceleration sensing scheme based on NV spin–strain coupling is proposed,which can effectively eliminate the influence of the stray noise field introduced by traditional mechanical schemes.Through the finite element simulation,it is found that the measurement bandwidth of this ensemble NV spin system ranges from 3 kHz to hundreds of kHz with structure√optimization.The required power is at the sub-μW level,corresponding to a noise-limited sensitivity of 6.7×10^(-5) /√Hz.Compared with other types of accelerometers,this micro-sized diamond sensor proposed here has low power consumption,exquisite sensitivity,and integration potential.This research opens a fresh perspective to realize an accelerometer with appealing comprehensive performance applied in biomechanics and inertial measurement fields.

Current sensor based on diamond nitrogen-vacancy color center

High precision current measurement is very important for the calibration of various high-precision equipment and the measurement of other precision detection fields.A new current sensor based on diamond nitrogen-vacancy(NV)color center magnetic measurement method is proposed to realize the accurate measurement of current.This new current method can greatly improve the accuracy of current measurement.Experiments show that the linearity of the current sensor based on diamond NV color center can reach up to 33 ppm,which is superior to other current sensors and solves the problem of low linearity.When the range of input current is 5-40 A,the absolute error of the calculated current is less than 51μA,and the relative error is 2.42×10^(-6) at 40 A.Combined with the research content and results of the experiment,the application of the current sensor in the field of current precision measurement is prospected.

Orientation determination of nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond using a static magnetic field

Nitrogen-vacancy(NV)centers in a bulk diamond are often employed to realize measurement of multiple physical quantities,which depends on orientation information of NV axis.We report a fast and effective method to determine the orientation of NV axis with the aid of a static magnetic field.By measuring the optically detected magnetic resonance spectra,we can precisely extract the polar angle information between the NV axis and the known magnetic field.Combining with the polar angle information of different kinds of NV centers,we employ the Nelder-Mead algorithm to get the optimal solution of the orientation of NV axis.This method is simple and efficient,and is easily applied in NV-based quantum sensing.

快速响应的NV色心微波传感器实现及测量

高精度微波快速测量技术是电磁频谱分析监测的核心,微波测量技术为微波传感器的高精度测量提供了可能。通过建立NV色心空间磁场能级响应频率精密调谐模型,结合NV色心光学宽场成像技术,实现了高精度、响应快可调的微波测量。首先,通过连续光探测磁共振(ODMR)技术,结合宽场成像技术,通过像素级磁场强度-微波频率转化关系,实现宽场成像的微波测量;进而将连续扫频技术转变为施加定频进行检测,通过同步监测频点不同的响应特性,验证了测试结果的有效性。以上结果为高精度固态量子频谱分析仪、高瞬时带宽频谱微波传感器提供了重要技术基础。

An Overview of NV Centers

This paper is a literature review on the operating theory of NV centers and its applications. Extensive material online had been reviewed to provide a comprehensive explanation of NV centers in this literature review.

近红外光调制下金刚石NV色心自旋动力学与电荷态转化研究

对金刚石氮-空位(nitrogen-vacancy,NV)色心电子自旋态进行光学操控的过程中,近红外光是一种重要手段,对色心自旋态和电荷态布居能产生显著影响,定量研究近红外光对NV色心自旋动力学的作用具有重要意义。文章用实验测量室温下532 nm激光连续激发单个NV色心产生的荧光时间曲线,并建立七能级模型进行数值模拟,得到各自旋能级间跃迁速率;在此基础上用1040 nm激光对色心荧光时间曲线进行调制,实验数据与数值模拟结果相吻合。研究结果表明,近红外光对金刚石NV色心自旋态的影响主要体现在对电荷态转化速率的提高上,使用功率为40 mW的1040 nm激光和532 nm激光一起照射,可以将电离速率和复合速率分别提升约15倍和30倍。

Enhancing Fluorescence of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond by Surface Coating with Titanium Oxide Layers

We present an enhancement of the uorescence of shallow (<10 nm) nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers by using atomic layer deposition to deposit titanium oxide layers on the diamond surface. In this way, the shallow NV-center charge states were stabilized, leading to the increasing uorescence intensity of about 2 times. This surface coating technique could produce a protective layer of controllable thickness without any damages to the solid-state quantum system surface, which might be an approach to the further passivation or packaging techniques for the solid-state quantum devices.

Non-destructive Testing Method for Crack Based on Diamond Nitrogen-vacancy Color Center

Magnetic field measurement plays an extremely important role in material science,electronic en-gineering,power system and even industrial fields.In particular,magnetic field measurement provides a safe and reliable tool for industrial non-destructive testing.The sensitivity of magnetic field measurement deter-mines the highest level of detection.The diamond nitrogen-vacancy(NV)color center is a new type of quan-tum sensor developed in recent years.The external magnetic field will cause Zeeman splitting of the ground state energy level of the diamond NV color center.Optical detection magnetic resonance(ODMR),using a mi-crowave source and a lock-in amplifier to detect the resonant frequency of the NV color center,and finally the change of the resonant frequency can accurately calculate the size of the external magnetic field and the sensi-tivity of the external magnetic field change.In the experiment,a diamond containing a high concentration of NV color centers is coupled with an optical fiber to realize the preparation of a magnetic field scanning probe.Then,the surface cracks of the magnetized iron plate weld are scanned,and the scanning results are drawn into a two-dimensional magnetic force distribution map,according to the magnetic field gradient change of the magnetic force distribution map,the position and size of the crack can be judged very accurately,which pro-vides a very effective diagnostic tool for industrial safety.

Electron Spin Decoherence of Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Coupled to Multiple Spin Baths

We present the experimental results of nitrogen-vacancy （NV） electron spin decoherence, which are linked to the coexistence of electron spin bath of nitrogen impurity （PI center） and 13C nuclear spin bath. In previous works, only one dominant decoherence source is studied： P1 electron spin bath for type-Ⅰb diamond; or 13C nuclear spin bath for type-Ⅱa diamond. In general, the thermal fluctuation from both spin baths can be eliminated by the Hahn echo sequence, resulting in a long coherence time （T2 ） of about 400#8. However, in a high-purity type-Ⅱa diamond where 1℃ nuclear spin bath is the dominant decoherence source, dramatic decreases of NV electron spin T2 time caused by P1 electron spin bath are observed under certain magnetic field. We further apply the engineered Hahn echo sequence to confirm the decoherenee mechanism of multiple spin baths and quantitatively estimate the contribution of P1 electron spin bath. Our results are helpful to understand the NV decoherence mechanisms, which will benefit quantum computing and quantum metrology.

Time-bin-encoding-based remote states generation of nitrogen-vacancy centers through noisy channels

We design proposals to generate a remote Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger（GHZ） state and a W state of nitrogenvacancy（NV） centers coupled to microtoroidal resonators（MTRs） through noisy channels by utilizing time-bin encoding processes and fast-optical-switch-based polarization rotation operations.The polarization and phase noise induced by noisy channels generally affect the time of state generation but not its success probability and fidelity.Besides,the above proposals can be generalized to n-qubit between two or among n remote nodes with success probability unity under ideal conditions.Furthennore,the proposals are robust for regular noise-changeable channels for the n-node case.This method is also useful in other remote quantum information processing tasks through noisy channels.

Scalable Quantum Information Transfer between Individual Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers by a Hybrid Quantum Interface

We develop a design of a hybrid quantum interface for quantum information transfer （QIT）, adopting a nanome- chanical resonator as the intermedium, which is magnetically coupled with individual nitrogen-vacancy centers as the solid qubits, while eapacitively coupled with a coplanar waveguide resonator as the quantum data bus. We describe the Hamiltonian of the model, and analytically demonstrate the QIT for both the resonant interaction and large detuning cases. The hybrid quantum interface allows for QIT between arbitrarily selected individual nitrogen-vacancy centers, and has advantages of the sealability and controllability. Our methods open an alter- native perspective for implementing QIT, which is important during quantum storing or processing procedures in quantum computing.

采用磁屏蔽环结构的金刚石NV色心全光直流互感器系统

针对目前电力系统对电流互感器的精度与灵敏度提出的更高要求,提出了一种基于金刚石氮-空位(NV)色心的全光直流互感器的系统方案,系统包括光源模块、激光反馈模块、激光分束模块、一次传感探头模块、激光分频模块、光电转换模块以及信号采集和数据处理模块。对系统中的磁屏蔽环进行了结构的设计与仿真,并对仿真结果进行了实验验证。最后搭建了单通道实验验证系统,系统实测结果表明,设计的全光直流互感器在5 000 A大电流下无磁屏蔽时可以达到0.35%的测量精度,加入磁屏蔽环后测量精度提升到了0.06%,从而为基于金刚石NV色心的全光直流互感器的研制提供了参考。

A Bright Single-Photon Source from Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond Nanowires

Single-photon flux is one of the crucial properties of nitrogen vacancy （NV） centers in diamond for its application in quantum information techniques. Here we fabricate diamond conical nanowires to enhance the single-photon count rate. Through the interaction between tightly confined optical mode in nanowires and NV centers, the single-photon lifetime is much shortened and the collection efficiency is enhanced. As a result, the detected single-photon rate can be at 564 kcps, and the total detection coefficient can be 0.8%, which is much higher than that in bulk diamond. Such a nanowire single-photon device with high photon flux can be applied to improve the fidelity of quantum computation and the precision of quantum sensors.

基于无微波金刚石NV色心测磁技术的电流测量应用

为了在特高压(UHV)环境下使用氮-空位(NV)色心量子测量技术,研究了金刚石主轴与磁场夹角对相应曲线及电流测量精度的影响。构建金刚石氮-空位七能级超精细结构模型,根据仿真结果得到不同磁场方向下最高灵敏度范围和最佳测量范围,从而确定探头的最佳放置角度。基于无微波金刚石氮-空位技术搭建了直流大电流测量实验平台,测试了100~5000A范围内荧光电压对电流的响应曲线。实验结果表明,该平台对5000A直流电流测量误差在0.25%以内。作为无源器件,无微波金刚石氮-空位色心测磁传感器全光纤信号传输具备良好耐压性能,同时可在室温下工作,并具有结构紧凑、灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优势,适用于特高压环境下的直流电流测量,为传统电力行业检测提供了新的检测方法。

基于局域表面等离激元Ag/金刚石纳米结构增强NV色心的荧光

在纳米光子学中,提高量子点的荧光强度是一个需要迫切解决的难题,现如今金属纳米材料是一种很有前途的荧光增强材料。通过Ag纳米结构的局域表面等离激元效应提高金刚石氮空位(NV)色心的荧光强度,制备了不同的Ag纳米结构(Ag纳米柱阵列和Ag纳米层),探究其对NV色心的荧光增强效果。结果表明,Ag纳米柱阵列结构的加入可将金刚石NV色心的荧光强度增强2.30倍,Ag纳米层结构的加入可将其增强1.54倍。并且,采用时域有限差分(FDTD)法分析激发和发射两个过程发现,金刚石NV色心的荧光强度随着Ag纳米结构的加入显著提高,由此验证了实验中Ag纳米结构对金刚石NV色心荧光增强的效果。此研究结果为后续进行量子点光致发光器件的设计提供了一定的参考。

Magnetic field analysis in a diamond anvil cell for Meissner effect measurement by using the diamond NV^- center

Diamond negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy(NV-) centers provide an opportunity for the measurement of the Meissner effect on extremely small samples in a diamond anvil cell(DAC) due to their high sensitivity in detecting the tiny change of magnetic field. We report on the variation of magnetic field distribution in a DAC as a sample transforms from normal to superconducting state by using finite element analysis. The results show that the magnetic flux density has the largest change on the sidewall of the sample, where NV-centers can detect the strongest signal variation of the magnetic field. In addition, we study the effect of magnetic coil placement on the magnetic field variation. It is found that the optimal position for the coil to generate the greatest change in magnetic field strength is at the place as close to the sample as possible.

Single-channel vector magnetic information detection method based on diamond NV color center

A method of detecting the single channel triaxial magnetic field information based on diamond nitrogen-vacancy(NV)color center is introduced.Firstly,the incident angle of the bias magnetic field which can achieve the equal frequency difference optically-detected magnetic resonance(ODMR)spectrum of diamond NV color center is calculated theoretically,and the triaxial magnetic information solution model is also constructed.Secondly,the microwave time-controlled circuit module is designed to generate equal timing and equal frequency difference microwave pulse signals in one channel.Combining with the optical detection magnetic resonance technology,the purpose of sequentially locking and detecting the four formant signals on one side of the diamond NV color center(m_(s)=-1 state signal)is achieved,and the vector magnetic field information detection is accomplished by combining the triaxial magnetic information solution model.The system can obtain magnetic field detection in a range of 0 mT-0.82 mT.The system's magnetic noise sensitivity is 14.2 nT/Hz^(1/2),and the deviation angle errors of magnetic field detectionθ_(x) andθ_(y) are 1.3° and 8.2° respectively.

金刚石NV色心在钢丝绳缺陷检测中的应用

氮-空位(NV)色心是金刚石中的一种晶格缺陷,由于其具有优异的自旋性质和光学性质,在量子精密测量领域受到广泛关注。利用金刚石的高灵敏度和高分辨率磁测量特性,实现灵敏且准确的钢丝绳缺陷检测。在磁场测量方面,该技术使用光学探测磁共振法测出NV色心的共振频率,从而计算出外界的磁场强度。在钢丝绳检测方面,以浓度为1.8×10^(17)~3.6×10^(17)的NV色心磁传感器为核心组成探头模块,三块高度集成的现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)板卡组成控制模块,搭建量子精密测量平台,检测钢丝绳断丝缺陷和微弱磨损缺陷。实验结果表明,该系统的磁场测量灵敏度可达6 nT/Hz,空间分辨率为200μm,可以对钢丝绳缺陷进行准确检测,为工业安全提供了新的检测方式。