A clinical comparative study on effects of intracavernous injection of sodium nitroprusside and papaverine/phentolamine in erectile dysfunction patients

Aim: To study the effect of intracavemous sodium nitropmsside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, on penile erec-tion. Methods: Forty-two patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) were randomly assigned to receive SNP 300μgor the control drags (papaverine 30 mg + phentolamine 1 mg) intracavemously crosswise one week apart. The penilelength, circumference and hardness after the administration of the experimental and control drags were assessed andcompared statistically. Results: (1) There was no significant difference between the changes in penile length andcircumference in the two occasions; (2) In 25 SNP and 28 control cases, the hardness of the penis was scored above100 as evaluated by the Vimg method (P > 0.05); (3) The duration of erection in the controls was longer than that inthe SNP, but there were three priapism in the controls and not a single one in the SNP; (4) there was no apparentchange in the heart rate and blood pressure in both occasions; other side effects were minimal except slight local pain ina few controls. Conclusion: SNP facilitates relaxation of the penile smooth muscle and penile erection without sig-nificant side effects. SNP may be used in ED patients that experience pain and priapism with papaverine/phentolamine.(Asian J Androl 2000 Dec; 2: 301-303)

Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of unripe Musa Paradisiaca on sodium nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas in vitro

Objective:To evaluate and compare antioxidant activities of the aqueous extracts of unripe plantain(Musa paradisiaca),assess their inhibitory action on sodium nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas in vitro and to cliaracterize the main phenolic constituents of the plantain products using gas chromatography analysis.Methods:Aqueous extracts of plantain products(raw,elastic pastry,roasted and boiled)(lour ol 0.1 g/mL(each)were used to determine their total phenol,total flavonoid,1,1 diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)and hydroxyl(OH)radical scavenging ability.The inhibitory effect of the extracts on sodium nitropmsside induced lipid peroxidation was also determined.Results:The results revealed that all the aqueous extracts showed antioxidant activity.The boiled Hour had highest DPPH and OH radical scavenging ability while raw Hour had the highest Fe^(2+)chelating ability,sodium nilroprusside inhibitor)effect and vitamin C content.The antioxidant results showed that elastic pastry had the highest total phenol and total flavonoid content.Characterization of the unripe plantain products for polyphenol contents using gas chromatography showed varied quantity of apigenin,myricetin.luteolin,capsaicin,isorhaemnetin.caffeic acid,kampferol,quercetin,p-hydroxybenzoic acid,shogaol,glycitein and gingerol per product on the spectra.Conclusions:Considering the antioxidant activities and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation of unripe plantain,this could justify their traditional use in the management/prevention of diseases related to stress.

Sodium nitroprusside injection immediately before balloon inflation during percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND No reflow or slow flow frequently occurs during percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)and it is associated with adverse outcomes.Strategies should be undertaken to prevent its occurrence.AIM To observe whether conventional target intracoronary administration of sodium nitroprusside immediately before balloon inflation can reduce the incidence of no reflow and slow flow,which are defined as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade≤II during PCI.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in 740 patients with coronary artery disease admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2016 and October 2020.Among them,360 patients receiving sodium nitroprusside immediately before balloon inflation during PCI were enrolled in an experimental group between January 2019 and October 2020 and 380 patients receiving sodium nitroprusside after incident no reflow and slow flow during PCI were enrolled in a control group between January 2016 and January 2019.The occurrence of no reflow and slow flow was compared between the two groups and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVEDD)and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)were detected 1 mo after the operation.RESULTS After treatment,the proportion of patients with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grades 0 to II was lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05).At 1 mo after treatment,LVEDD was lower and LVEF was higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05).In terms of incidence of adverse cardiovascular events within 1 mo after treatment,in the experimental group,malignant arrhythmia occurred in three patients,intractable myocardial ischemia in three,congestive heart failure in four,and recurrent myocardial infarction in five;one patient died.In the control group,malignant arrhythmia occurred in eight patients,intractable myocardial ischemia in five,congestive heart failure in seven,and recurrent myocardial infarction in 14;two patients died.The incidence of adverse cardiovascular events was 4.4%in experimental group which was lower than that of the control group at 1 mo after operation(9.5%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION Administration of sodium nitroprusside into target vessels immediately before balloon inflation can significantly reduce the incidence of no reflow and slow flow,improve LVEDD and LVEF,and reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in patients treated by PCI.It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Central Nervous System Toxicity of Sodium Nitroprusside in Treatment of Patients with Aortic Dissection

This study examined the sodium nitroprusside (SNP) toxicity to central nervous system (CNS) in treatment of patients with aortic dissection (AD). The medical records of 191 AD patients who were admitted to Tongji Hospital, China, from Jan. 1998 to Feb. 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 140 cases of hypertension (73.3%) and 13 cases of Marfan syndrome (6.8%) among the 191 AD patients. A total of 157 patients were given SNP treatment. The toxic reactions of CNS occurred in 18 subjects (11.5%). Most of the adverse reactions occurred on the fifth day following SNP injection. SNP infusion rate was significantly higher in patients who developed CNS toxicity. It was suggested that systemic hypertension is the most common predisposing factor for AD. The combination of SNP with a β-receptor blocker is a medical therapy commonly used in patients with AD. Cyanide and thio-cyanate toxicity from SNP treatment is always the consequence of prolonged drug infusion or relatively high dose administration.

Effect of intracoronary sodium nitroprusside and tirofiban injection on myocardial injury in patients with no reflow in PCI

Objective: To study the effect of intracoronary sodium nitroprusside and tirofiban injection on myocardial injury in patients with no reflow in PCI. Methods: Patients with acute coronary syndrome who underwent PCI and had no reflow in Gong'an County People's Hospital in Hubei Province between August 2014 and July 2017 were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into two groups, combined group accepted intracoronary sodium nitroprusside and tirofiban injection during PCI, and control group accepted intracoronary tirofiban injection during PCI. The serum levels of myocardial injury indexes, oxidative stress indexes and inflammatory mediators of the two groups were measured before treatment and 1 d after treatment. Results: 1 d after treatment, serum CK-MB, H-FABP, sFas, cMyBP-C, MPO, MDA, Caspase-3, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-18, MMP2 and MMP9 levels of both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment whereas SOD and NQO-1 levels were higher than those before treatment, and serum CK-MB, H-FABP, sFas, cMyBP-C, MPO, MDA, Caspase-3, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-18, MMP2 and MMP9 levels of combined group were significantly lower than those of control group whereas SOD and NQO-1 levels were higher than those control group. Conclusion: Intracoronary sodium nitroprusside and tirofiban injection can reduce the myocardial injury in patients with no reflow in PCI.

The Releasing Effects of Captopril and Sodiun Nitroprusside on Endothelin-1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell

Objective To investigate the influence of captoprial and SNP on the release of ET -1 in cultured VSMC of rats. Methods Measurement of endothelin - 1 levels by radioimmljnoassay in various concentrations of captopril and/or sodium nitroprusside in cultured vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) of rats. Results Both captopril and SNP could reduce the high ET - 1 levels of VSMC which were caused by Ang Ⅱ. There was a linear relationship between Ang Ⅱlevels and ET -1 production ( r = 0. 760, P <0. 001 ) . Conclusion Endothelin - 1 may accelerate the formation and development of atherosclerosis through inhibiting endogenous NO production by VSMC. ACEI or NO inhibition of ET -1 release could reduce atherosclerosis formation.

Copper Nitroprusside-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Tryptophan

This work presents a novel electrochemical approach for detecting tryptophan through its interaction with copper nitroprusside,which is synthesized using a simple chemical co-precipitation method.The utilization of the reduction reaction inherent to copper nitroprusside effectively exhibits high selectivity against common interferences present in urine,such as melatonin,lactate,cytosine,cytidine,urea,ascorbic acid,creatine,creatinine,tyrosine,glycine,alanine,arginine,and lysine.The method demonstrates two linear ranges:0.0-0.15 mmol/L and 0.15-2.0 mmol/L with the sensitivities of 119.7±0.2μA/(mmol/L)and 9.9±0.4μA/(mmol/L),respectively.The limit of detection(3S_(B)/m)was determined to be 5.5μmol/L.Application of the sensor in synthetic urine yielded the recovery of 103%±5%.

Intracoronary nitroprusside in the prevention of the no-reflow phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction

Background No-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） for acute myocardial infarction （AMI） is a predictive factor of continuous myocardial ischemia, ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, which is closely associated with a worse prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate intracoronary nitroprusside in the prevention of the no-reflow phenomenon in AMI.Methods Ninety-two consecutive patients with AMI, who underwent primary PCI within 12 hours of onset, were randomly assigned to 2 groups： intracoronary administration of nitroprusside （group A, n=46）, intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin （group B, n=46）. The angJographic results were observed. The real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography （RT-MCE）, including contrast score index （CSI）, wall motion score index （WMSI）, transmural contrast defect length （CDL） and serious WM abnormal length （WML） were recorded at 24 hours and 1 week post-PCI. High sensitivity C-reactive protein （Hs-CRP） was examined by immune rate nephelometry. N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） was tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were followed up for six months. Major adverse cardiac events （MACE） were recorded. Results The incidence of final TIMI-3 flow in group A was much higher than that in Group B （P 〈0.05）, final corrected TIMI frame count （cTFC） in group A decreased significantly than that in group B （P 〈0.01）. The CSI, CDL/LV length, WMSI and WL/LV length in group A were significantly lower than that in group B （P 〈0.01）. Levels of Hs-CRP and NT-proBNP at 1 week post-PCI decreased significantly in group A than that in group B （P 〈0.01）. Patients were followed up for 6 months and the incidence of MACE in group A was significantly lower than that in group B （P〈0.05）.Conclusion Intracoronary nitroprusside can improve myocardial microcirculation, leading to the decrease of the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon and better prognosis.

Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure of the First Tri-nuclear MFe_2 (M=Cu and Ni) Complexes Based on Nitroprusside

Three new complexes [Ni(H2L)][Fe(CN)(5)(NO)](2)(.)6H(2)O (1), [Ni(H2L)][Fe(CN)(5)(NO)](2)(.)4H(2)O (2) and [Cu(H2L)][Fe-(CN)(5)(NO)](2)(.)4H(2)O (3) (L=3,10-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3,5, 8,10,12-hexaazacyclotetradecane) are prepared and characterized by IR, elemental analyses and single-crystal X-ray analyses, indicating that they are the first examples of trinuclear nitroprusside-bridged MFe2(M = Cu and Ni) complexes. In the three complexes, the central metal atoms (M) are all six-coordinated by the nitrogen atoms from the macrocyclic ligand and two cyano-bridges at the trans-positions to form distorted octahedral configurations. The axial N-M-N linkage is nearly vertical to the equatorial plane defined by four coordinating N atoms of macrocyclic ligand. The Cequivalent toN-Ni bond angle of 172.6degrees in complex 1 is apparently larger than those in complexes 2 and 3 (152.57degrees and 136.37degrees, respectively). The three complexes are all connected by hydrogen bonds into 3D networks. This study shows that the cyano-bridged trinuclear species could be generated via the control of the charge of the building blocks.

Effects of a nitric oxide donor and nitric oxide scavengers on Sorbus pohuashanensis embryo germination

The effects of an exogenous nitric oxide donor(sodium nitroprusside, SNP), a NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxode(PTIO) and carboxy-PTIO potassium salt(c PTIO) on the embryo germination of Sorbus pohuashanensis were studied in a petri dish test. SNP at 0.5–5 mmol L-1 increased germination percentage, mean time to germination, germination index and germination energy compared with the control to different degrees. Treatment with 2 mmol L-1 SNP improved germination most significantly; embryo germination percentage for mother tree 1(91.11%) and mother tree 2(64.44%) were much higher than the control. In addition,excessive SNP levels did not enhance embryo germination.Combined treatment with SNP and an NO scavenger delayed embryo germination. Treatment with c PTIO inhibited embryo germination; germination percentage was 42.22% and was lower than that of the control. These results show that low concentrations of exogenous NO can enhance the embryo germination of S. pohuashanensis,providing a simple, effective way for promoting germination of S. pohuashanensis.

Alleviation of nickel toxicity in finger millet(Eleusine coracana L.)germinating seedlings by exogenous application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide

This study investigated the effect of salicylic acid(SA) and sodium nitroprusside(SNP; NO donor) on nickel(Ni) toxicity in germinating finger millet seedlings. Fourteen-day-old finger millet plants were subjected to 0.5 mmol L^(-1) Ni overload and treated with 0.2 mmol L^(-1)salicylic acid and 0.2 mmol L^(-1)sodium nitroprusside to lessen the toxic effect of Ni.The Ni overload led to high accumulation in the roots of growing plants compared to shoots, causing oxidative stress. It further reduced root and shoot length, dry mass,total chlorophyll, and mineral content. Exogenous addition of either 0.2 mmol L^(-1)SA or0.2 mmol L^(-1)SNP reduced the toxic effect of Ni, and supplementation with both SA and SNP significantly reduced the toxic effect of Ni and increased root and shoot length,chlorophyll content, dry mass, and mineral concentration in Ni-treated plants. The results show that oxidative stress can be triggered in finger millet plants by Ni stress by induction of lipoxygenase activity, increase in levels of proline, O_2^(·-) radical, MDA, and H_2O_2, and reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD, and APX in shoots and roots. Exogenous application of SA or SNP, specifically the combination of SA + SNP,protects finger millet plants from oxidative stress observed under Ni treatment.

The effect of time and type of stress moderators on yield and yield components of cotton on conventional and double‑cropping systems under saline conditions

Background:Today,stress moderators are employed to mitigate crop loss due to the adverse effects of environmental stress.The current research aimed to investigate the impacts of time and stress moderator types on agro-physiological responses of cotton on conventional and double-cropping systems during 2017 and 2018 under saline conditions.A split-plot factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Cultivation system[conventional(recommended planting date)and double-cropping systems(sowing after harvest of wheat)]were considered as the main plots,and stress moderator type at four levels[water control,2 mmol·L^(-1) Salicylic acid(SA),100 mmol·L^(-1) Glycine betaine(GB),and 100μmol·L^(-1) sodium nitroprusside(SNP)]and application time(flowering and flowering+bolling stages)were regarded as subplots.Results:Plant height,reproductive branch number,the number of bolls,10-boll weight,1000-seed weight,biological yield,seed cotton yield,lint yield,chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids,total chlorophyll,sodium,potassium,and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system.Spraying with the stress moderators alleviated soil salinity effects on yield,yield components,and biochemical traits of cotton.SNP spraying led to maximum plant height,branch number,the number of bolls per plant,10-boll weight and seed cotton yield.SA spraying yielded the highest 1000-seed weight,biological yield,lint percentage and lint yield.The highest chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids,and total chlorophyll content resulted from SNP spraying.Yield,yield components,and biochemical traits did not respond to the stress moderator types in double-cropping system.However,the highest chlorophyll a,carotenoids,proline content,the number of bolls per plant,and seed cotton yield resulted from SNP spraying in conventional system.No statistically significant differences were observed between spraying with SNP and SA in most studied traits.Conclusions:The results suggest that the optimum cotton planting time and SNP spraying could be recommended for producing the most suitable yield under saline conditions.Highlights:External application of stress modulators increases salinity stress tolerance.Spraying with sodium nitroprusside has more moderating effect.Agro-physiological response of cotton to moderators is stronger in early sowing.Maximum seed cotton yield was achieved at early sowing and spraying sodium nitroprusside.Delayed cultivation reduces cotton yield.

An efficient in vitro shoot regeneration through direct organogenesis from seedling-derived petiole and leaf segments and acclimatization of Ficus religiosa

Prolific and rapid in vitro plant organogenesis via direct regeneration has been obtained from axenic seedling-derived petiole and leaf explants of Ficus religiosa in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of cytokinins in combination with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). MS medium with 1.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine plus 0.15 mg/l IBA produced the highest shoot induction frequency with an average of 6.26 and 10.13 shoots per leaf and petiole explants, respectively. After 4 weeks, the highest root formation frequency (96.7%), root number (5.73), and root length (4.76 cm) were with MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l IBA plus 0.1 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid. In addition, the effect of four sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatments on acclimatization was also studied. Highest morphological traits such as survival rates, fresh and dry root weights as well as antioxidant enzymatic activities such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase was achieved with 125 ppm SNP. The α-amino acid, proline, content was highest with this treatment while the highest H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) was in the controls. This study introduces a cost-effective, prolific, and efficient in vitro multiplication system to supply pharmaceutical and ornamental needs. It is the first report of an in vitro organogenesis protocol for F. religiosa by direct regeneration through axenic seedling-derived petiole and leaf explants, which can be efficiently employed for the utilization of active biomolecules.

Diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive crises in the elderly patients

Hypertension is a common clinical problem in the elderly worldwide and physicians of all types are likely to encounter patients with hypertensive urgencies and emergencies in these patients. Although various terms have been applied to these conditions, they are all characterized by acute elevations in blood pressure and evidence of end-organ injury. Prompt, but carefully considered therapy is necessary to limit morbidity and mortality. A wide range of pharmacologic alternatives are available to the practitioner to control blood pressure and treat complications in these patients. The management of the elderly patient with hypertensive crises needs to include close monitoring and a gentle decline in blood pressure to avoid catastrophic complications, exacerbation of ischemic myopathy, and vascular insufficiency.

Effects of Nitric Oxide on the Growth and Development of Porcine Preantral Follicles Cultured in Vitro

In order to investigate the effects of nitric oxide(NO) on the growth and development of porcine preantral follicles,we treated the follicles with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside(SNP,0, 0.001,0.01,0.1 and 1 mmol/L),a NO donor.The results showed that the follicle diameter increased during in vitro culture,but there were no significant differences between the treatments(P】0.05);the survival rate in the 1 mmol/L SNP group was significantly lower than that in the 1μmol/L SNP group(61.61% vs 81.52%,P【0.05),but no significant differences were found between other treatments(P】0.05);the rate of antrum formation in the 1μmol/L SNP group peaked at 50%on day 4,and the rate in the 1μmol/L SNP group on day 6 was higher than that in the 0.01 mmol/L SNP group;in addition,the rate of antrum formation in the 1μmol/L SNP group was significantly higher than that in the 0.1 and 1 mmol/L SNP groups (Day 6:73.07%vs 50%,47.62%,P【0.05).After 6 days of culture,the proportion of normal oocytes in the1 mmol/L SNP group was significantly lower than that in the 1μmol/L SNP group(71.21%vs 48.18%, P【0.05),with no significant differences between other treatments(P】0.05).The recovery rate of cumulus cells oocyte complexes(COCs) in the 1μmol/L SNP group was significantly higher than that in the controls and all other treatments(37.27%vs 22.88%,25.59%,20.74%and 19.39%,P【0.05).The results indicate that during the in vitro culture of porcine preantral follicles,low concentration of NO released from SNP improves growth and development of oocytes and follicular antrum formation while high levels of NO are toxic to follicular survival.

Effects of Sodium Nitroprussiate on the Metabolites and Key Enzyme Activities of Carbon-nitrogen Metabolism from Seed Germination to Seedling Period of Cherry Tomato

This study was conducted to elucidate the regulating mechanism of sodium nitroprussiate on seed germination and seedling growth of cherry tomato. After the treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside, the effects on the metabolites and key enzyme activities in carbon-nitrogen metabolism of cherry tomato cuhivar Zhuyun as an experimental material were investigated. The results showed that from seed germination to seedling period, the contents of starch and total nitrogen decreased, but the contents of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and soluble protein increased firstly and then decreased; and free amino acids content increased gradually. Sodium nitroprusside made the contents of starch, sucrose and free amino acids higher than CK. From seed germination to seedling period in cherry tomato, the activities of amylase, glutamine synthetase （GS） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） decreased; the activities of nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） increased at first and decreased then; and the CK and the 0.25 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside treatments exhibited de- creased sucrose synthase （SS） activity, and the trend was increasing at first and decreasing then after the treatment with 0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L sodium nitroprus- side. Sodium nitroprusside treatment improved amylase activity; and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the CK increased at first and decreased then, while the values of other treatments tended to decrease. In addition, sodium nitroprusside did not affect seed germination potential and germination rate, but significantly improved biomass accumulation, root length and height of seedlings. These data suggest that sodium nitroprusside could affect the conversion of starch and sugar accumulation, delay the decomposition of total nitrogen and soluble protein, and achieve the effects of accelerating the accumulation of free amino acids, and promoting seed germination and seedling growth, and 0.50 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside has the best effect.

THE CAIMA SYSTEM

CAIMA is the abbreviation of Computer-Assisted Instant Monitoring drug Administration. CAIMA works on the principle of closed-loop negative feedback. Special programs have been designed to meet the needs of: a) Patients’ safety, b) Response level desired, c) Output necessary for actuating the injecting pump. The pump forces the drug solution to enter the body with high precision. The author shows 8-year experience of using CAIMA system in laboratory and in hospital operating rooms. Experimental studies revealed that: CAIMA system attenuates the overshots and undershots usually present in reaction to drug administration, thus saves the drug and thereby causes less side-efiffeets, while the recovery is also much shortened. CAIMA system provides a greater tolerance to extra-stimuli and preserves the body original reactive sensitivity to drug. The homeostasis in animals is better kept with CAIMA than without. Clinically, the arbitrary hypotension during brain surgery with sodium nitroprusside and the control of muscle relaxation in general surgery with muscle relaxants have been successful using CAIMA system.

Re-Parameterization the Logistic Model in Assessing Changes in the Baroreceptor Reflex

The logistic model is frequently used to describe the nonlinear relationship between systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and carotid sinus pressure (CSP). In this paper, we propose using maximum gain and saturation as parameters in the logistic model. By this method, the estimates and standard errors together with confidence intervals for maximum gain and saturation are direct outputs from the curve fitting, which also makes it easy to perform various hypotheses testing on these quantities. The method is illustrated by real life data from a study on the carotid baroreflex function during infusion of sodium nitroprusside, in which seven healthy, young men who were clinically proved to be free from any disease were studied. Their heart rate, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure were measured. Neck pressure and neck suction protocol was carried out to selectively elicit changes in CSP and the responsiveness of SAP. Data were analyzed and compare before and after nitroprusside infusion. Our results showed that nitroprusside significantly decreased arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure, and significantly increased heart rate, and significantly augmented maximum gain of the carotid baroreflex function.

Effects of intracoronary arterial injection of tirofiban on no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective: To compare the effect of intracoronary arterial injection of tirofiban and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) underwent primary percutaneous coro-nary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 68 patients with acute STEMI who had no-reflow phenomenon during PCI were chosen and randomly divided into SNP group (n = 34) and tirofiban group (n = 34). Aiming at no-reflow phenomenon during PCI, with the use of microcatheters, intracoronary arterial injection of tirofiban was given in tirofiban group, while intracoronary bolus of SNP was given in SNP group. Coronary angiography was conducted to record TIMI flow grade of the infarct-related artery after 10 minutes. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was monitored before and after PCI (in 24 hours). With the help of ultrasound cardiogram, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) were recorded and compared in 30 days after PCI. Results: The ratio of TIMI grade 3 blood flow in tirofiban group was significantly higher than that in SNP group (76.5% (26/34) vs. 52.9% (18/34), p = .03)BNP levels in two groups had no statistical significance before PCI (p = .16), but in 24 h after PCI, BNP levels in tirofiban group were significantly lower than those in SNP group ((439.00 ± 4.90) μmol/L vs. (632.00 ± 3.63) μmol/L, p = .02)In 30 days after PCI, LVEF, LVEDD and LVESD in tirofiban group were all superior to those in SNP group (all p < .05). Conclusions: Intracoronary arterial injection of tirofiban was superior to SNP in improving no-reflow phenomenon in STEMI patients after PCI in the emergency treatment. Tirofiban therapy can increase coronary blood flow and myocardial perfusion after the occurrence of no-reflow phenomenon during PCI in STEMI patients, and improve long-term prognosis.

Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide and 24-Epibrassinolide on the Physiological Characteristics of Peanut Seedlings Under Cadmium Stress

Cadmium(Cd) is highly toxic to plants, animals, and humans. Limited information is available on the role of nitric oxide(NO)and/or 24-epibrassinolide(EBR) in response of plants to Cd stress. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the effects of NO and/or EBR on peanut plants subjected to Cd stress(200 μmol L^(-1)) with sodium nitroprusside(SNP, an exogenous NO donor)(250 μmol L^(-1)) and/or EBR(0.1 μmol L^(-1)) addition. The results showed that Cd exposure inhibited plant growth, and this stress was alleviated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially the combination of the two. Treatment with Cd inhibited the growth of peanut seedlings, decreased chlorophyll content, and significantly increased the Cd concentration in plants. Furthermore, the concentration of reactive oxygen species(ROS) markedly increased in peanut seedlings under Cd stress, resulting in the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline in leaves and roots. Under Cd stress, applications of SNP, EBR, and especially the two in combination significantly reduced the translocation of Cd from roots to leaves, increased the chlorophyll content, decreased the concentrations of ROS, MDA, and proline, and significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) in peanut seedlings. Exogenous NO and/or EBR also stimulated the activities of nitrate reductase(NR)and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) and increased the contents of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid(AsA) and reduced glutathione(GSH). Furthermore, exogenous NO and/or EBR enhanced Cd accumulation in the cell wall and thus decreased Cd distribution in the organelles in the roots. The concentrations of calcium(Ca), iron(Fe), magnesium(Mg), and zinc(Zn) were also regulated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially by the two in combination. These results indicated that SNP and EBR, alone and particularly in combination, can mitigate the negative effects of Cd stress in peanut plants.