Persistent alterations in gray matter in COVID-19 patients experiencing sleep disturbances:a 3-month longitudinal study

Sleep disturbances are among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptoms in individuals who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections.Previous studies have demonstrated abnormal brain structures in patients with sleep disturbances who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).However,neuroimaging studies on sleep disturbances caused by COVID-19 are scarce,and existing studies have primarily focused on the long-term effects of the virus,with minimal acute phase data.As a result,little is known about the pathophysiology of sleep disturbances in the acute phase of COVID-19.To address this issue,we designed a longitudinal study to investigate whether alterations in brain structure occur during the acute phase of infection,and verified the results using 3-month follow-up data.A total of 26 COVID-19 patients with sleep disturbances(aged 51.5±13.57 years,8 women and 18 men),27 COVID-19 patients without sleep disturbances(aged 47.33±15.98 years,9 women and 18 men),and 31 age-and gender-matched healthy controls(aged 49.19±17.51 years,9 women and 22 men)were included in this study.Eleven COVID-19 patients with sleep disturbances were included in a longitudinal analysis.We found that COVID-19 patients with sleep disturbances exhibited brain structural changes in almost all brain lobes.The cortical thicknesses of the left pars opercularis and left precuneus were significantly negatively correlated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores.Additionally,we observed changes in the volume of the hippocampus and its subfield regions in COVID-19 patients compared with the healthy controls.The 3-month follow-up data revealed indices of altered cerebral structure(cortical thickness,cortical grey matter volume,and cortical surface area)in the frontal-parietal cortex compared with the baseline in COVID-19 patients with sleep disturbances.Our findings indicate that the sleep disturbances patients had altered morphology in the cortical and hippocampal structures during the acute phase of infection and persistent changes in cortical regions at 3 months post-infection.These data improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disturbances caused by COVID-19.

Influence of tourist disturbance on soil properties, plant communities, and surface water quality in the Tianchi scenic area of Xinjiang, China

The impact of tourist disturbance on the environment has become a focal issue of environmental science, ecology, and travel management studies. To assess the influence of tourist disturbance on soils and plants in the Tianchi scenic area of Xinjiang, China, we compared soil properties and plant community characteristics at 0, 5, 10, and 20 m from the tourist trail within areas at three different altitudes, where the intensities of tourist disturbance are distinct. Surface water quality was also studied at three different levels relative to the Tianchi Lake. The results showed that tourist disturbance significantly increased soil pH within 10 m from the trail and soil bulk density on the edge of the trail, but significantly reduced soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents within 5 m from the trail. The number of tree seedlings on the edge of the trail and the shrub coverage and height of herbaceous plants within 5 m from the trail significantly decreased due to tourist disturbance. Changes in herbaceous plant diversity differed by soil zones. In the high altitude region, tourist disturbance led to a remarkable increase in the herbaceous plant diversity on the edge of the trail, while in the low altitude region, tourist disturbance had a low impact on the diversity of herbaceous plants. In addition, tourist activities polluted the surface water, significantly reducing water quality. Thus, current tourist activities have a significant negative impact on the ecological environment in the Tianchi scenic area.

Assessment and impact of anthropogenic disturbances in protected areas of northern Togo

These days, human activities in the savanna and the remaining dry and riparian forests of the Sudanian ecoregions continue to have their impact. These anthropogenic practices are still the main cause of disturbances in these areas. In order to investigate and assess the importance of these disturbances, caused by people bordering on protected areas and to determine the relation between these activities and the environment in which they are carried out, 220 samples were selected in the three main protected areas of northern Togo. The investigation was mainly qualitative, considering the floristic sampling of this drought area; any anthropogenic activities observed were recorded. A simple investigative questionnaire about the activities of rural people in the reserved areas was distributed to individuals encountered in the study area. Each sample in the investigation ended with a site description of its ecologi- cal characterization, i.e., soil features, topography, fauna footprints, dominant plant species and GPS position; we also took photo- graphs of the site. Data processing was entirely based on descriptive statistics and a factor analysis. The results show that eight kinds of human activities, i.e., the use of pastures, tree cutting, bush fires, charcoal production, harvesting of plant material, fanning, honey harvesting and hunting, were noted to be serious disturbances to the integrity of the ecosystems. Among these disturbances, three are recurrent in all the sampled areas of which the use of pastures accounts for 31.88%, tree cutting for 30.35% and bush fires for 30.13%. Fire and pasture disturbances are closely linked and are responsible for the current features of the savanna area of the region. Tree cutting is more a direct function of the need for the production of wood fuel, generally used by city populations. Hunting, farm- ing and honey production are of lesser importance in the area and therefore, do not pose a significantly negative effect on the growth of fauna and flora. Knowledge of these disturbances in the context of requalification and a renewed demarcation of protected areas in Togo is essential for their sustainable management.

Mapping and Assessing Typhoon-induced Forest Disturbance in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve Using Time Series Landsat Imagery

Monitoring forest disturbances is important for understanding changes in ecosystems. The 1986 Typhoon Vera was a serious disturbance that severely impacted the forest ecosystems of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve. Although the typhoon disturbance occurred more than two decades ago, the effects of the typhoon still remain within the study area. Few studies have focused on mapping and assessing disturbances across broad spatial and temporal scales. For this study, we first generated a map of forest composition prior to the typhoon disturbance, which served as a baseline data for the extraction of disturbed area. Then, the Disturbance Index(DI) method was tested for mapping the extent and magnitude of disturbance in the study area by applying a Tasseled Cap transformation to the Landsat imagery. The Landsatbased DI method estimated that an area of 13,764.78 ha of forest was disturbed by the typhoon. Based on visual assessments, these results correspond closely with the reference map derived from ground surveys. These results also revealed the influence of local topographic features on the distribution of windthrow areas. Windthrow areas were more pronounced inareas with elevations ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 m, slopes of less than 10 degrees, and southwestern to northwestern aspects. In addition, the relatively long(25 years) post-typhoon recovery period assessed by this study provided a more comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of forest recovery processes over time. Windthrow areas did not recover immediately after the typhoon, likely due to forest management practices enacted at the time. So far, forest recovery has proceeded more rapidly at elevations below 1,400 m, particularly on western slopes within the study area. Finally, a time series of DI values within the study period suggests a secondary disturbance may have occurred between 2000 and 2001.

Climate Variation and Disturbance Regime Affect Stand Composition and Structure of the Boreal Forests in Southwest Yukon of Canada

The cold and dry boreal forests of the Southwest Yukon are dominated by white spruce (Picea glauca), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), and the variability in structure and composition of stands depends on the favourability of disturbance, climate and site conditions for stimulating regeneration. In this study, we investigated relationships between stand structure and ecological, climatic and disturbance factors in the southwest Yukon. We found that white spruce dominates mature forests across the landscape, but it is regenerating proportionately less than trembling aspen. Nevertheless, regeneration of all the three species was abundant following any type or severity of disturbance. Height and diameter of both species varied with several environmental variables, particularly site physiography. Mixed stands of aspen and white spruce were more productive than pure stands of aspen or spruce. However, overall productivity in mixed stand decreased when density of aspen was more than 1000 stems/ ha. These results suggested that mixed stands of deciduous and coniferous species where appropriate should be promoted maintaining aspen density below 1000 stems/ha as the productivity declined beyond this threshold. Similarly, we suggest carrying out selection harvesting of co-dominant trees and regular thinning of intermediate trees to promote the height and diameter growth of the remaining trees.

Annual integral changes of time serial NDVI in mining subsidence area

By means of MORTRAN4 model of FLASSH module, an atmospheric correction of the SPOT II/IV data of four-year period for eight experimental coal faces of Lu'an mine area was done. The mining-affected zones were obtained with probability integral method. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and its mean were obtained by band ratio calculation at the mining subsidence area. Using FOURIER4 model of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of discrete Fourier analysis theory, the mean NDVI time series data set was reconstructed. With the mean of NDVI transformed into amplitude and the phonological information transformed into phase, the law of NDVI variation by monthly, quarterly, annual were obtained. The annual integral of the time series of NDVI Fourier function (ANDVI) was obtained. The results show that an experience formula of ANDVI variation accompanies with mining time; A fast estimation formula of NPP by means of a coefficient of mining disturbance such as γ.

Investigating spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture content in an arid mining area using an improved thermal inertia model

Mining operations can usually lead to environmental deteriorations. Underground mining activities could cause an extensive decrease in groundwater level and thus a dramatic variation in soil moisture content（SMC）. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of SMC from 2001 to 2015 at two spatial scales（i.e., the Shendong coal mining area and the Daliuta Coal Mine） were analyzed using an improved thermal inertia model with a long-term series of Landsat TM/OLI（TM=Thematic Mapper and OLI=Operational Land Imager） data. Our results show that at large spatial scale（the Shendong coal mining area）, underground mining activities had insignificant negative impacts on SMC and that at small spatial scale（the Daliuta Coal Mine）, underground mining activities had significant negative impacts on SMC. Trend analysis of SMC demonstrated that areas with decreasing trend of SMC were mainly distributed in the mined area, indicating that underground mining is a primary cause for the drying trend in the mining region in this arid environment.

Stand Structure, Diversity and Regeneration Status of Woody Species in Open and Exclosed Dry Woodland Sites around <i>Molapo</i>Farming Areas of the Okavango Delta, Northeastern Botswana

Stand structure, diversity and regeneration status of woody species were investigated in open and exclosed dry woodland sites in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, northeastern Botswana. A total of 105, 111 and 130 quadrats, measuring 20 × 20 m each, were laid down along parallel line transects in the three sites, respectively, to collect data. A total of 47 species, representing 16 families and 24 genera, were recorded in the study sites. Of these, 33 species representing 13 families and 20 genera, 41 species representing 15 families and 23 genera and 27 species representing 10 families and 14 genera were encountered in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively. The most diverse family was Fabaceae followed by Combretaceae and Tiliaceae at all the three sites. The most diverse genus was Acacia, followed by Combretum and Grewia. The diversity of woody species in the study sites were 2.18, 2.15 and 1.5 in Shorobe, Island Safari and Xobe, respectively, while their corresponding evenness values were 0.6, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. The mean densities of the woody species encountered in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe were 2629, 4271 and 2745 individuals ha&#451, respectively. The five densest species were Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia tortilis, Philenoptera violacea and Terminalia prunioides in Island Safari, C. mopane, A. tortilis, A. erioloba, P. violacea and D. cinerea in Shorobe and Acacia mellifera, A. tortilis, P. nelsii, A. luederitzii and A. erubescens in Xobe. The highest important value index values were exhibited by C. mopane, D. cinerea, A. tortilis, P. violacea and T. prunioides in Island Safari, C. mopane, A. erioloba, A. tortilis, P. violacea and C. imberbe in Shorobe, and A. mellifera, A. tortilis, P. nelsii and A. luederitzii in Xobe. The alarming result was the fact that 71%, 80% and 85% of the woody species recorded in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively, exhibited hampered regeneration and, thus, unhealthy population structures. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the observed unhealthy population structures of the woody species through investigation of the major causes of their hampered regeneration, and also designing measures that will facilitate natural and artificial regeneration of these species at the three study sites.

基于广域测量的汽轮发电机励磁反步控制方法

由于汽轮发电机励磁反步控制过程中没有实时获取发电机的运行数据,致使电机励磁反步控制效果较差,为此提出基于广域测量的汽轮发电机励磁反步控制方法。通过广域测量系统的同步相量测量单元,实时采集汽轮发电机功角与电流等运行数据,将采集的运行数据变更成标幺值形式,根据该形式建立汽轮发电机励磁控制的数学模型,获取励磁反步控制变量,并结合反步法,设计汽轮发电机励磁反步控制器,通过径向基函数神经网络估计控制器内的扰动,完成控制器扰动补偿。实验结果表明:该方法可精准采集汽轮发电机运行参数,有效反步控制汽轮发电机励磁,令汽轮发电机功角与转子角速度等迅速恢复至稳定状态,具备较优的反步控制效果;应用该方法后,可确保电网运行稳定性,降低故障后电网切机量。

塔中顺北地区志留系断裂特征与应力场扰动分析及井位优选

塔里木盆地中部顺北地区复杂构造应力造成了多层系断裂样式的差异性。当钻井钻至志留系断裂破碎带,地层压力小于钻井液液柱压力时,易发生漏失现象。为保障钻井的高效钻进,亟需开展志留系断裂特征与应力场扰动分析以指导井位设计。通过志留系断裂增强解释性处理及空间解释,结合断裂生长指数,开展断裂综合解析。研究区断裂整体特征为下伏陡直走滑与上覆雁列正断层分层变形,志留系断裂样式以加里东晚期至海西早期活动的雁列式负花状正断层组合排列为主,呈右阶雁列式展布,走滑伸展作用强烈。基于已钻井SHZ1等偶极阵列声波测井等资料,确定了顺北中部地区志留系主应力方向为北东向54°。结合研究区三维地震资料综合解释,建立地质模型,开展迭代边界元数值模拟,明确研究区现今地应力的平面分布规律,包括最大、最小和中间主应力,并将应力场模拟结果与实际测井资料解释结果进行对比分析。受断裂产状和断距的影响,平面上应力扰动带宽度不同,同一断裂的上、下盘应力扰动范围呈现出非对称分布。通过对志留系断裂空间立体雕刻及应力扰动分析,避开志留系断裂强度大、倾角大的雁列单元边界断裂、断裂应力集中部位及强能量异常断裂、裂缝发育区,结合目的层靶点空间特征,优选井位及其井轨迹设计。志留系断裂综合解析与应力场扰动分析为井位优选中规避志留系严重漏失、保障钻井高效钻进提供了保障。

基于滑模同步控制的履带式作业机全向调平系统研究

针对现有丘陵山区履带式作业机底盘大坡地作业时易侧翻、安全性差的问题,基于“三层车架”式丘陵山区履带式作业机结构方案,设计了一种互联式全向液压调平系统,提出了基于扰动观测器的滑模同步控制方法,降低了单液压缸位置误差以及双液压缸同步误差。AMEsim-Simulink联合仿真结果表明:基于滑模同步位置控制的履带式作业机全向调平系统优于传统PID控制,全向调平中20°横向调平时间减小1.6 s,25°纵向调平时间减小1.8 s,上升时间平均缩短21.8%,调平时间平均缩短35.5%,同步位置控制误差保持在±6×10^(-4) m内。在此基础上,对3层车架式丘陵山区履带式作业机样机进行了实机测试,其中全向调平机身倾角平均误差为2.55%,液压缸平均同步误差为8.2%,测试结果验证了履带式作业机全向调平系统的可行性与优越性。

TBM隧道下穿交角对高速铁路隧道变形影响研究

由于隧道断面尺寸不同、施工方法不同,在不同下穿角度下,既有隧道的变形沉降规律有所不同。对于埋深较大的山岭隧道,隧道交角对既有隧道变形的影响有待进一步研究。以瓯江引水工程TBM隧道下穿既有圆岩寨高速铁路隧道工程为背景,分析不同下穿交角下既有隧道的变形规律。采用了现场监测对比数值模拟的研究方法,既有隧道采用全站仪自动化监测方案,监测下穿期间既有隧道的沉降变形;通过MIDAS GTX NX建立三维数值模型,研究了新建TBM隧道下穿交角为0°、18°、58°、78°、90°的情况下既有高速铁路隧道的变形。研究表明:既有隧道拱腰处的沉降值,先开挖段略大于后开挖段;当隧道垂直相交时,既有隧道最大沉降值相对最小,但不同交角下,既有隧道最大沉降值相差不大;既有隧道沉降沿轴线方向呈“凹槽型”分布,随着两隧道交角减小,凹槽张开程度增大,既有隧道受新建隧道施工影响的扰动区域增大,且既有隧道扰动影响范围长度与隧道叠交长度呈正相关关系。为了减小既有隧道的扰动范围,建议新建TBM隧道以大角度相交的方式穿越既有隧道。

1995—2020年浙江省大陆岸线变化及驱动因素分析

随着沿海地区经济的快速发展,海岸带生态环境所面临的形势愈发严峻.为了掌握浙江省大陆岸线变迁特征及其驱动因素,实现海洋的可持续发展,选取其沿海27个区(县)为研究区,采用岸线变迁强度、人工化指数和开发利用强度等多种定量化分析手段研究其时空分布特征,并通过灰色关联度模型对浙江省大陆岸线演变的驱动因素进行了分析.结果表明:1)1995—2020年,浙江省的大陆岸线变迁强度逐渐加强,人工岸线逐渐增加,人工化指数由0.57增长到0.69,但增速逐渐趋于缓慢;2)研究区各时段的岸滩面积之和大于总时段的岸滩面积,说明浙江省大陆岸线在不断向海扩张的同时也发生了部分侵蚀;3)综合各项指标来看,1995—2020年,浙江省大陆岸线受人类干扰程度呈现先加剧后减缓的趋势;4)按选取的指标与岸线长度关联度平均值由大到小排序为年末人口总数、年平均温度、年降水量、渔业养殖面积、渔业生产总量、居民用地面积和GDP.

地下金属矿采动作用下断层带滑移失稳机制及影响规律

以山东省某矿山为工程背景,针对采动作用下断层带易产生滑移失稳问题,采用三维离散-连续耦合数值方法和理论分析的方法开展研究。计算了岩体质量RMR、原岩应力、开采条件及断层产状对断层及其近区围岩稳定性的影响规律,基于断层滑移量和剪应力差两个指标,建立了开采卸荷对断层影响程度的量化评估方法。研究结果表明:随着采场跨度、采场埋深的增大,断层的扰动区范围逐渐增大;随着RMR、断层倾角、采场到断层距离的增大,断层的扰动区范围逐渐减小;当断层倾角小于45°时,断层极易产生滑移;在此基础上,采用扰动响应准则与摩尔-库伦准则,分析获得不同条件影响下开采后作用在断层上的正应力和附加剪应力的变化规律,揭示采动作用对断层滑移失稳的影响机制。进一步采用矩阵散点图方法,得出各影响因素之间的相关性较弱,采场到断层距离与断层滑移量之间的相关性最强;采用核岭回归算法建立断层滑移量的预测模型,验证模型预测误差低于10%,表明该模型可以实现对采动作用下的断层滑移量的预测,本研究为采动作用下断层滑移及其近区围岩稳定性分析及预测提供理论及思路支撑。

危机干扰下旅游共生网络韧性变化及机制——以武陵山片区为例

旅游共生网络韧性是提升旅游业抗风险能力的关键。结合共生理论与韧性理论,建立“干扰-响应-状态”旅游共生网络韧性研究框架,引入共生力度指标优化生长性、层级性、匹配性、连通性和传输性等网络韧性指标的测度方法,基于此分析了危机干扰下武陵山片区旅游共生网络韧性变化及机制。结果表明:(1)旅游共生网络韧性表现出复杂的时空变化特征,节点的共生力度呈差异性增强变化,生长性呈波动增强变化,层级性和匹配性呈摆动变化,连通性和传输性呈非线性非同步增强变化;(2)旅游共生网络对干扰具有不同响应特征,表现为不同时期节点共生力度和节点失效对连通性和传输性的差异影响,以及网络抗干扰能力不同程度的恢复变化;(3)危机干扰下旅游共生网络韧性表现出波动变化特征,结构与要素间呈复杂交互作用机制。要素的协调作用和有序发展,是提升旅游共生网络韧性的重要途径。研究对促进区域旅游业韧性发展具有重要意义。

基于Landsat时序数据的长株潭城市群核心区森林扰动监测

【目的】为了快速准确地监测城市群核心区内的森林扰动,研究利用Landsat时间序列数据在谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE)平台运用LandTrendr算法进行森林扰动监测研究。【方法】基于2000—2020年植被生长季的Landsat时序数据,分别在归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)、归一化燃烧率指数(Normalized Burn Ratio,NBR)、缨帽变换角(Tasseled Cap Arctangent,TCA)三种指数作为阈值限制下,采用LandTrendr算法对时间序列轨迹进行处理,以获取长株潭核心区森林扰动的发生区域及规模大小的信息。运用森林资源连续清查数据和Google Earth历史影像分别对3种不同指数的森林扰动监测结果进行精度评估和验证,并利用研究区内土地利用数据中的森林覆盖数据对扰动信息进行分析。【结果】2000—2020年长株潭核心区森林扰动总面积为264.35 km^(2),平均每年的扰动面积为13.22 km^(2),其中2002年扰动最少,为1.91 km^(2),扰动面积最大的为2011年,为25.52 km^(2)。运用森林资源连续清查数据对三种指数阈值限制下的森林扰动信息结果验证的精度分别为90.91%、81.72%和65.08%;在谷歌地球历史影像中随机布点下精度分别为86.00%、77.88%和78.36%。2009年和2011—2013年间森林扰动较为严重。对全国范围内的土地利用数据进行处理分析可知,森林面积在20年间随时间增长而缓慢减少,所占总面积的百分比由原来的27.10%减少到22.00%。【结论】NBR是最适合长株潭核心区的森林扰动指数,森林扰动检测结果与实地调查和谷歌地球历史影像目视解译的结果一致。森林扰动斑块的分布边界可被完整提取,扰动面积大小变化趋势与全国区域内土地利用数据森林面积变化趋势相同,主要由城市化进程、森林火灾和人工砍伐引起。2000—2020年研究区森林扰动面积呈现波动式缓慢增加的趋势,其中2001年、2011年和2013年存在扰动面积浮动较大。

高海拔工程扰动区不同植物生态修复适应性研究

以砂生槐、白羊草、黑穗画眉草、狗尾草、白三叶草等5种先锋植物为研究对象,通过植物调查和土壤采样室内养分测定,结合主成分分析法,对不同试验区的植物群落结构和土壤肥力进行相关性分析。结果表明:与对照区相比,不同试验区Shannon-Wiener指数(H)表现出显著差异,Simpson优势度指数(D)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)差异不明显,不同群落H值依次为黑穗画眉草植物群落>白羊草植物群落>砂生槐植物群落>白三叶草植物群落>狗尾草植物群落;不同植物群落下土壤有效氮含量、含水率平均值明显高于对照区,砂生槐改良土壤肥力效果最好,白三叶草对土壤含水率影响最大。

大扰动下缺额功率分配及频率分布特性研究

特高压交直流输电工程不断投运,电网功率扰动事件频发。同时越来越多的新能源在电网中取代部分传统机组,导致电力系统的惯量水平下降,对频率支撑能力下降。为此,研究了电网受扰时不平衡功率的分配特性、频率压降的分布特性以及在新能源机组附近产生的连锁反应。根据频率分布的特点提出了区域惯量的概念,并进行仿真分析。结果表明,不平衡功率分配大小与线路阻抗有关,且频率变化率具有分布特性频率响应的分布特性有利于后期新能源并网惯量调频措施的研究。

嘉陵江南充段冬季水鸟的多样性

水鸟多样性监测是湿地生态系统科学保护和管理的重要基础。2022年12月至2023年2月采用固定样线法对嘉陵江南充段水鸟的物种多样性进行了调查,共观察到水鸟32种,隶属7目10科,涉禽类有10种,游禽类有21种。其中,国家二级保护鸟类1种,四川省保护鸟类3种。冬候鸟25种,留鸟5种,夏候鸟1种,旅鸟1种。区系组成上古北界24种,广布种6种,东洋界2种。优势种有斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha)和赤膀鸭(Mareca strepera)两种,占观察水鸟总数的25.69%。通过相关性分析,干扰强度与涉禽类多样性指数呈显著负相关(r=0.614,P<0.05),河漫滩面积与涉禽种类呈极显著正相关(r=0.708,P<0.01),河漫滩面积与涉禽类多样性呈极显著正相关(r=0.757,P<0.05)。

Predicting 3D forces of disc tool and soil disturbance area using fuzzy logic model under sensor based soil-bin

A knowledge-based fuzzy logic model was developed on experimental data and used to predict the draft,side and vertical forces and soil disturbance area by disc tillage tool operation.The laboratory research work was conducted to evaluate the performance of the disc tool at three working speeds(1.25 m/s,1.98 m/s and 2.47 m/s,respectively)and depths(0-5 cm,5-10 cm and 10-15 cm,respectively)on paddy soil under soil-bin environment.Further,draft(Fx),side(Fz)and vertical(Fy)forces of disc and soil disturbance area were assessed and predicted towards working speeds and depths.A fuzzy prediction model with two input variables(speed and depth)and four output variables was developed and the Mamdani inference approach was used.Draft,side and vertical forces of disc and soil disturbance area were positively responded 0.97,0.95 and 0.84 and 0.99,respectively.The prediction results showed a close relationship between measured and predicted data.Similarly,the measured and predicted results revealed that the draft,side,vertical forces,and soil disturbance area slightly increased,while increasing the speed and depth of the disc tool.Furthermore,disc forces and soil disturbed area were highly significant(p<0.05)for higher speed towards depth.It was concluded that the fuzzy model may be introduced for predicting the disc forces and soil disturbance area during the disc tillage tool operation with high accuracy.