Effects of nitrogen application rate and hill density on rice yield and nitrogen utilization in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields

Soil salinity and alkalinity can inhibit crop growth and reduce yield,and this has become a global environmental concern.Combined changes in nitrogen (N) application and hill density can improve rice yields in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields and protect the environment.We investigated the interactive effects of N application rate and hill density on rice yield and N accumulation,translocation and utilization in two field experiments during 2018 and 2019 in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields.Five N application rates (0 (control),90,120,150,and 180 kg N ha^(-1) (N0–N4),respectively) and three hill densities(achieved by altering the distance between hills,in rows spaced 30 cm apart:16.5 cm (D1),13.3 cm (D2) and 10 cm (D3))were utilized in a split-plot design with three replicates.Nitrogen application rate and hill density significantly affected grain yield.The mathematical model of quadratic saturated D-optimal design showed that with an N application rate in the range of 0–180 kg N ha^(-1),the highest yield was obtained at 142.61 kg N ha^(-1) which matched with a planting density of 33.3×10^(4) ha^(-1).Higher grain yield was mainly attributed to the increase in panicles m^(–2).Nitrogen application rate and hill density significantly affected N accumulation in the aboveground parts of rice plants and showed a highly significant positive correlation with grain yield at maturity.From full heading to maturity,the average N loss rate of the aboveground parts of rice plants in N4 was 70.21% higher than that of N3.This is one of the reasons why the yield of N4 treatment is lower than that of the N3 treatment.Nitrogen accumulation rates in the aboveground parts under treatment N3 (150 kg N ha^(-1)) were 81.68 and 106.07% higher in 2018 and 2019,respectively,than those in the control.The N translocation and N translocation contribution rates increased with the increase in the N application rate and hill density,whereas N productivity of dry matter and grain first increased and then decreased with the increase in N application rate and hill density.Agronomic N-use efficiency decreased with an increase in N application rate,whereas hill density did not significantly affect it.Nitrogen productivity of dry matter and grain,and agronomic N-use efficiency,were negatively correlated with grain yield.Thus,rice yield in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields can be improved by combined changes in the N application rate and hill density to promote aboveground N accumulation.Our study provides novel evidence regarding optimal N application rates and hill densities for sodic saline–alkaline rice paddies.

Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.

Effects of Nitrogen Dosage on the Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Machine Transplanted Rice Using Dry Soil Preparation in Rice Paddy Field

[Objective] The aim was to analyze the effects of nitrogen dosage on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of machine transplanted rice using the technology of dry soil preparation in rice paddy field. [Method] With conventional Japonica rice cultivar Shengdao 18 as the study material, the effect of nitrogen dosage on stem and tillers dynamics, yield components and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated using the technology of dry soil preparation in rice paddy field. [Result] The highest yield was 10 957.20 kg/hm^2 as the nitrogen application was 315.00 kg/hm^2. Meanwhile, the roughness ratio, grain-straw ratio and nitrogen use efficiency remained at a higher level. Low nitrogen application could not obtain high yield. In contrast, high nitrogen application quantity led to a significant decline in nitrogen use efficiency. [Conclusion] The study could provide a scientific basis for the further promotion of the technology of dry soil preparation in rice paddy field.

Effect of Different Winter Cover Crops on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Paddy Field of Double Cropping Rice Area in Southern China

In this study, a two-year experiment was conducted by suing a static chamber method to observe the effects of straw recycling of winter cover crops measure on CO2 emission fluxes in southern China. Three patterns of winter use were performed in the paddy field, including RRR （rice-rice-ryegrass （Lolium multiflorum L.） cropping system）, CRR （rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch （Astragalus sinicus L.） cropping system） and FRR （rice-rice cropping system with winter fallow）. During the winter, the average daily CO2 fluxes were greater （P 〈 0.05） in the RRR and CRR than the FRR. During the winter crop growing seasons, both the average daily CO2 fluxes and the total CO2 emissions were different as the following orders： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR. The average CO2 fluxes during early rice and late rice season were similar. The highest CO2 flux was found at rice tillering stage with an order as the follows： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR and CRR 〉 RRR 〉 FRR both in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The annual CO2 emissions of RRR and CRR were significantly higher respectively by 857.0 g.CO2-C.m2 and 607.4 g.CO2-C.m-2 than the FRR. The results show that straw recycling of winter cover crops measure may strongly influence the CO2 emission in paddy field in southern China.

Effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen,carbon,and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China

The additions of straw and biochar have been suggested to increase soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and crop produc- tivity of agricultural lands. To our knowledge, there is little information on the effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen form, carbon storage, and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils. We performed field trials with four treatments including conventional fertilization system （CK）, straw amendment 6 t ha^-1 （S）, biochar amendment 2 t ha^-1 （C1）, and biochar amendment 40 t ha^-1 （C2）. The super japonica rice variety, Shennong 265, was selected as the test Crop. The results showed that the straw and biochar amendments improved total nitrogen and organic carbon content of the soil, reduced N2O emissions, and had little influence on nitrogen retention, nitrogen density, and CO2 emissions. The S and C1 increased NH4^＋-N content, and C2 increased NO3^--N content. Both S and C1 had little influence on soil organic carbon density （SOCD） and C/N ratio. However, C2 greatly increased SOCD and C/N ratio. C1 and C2 significantly improved the soil carbon sequestration （SCS） by 62.9 and 214.0% （P〈0.05）, respectively, while S had no influence on SCS. C1 and C2 maintained the stability of super rice yield, and significantly reduced CH4 emissions, global warming potential （GWP）, and greenhouse gas intensity （GHGI）, whereas S had the opposite and negative effects. In summary, the biochar amendments in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China increased soil nitrogen and carbon content, improved soil carbon sequestration, and reduced GHG emission without affecting the yield of super rice.

Discrepancy in Response of Rice Yield and Soil Fertility to Long-Term Chemical Fertilization and Organic Amendments in Paddy Soils Cultivated from Infertile Upland in Subtropical China

From 1990,over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity,soil organic carbon（SOC）,and total N to long-term NPK fertilization or NPK combined with organic amendments.The field trials included NPK（N,P,K fertilizer）,NPKRS（NPK combined with rice straw）,NPK2RS（NPK combined with double amount of rice straw）,NPKPM（NPK combined with pig manure） and NPKGM（NPK combined with green manure） and the cropping system was rice-rice（Oryza sativa L.） rotation.Annual rice yield,straw biomass,and harvesting index increased steadily with cultivation time in all treatments.Average annual rice yield from 1991 to 2006 was ranged from 7 795 to 8 572 kg ha-1 among treatments.Rice yields in treatments with organic amendments were usually higher than that in treatment with NPK.Contents of SOC and total N also increased gradually in the cultivation years and reached the level of 7.82 to 9.45 and 0.85 to 1.03 g kg-1,respectively,in 2006.Soil fertilities in treatments with chemical fertilization combined with organic amendments were relatively appropriate than those in treatment with NPK.There was obvious discrepancy between cumulative characters of rice yield and soil organic fertility in newly formed paddy field.Compared with relatively high rate of crop productivity improvement,cumulative rates of SOC and total N were much lower in our study.SOC and total N contents were still less than half of those in local highly productive paddy soils after 17 years cultivation in subtropical China.Present work helps to better understand the development of infertile paddy soils and to estimate the potential of yield improvement in this region.

Effects of cracks and some key factors on emissions of nitrous oxide in paddy fields

Paddy field is a primary agricultural landscape in the south of China and is often regarded as one of main sources emitting nitrous oxide to atmosphere. The nitrous oxide emissions under a variety of paddy field practices, such as fertilization, flooding/draining management were investigated to study on agricultural activities on paddy field affect the dynamic process of the emission. Under no addition of fertilizers the average emission flux of nitrous oxide was 8 55 μg/(m 2·h) during the rice( Oryza Sativa L.) growth season. The results indicated that most of nitrous oxide emissions occurred during the crack forming and expansion period when paddy field was being drained. The diurnal emissions peak of nitrous oxide appeared at 20∶30 at night in cracked rice fields. The statistical analysis suggested that the correlation of nitrous oxide emissions flux( Y ) with soil water content( X 1), soil temperature( X 2), and E h( X 3), could be described in a regression equation: Y =-1498 95+2895 48 X 1+50 63 X 2-96 99 X 1· X 2+0 006 X 2· X 3 There were the different power equations to simulate the correlations between the everyday dynamic N 2O emissions and the mean surface area of cracks, mean volume and depth of cracks respectively during paddy soil drying by soil columns incubation experiments. Taken all together, the current study presented a dynamic analysis of nitrous oxide emission of paddy field under various conditions, therefore provided a basis for the management to balance between environmental effect and paddy field activities.

Effects of Micro-Topographic Reestablishment on Paddy Impoundment and Rice Yield

From a perspective of cultivation measures, it was needed to develop a new paddy impoundment model to achieve higher rice yield with higher water utilization efficiency. This study was conducted to quantify the effect of ridge- tillage terrace ecological rice farming （RT）, bed ecological rice farming （B） and conventional ecological rice farming （CK） on the paddy impoundment model and rice yield, and determine dry matter accumulation （DMA）, rice yield, yield component, and parameters of the ridge tillage and the bed. The RT could be used to achieve the dual improvement in the capacity of natural precipitation storage and in soil aeration by dry-wet alternation damp irrigation. Water storage capacity in the RT was 29% higher than that of the CK and most of the water was stored in the ditch. The grain yield of each of different rice cultivars （except the cultivar Huanghuazhan in 2011） in the RT was significantly higher than that of the CK. The total DMA in the RT was 16.5% in 2011 and 28.2% in 2012 higher than that of the CK, respectively. The variation of DMA before and after the full-heading stage among rice cultivars was inconsistent. Consequently, the RT was an effective measurement of micro- topographic reestablishment for changing paddy impoundment model, increasing water storage capacity, especially the natural precipitation storage, and increasing rice yield.

江汉平原典型种植模式稻田土壤中农药残留特征

在江汉平原中稻-油菜/小麦轮作田、一季中稻田及再生稻田3种种植模式稻田采集土壤样品86个。调查了土壤样品中滴滴涕(DDTs,包括o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD)、六六六(HCHs,包括α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH)、甲胺磷、甲基对硫磷、氧乐果、乐果、敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、三环唑、戊唑醇、氰氟草酯、二氯喹啉酸、乙草胺及异丙甲草胺等25种农药及其代谢产物的残留。结果表明,检出率最高的3种农药为当前常用杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺(87.21%),杀菌剂三环唑(91.86%)及戊唑醇(72.09%),其残留均值分别为0.0397、0.0734 mg/kg及0.0276 mg/kg;已经禁用的有机氯农药滴滴涕(o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD)仍能检出,检出率为36.05%~66.28%。3种模式田块中检出的滴滴涕主要来源于历史上滴滴涕的使用。杀虫剂吡蚜酮及杀菌剂三环唑在再生稻田的残留量均值显著高于中稻-油菜/小麦轮作田及一季中稻田;但其他农药在不同种植模式稻田中的残留没有显著差异。本研究为江汉平原农药残留的治理及农药的合理使用提供了参考信息。

施氮量对川东南冬水田稻鱼共作系统下杂交稻产量和土壤养分的影响

【目的】利用川东南冬水田区连续多年稻鱼共作系统,研究施氮(N)量对免耕栽培杂交稻产量形成和土壤养分的影响,为制定稻鱼共作系统下免耕栽培杂交稻长期、合理的氮肥管理策略提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2022年在川东南冬水田区开展了5年大田定位试验,供试杂交稻品种为蓉优1015和内6优103,耕作方式为免耕。设置N 0、45、90、135 kg/hm^(2)4个施氮水平,分别记作N_(0)、N_(45)、N_(90)、N_(135)。在水稻收获期,调查杂交稻产量及产量构成因素,分析0—20 cm土层土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾含量,以及有机质含量和pH,通过回归分析,研究施氮量与水稻产量和土壤养分因子含量变化之间的关系。【结果】稻鱼共作系统下,年份、施氮量对杂交稻产量及产量构成的影响达极显著水平。5年间,杂交稻产量与施氮量均呈极显著正相关(r=0.9070^(**)~0.9720^(**)),与低氮量处理N_(45)相比,N_(90)和N_(135)处理杂交稻产量分别增加了6.37%~26.53%、9.11%~25.11%,单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数也显著增加。而N_(90)处理杂交稻产量与N_(135)处理相当或更高。逐步回归分析结果表明,杂交稻产量构成(单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重)与产量的偏相关系数达显著或极显著水平(t=2.20*~9.17^(**))。通径分析结果表明,杂交稻单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数对产量的直接贡献(分别为0.8754和0.4987)和总贡献(分别为0.6364和0.3598)较大,表明单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数是影响产量的主要因素。在N_(0)、N_(45)处理下,土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随稻鱼共作年限的增加而下降,而在N_(90)、N_(135)处理下随稻鱼共作年限的增加而增加。土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随施氮量增加而提高,而全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量则随施氮量增加而下降。杂交稻产量与土壤养分含量呈极显著正相关,可见提高磷素、钾素供给能力是稻鱼共作系统杂交稻高产的重要基础。【结论】川东南冬水田区稻鱼共作系统下,年施氮90 kg/hm^(2)可以提高杂交水稻的单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数,进而维持甚至提高水稻产量。连续施用中、高量氮肥还可以提升土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且随稻鱼共作年限延长呈增加趋势;土壤pH值则随稻鱼共作年限延长呈下降趋势。

稻萍共生对水稻磷素吸收和磷肥利用效率的影响

稻萍共生是我国传统的稻作方式,能提高水稻产量和氮肥利用效率,然而目前还鲜有研究关注稻萍共生对水稻磷肥利用效率的影响。通过田间试验,探讨稻萍共生处理对稻田土壤理化性质、水稻产量和磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:稻萍共生处理未显著改变土壤有机质、总氮、总磷和有效磷含量,但显著提高土壤硝态氮含量(P<0.05)。稻萍共生促进了水稻的磷吸收,显著增加了籽粒磷吸收量(P<0.05)和地上部总磷吸收量(P<0.05)。此外,稻萍共生还提高了水稻的磷肥回收利用率(P<0.05),说明稻萍共生处理能有效提高水稻磷肥利用效率,为水稻磷肥的高效利用提供了参考途径。

不同矿物调理剂对Cd污染水田土壤性质及水稻Cd含量的影响

【目的】探究不同矿物调理剂对广西镉(Cd)污染水田土壤性质及水稻Cd含量的影响,为利用水田生产安全稻米提供参考依据。【方法】选用钙镁硅调理剂A和B、钙硅调理剂C和钙镁调理剂D(分别设为A、B、C和D处理),在广西某受Cd污染水田开展Cd污染大田修复治理试验,以不施用调理剂为对照(CK)。处理后于水稻成熟期测定土壤的pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、总Cd和土壤有效态Cd含量及水稻根、茎、叶和籽粒的Cd含量,分析不同矿物调理剂对Cd污染水田土壤的修复治理效果及Cd在水稻各部位的残留状况,并对土壤总Cd含量、CEC和pH与有效态Cd含量进行相关分析。【结果】施用矿物调理剂可显著提高Cd污染水田的土壤pH和CEC(P<0.05,下同),二者分别较CK提高15.0%~16.6%和20.4%~23.8%;可显著降低Cd污染水田的土壤有效态Cd含量,较CK下降14.0%~19.3%。施用矿物调理剂后水田的土壤有效态Cd含量与pH呈显著负相关,pH的对数ln(pH)值与土壤有效态Cd含量的相关系数为0.4053;ln(pH)值与CEC呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.6326;随着土壤pH和CEC的上升,土壤有效态Cd含量持续下降。施用矿物调理剂均可有效降低水稻根、茎、叶和籽粒的Cd含量及水稻地上部Cd的富集系数,其中,水稻籽粒的总Cd含量下降35.9%~50.2%,水稻地上部(茎、叶和籽粒)Cd的富集系数分别下降19.5%~33.5%、32.1%~44.9%和38.6%~52.6%。【结论】施用不同矿物调理剂均可显著提升水田土壤pH和CEC,从而降低土壤有效态Cd含量,抑制Cd从土壤向水稻根、茎、叶和籽粒迁移,有效降低水稻Cd含量,减少Cd在水稻地上部(茎、叶和籽粒)富集。

节水灌溉下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N_(2)O排放与产量的影响

为探寻不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N_(2)O排放与产量的影响,于2023年进行大田试验,设置常规灌溉(F)与控制灌溉(C)两种灌溉模式,同时设置秸秆还田(S)、秸秆炭化为生物炭还田(B)、秸秆过牛腹为有机肥还田(O)3种还田形式,以及秸秆不还田(N)作为对照组,共计8个处理。分析不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对稻田N_(2)O排放通量与水稻产量的影响,测定了水稻各生育期稻田土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量、pH值,并分析了N_(2)O排放总量和水稻产量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:除返青期外,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量均表现为增加。相同秸秆还田形式下,控制灌溉模式下各处理生育期内土壤平均铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量较常规灌溉模式高36.23%~60.82%、14.16%~19.61%。同时,秸秆还田与生物炭还田能提高稻田土壤pH值。相同灌溉模式下,与秸秆不还田处理相比较,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理N_(2)O排放总量分别增加14.44%~24.09%、8.22%~14.44%,生物炭还田处理N_(2)O排放总量降低14.31%~23.90%。生物炭还田与有机肥还田各处理水稻产量提高3.28%~13.07%,其中控制灌溉模式下生物炭还田处理产量最高。综上所述,控制灌溉下生物炭还田可以实现节水、增产、减排的目的。

硝化抑制剂双氰胺施用对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

为探究施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响,以常规粳稻品种南粳9108为供试材料进行盆栽试验,设置常规氮肥(CK)和常规氮肥配施硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)2个处理。采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续监测稻田温室气体排放动态变化。结果表明,与CK相比,DCD显著提高了水稻产量(15.1%)和地上部生物量(28.4%),并且显著降低了稻田甲烷(CH_(4))累积排放量(22.2%)、氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)累积排放量(56.0%)、综合温室效应(GWP)(24.4%)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI)(31.7%)。可见,常规氮肥配施硝化抑制剂双氰胺可以协同实现水稻丰产和稻田温室气体减排。

基于Sentinel-2数据提取江汉平原虾稻田分布方法

以江汉平原为研究区,基于AI Earth阿里云平台提供的Sentinel-2 MSI L2数据,在实地采样样本和目视解译样本的基础上,通过分析遥感影像中虾稻田的时序变化规律,总结出区分虾稻田与其他地物类型的关键时间以及指数阈值,从而构建虾稻田提取的决策树模型,最终提取出江汉平原2022—2023年虾稻田的空间分布。最后,基于样本数据评估了该方法的精度,总体精度达93.25%,Kappa系数为0.8429,结果表明该方法具有较好的提取结果。

水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置设计与试验

为解决南方水稻工厂化田间育秧水肥药人工管理作业中存在的灌溉均匀性差、化肥和农药浪费以及劳动强度大等问题,该研究设计了一种水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置,阐述了水肥药变量喷灌装置总体结构和工作原理,进行了关键部件设计与试验;以可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)为控制核心,构建了注肥量在线调控及整机变量喷灌控制系统。采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,对装置喷灌均匀性与主要影响因素进行试验研究,应用单目标优化方法对喷灌关键参数进行优化,并通过验证试验,得到最优参数组合为:干管入口水压0.20 MPa、球阀开度90°、喷头喷角80°,此时装置的喷灌均匀性为92.69%;构建了氯化钾肥液质量浓度与电导率(electrical conductance,EC)值的线性模型,开展了装置变量灌溉施肥性能试验,3种喷灌等级下各作业区的肥液EC值分别为1.65、1.66和1.68 mS/cm,平均喷灌强度分别为900.85、1 092.04和1 263.67 mm/h,施肥均匀系数分别为85.21%、87.86%和91.62%。采用水肥药变量喷灌装置开展水稻育秧田间管理试验,华航51常规稻和广8优165杂交稻的秧苗长势均匀度均高于95%,成毯性良好,各项素质指标满足机插作业要求。所设计的水肥药变量喷灌装置能够满足水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌作业要求,对提高水稻工厂化田间育秧机械化水平、保证秧苗质量具有实际应用价值。

稻秆炭还田对红壤双季稻田土壤碳氮磷钾生态化学计量学特征及其综合肥力的影响

为探究稻秆炭对红壤双季稻田土壤碳氮磷钾生态化学计量学特征及其综合肥力的影响,本研究采用大田定位试验,设置不施氮肥和生物炭(CK)、单施稻秆生物炭(B)、100%氮肥(N_(100))和100%氮肥+稻秆生物炭(N_(100)B)4个处理,分析不同处理稻田土壤碳、氮、磷、钾生态化学计量学特征及其综合肥力的变化情况。结果表明,与CK相比,B和N_(100)B处理土壤pH值分别提高0.05和0.13个单位。与N_(100)相比,N_(100)B处理不仅使土壤有机质、全氮、NO_(3)^(-)、NH_(4)^(+)、微生物生物量碳和氮含量增加5.13%、3.47%、11.7%、14.91%、60.89%、30.75%,还使土壤C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P、N/K化学计量比提升1.88%、2.10%、2.84%、3.62%、5.41%,并提升土壤综合肥力指数(IFI)2.97%。综上,稻秆炭还田有利于改善双季稻田土壤碳氮磷钾生态化学计量学特征及其综合肥力。本研究结果为合理高效利用南方红壤双季稻区稻秆资源提供了实践指导。

4种钝化剂修复镉污染稻田的稳定性研究

为探究钝化剂对镉污染稻田的修复效果及稳定性,在浏阳市沿溪镇花园村开展大田试验,以玉针香和湘晚籼13号为供试晚稻品种,设置硫铝酸钙(S)、氯铝酸钙(L)、钙铝水滑石(A)、镁铝水滑石(B)4种钝化剂处理与对照(CK)处理,比较施用3年后不同处理水稻产量、各部位干物质和镉吸收与转运的差异。结果表明:与对照相比,L、B处理土壤的有效镉含量分别显著下降了27.78%和19.44%,且其土壤Cd的活化率也均显著降低。玉针香和湘晚籼13号的糙米镉含量均为A处理最低,分别较对照下降48.89%和51.52%,L处理则分别下降了20.00%和21.21%,B处理分别下降了40.00%和12.12%。施用钝化剂对湘晚籼13号的产量无显著影响,L、S处理显著增加了水稻茎叶干物质量,A处理对水稻茎叶干物质量无显著影响,B处理显著增加了湘晚籼13号的茎叶干物质量,但显著降低了玉针香的茎叶干物质量。综合分析,一次性施用钙铝水滑石对镉污染土壤修复和水稻降镉的稳定性最好,硫铝酸钙效果相对较差。

绿肥油菜还田提高水稻产量与土壤磷钾肥力

为评价太湖地区油菜花后作绿肥对水稻产量及稻田水土养分的影响,在太湖地区连续进行2年田间定位试验,明确在2种不同油菜-水稻种植模式[绿肥油菜-水稻、饲用油菜-水稻(CK)]引起的水稻籽粒产量、产量构成因子、土壤氮磷钾含量以及稻田田面水氮磷浓度变化。结果表明:与对照处理相比,油菜终花期后压青还田下2年水稻产量提高了6.1%~15.2%,试验第1年水稻产量显著增加主要是由于有效穗数显著增加了20.0%,成穗率显著提高了14.7%,穗实粒数显著提高13.1%(P<0.05),结实率、千粒质量2种处理差异无统计学意义。连续2年绿肥油菜还田下耕层土壤全氮含量差异无统计学意义,但速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了31.6%和27.8%,同时移栽至分蘖期稻田田面水总氮和总磷浓度分别显著提高36.3%和53.7%(P<0.05)。由此,太湖地区油菜作绿肥还田可维持水稻产量并补充土壤磷钾库,但应结合配套油菜绿肥还田技术以降低稻田盈余养分潜在流失风险,为太湖保护区提供化学肥料有机替代和绿色防控等有效环保型施肥技术。

碱性材料和有机物料对稻田土壤酸化改良及水稻产量的影响

为了在酸化稻田的改良过程中,同步实现土壤降酸和土壤肥力提升的双目标,通过田间试验设置了常规施肥(CK)、CK+石灰(T1)、CK+猪粪(T2)、CK+微生物菌剂(T3)和CK+石灰+猪粪(T4)这5个处理,分析了土壤酸化指标、肥力指标和水稻产量及产量构成的变化特征。结果表明:与CK处理相比,T1和T4处理的土壤pH分别提高了0.24和0.33个pH单位,土壤交换性酸分别降低了16.8%和25.4%,土壤交换性铝含量分别降低了50.8%和75.4%;而T2处理的土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量则比CK处理降低了19.3%和59.0%,但其土壤pH值与CK无显著差异。T4处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量分别比CK处理增加了9.2%、78.0%、21.8%、23.2%和52.9%,T1、T2和T3处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和阳离子交换量则无显著变化,但是,T1、T2和T3处理的土壤速效钾则显著高于CK处理。在所有处理中,T2和T4处理的水稻产量较高,分别比CK处理增加了6.8%和8.4%,结合产量构成因子发现,猪粪及其与石灰联用主要通过改善结实率提升水稻产量。因此,在酸化稻田改良中,石灰和猪粪联用是协同实现土壤酸化改良和肥力及产能提升的合理措施。