Suppression of weeds and weed seeds in the soil by stubbles and no-tillage in an arid maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau of China

Reduced tillage provides ecological and economic benefits to arable land on the Loess Plateau of China, where soil erosion has long been a serious problem and soil water availability is largely restricted. However, high abundances of weeds in reduced tillage systems cause significant yield losses. In this study, we explored the effects of no-tillage and stubble retention on the number and density of weeds and weed seeds in a 12-year maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau. Four treatments including conventional tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage＋stubble retention and no-tillage＋stubble retention were designed and applied. We found that no-tillage increased the number of weed species and weed density in most of the crops, while stubble retention decreased weed density in maize and tended to suppress weeds in both no-tillage treatments（no-tillage and no-tillage＋stubble retention）. No-tillage led to an increase in the number of weed species in the weed seedbank and tended to increase seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat, but it decreased seed density during post-vetch fallow. Stubble retention tended to reduce seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat and post-vetch fallow. We concluded that no-tillage can promote weeds in the experimental crop rotation, while stubble retention suppresses weeds in untilled fields. The combined effects of stubble retention and no-tillage on weed suppression varied among the three crops. Based on these results, we recommend stubble retention in untilled legume-crop rotations on the Loess Plateau to improve the control of weeds.

Effects of Crop Stubble on Physicochemical Properties of Continuous Cropping Soil and Cucumber Yield and Quality

By a pot experiment, two kinds of crop stubble (wheat, soybean) were added into continuous cropping soil of cucumber according to different quantity (0.5%, 1% and 2%), the effects of different kinds of stubble and quantity on the continuous cropping soil and growth of cucumber were investigated. The results showed that two kinds of crop stubble significantly decreased soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil. Each of all treatments significantly decreased the accumulation of salinity in soil within the entire growth period of cucumber. 2% wheat stubble treatment had the biggest drop in soil EC in the later period of cucumber growth. Soybean stubble treatment had the lesser effect on soil EC. Wheat and soybean stubble promoted the growth of cucumber, increased the yield of cucumber, and improved the quality of cucumber. 2% of wheat stubble treatment had a biggest increase in cucumber yield, which increased the yield by 34.23% compared with the control.

Utilization of Crop Stubble as Alternate Source of Electricity Generation

The Indian states including Punjab,Haryana,Bihar,Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh,and Himachal Pradesh follow combine harvesting method followed by burning of crop stubble to prepare the fields for next crop.Crop stubble burning is the reason of annual increment in pollution concentrations which lead to massive winter pollution in the region.However,the state governments have taken several initiatives for proper management of crop stubble through various departments and institutions but still air pollution level is increasing.Instead of burning the crop residue,it can be used in other ways,which are beneficial to humanity.In the direction of rising issues due to burning of the crop stubble,efforts have been carried out to explore the options to utilize the crop stubble rather than burning of it.Present experimental study is an attempt to outline alternative use of crop stubble like utilization of rice straw for electricity generation through microbial fuel cell.In 10 days experimental set up,the MFC produced the maximum voltage of 0.002 V corresponding to the maximum current of 2.5 mA which results in power output of 0.05 mW.The experiments'results of the study accentuate the significance of biomass by utilizing the rice paddy straw for generating the electricity by means of microbial fuel cells.The electricity generated through crop stubble can be used as a sustainable source of energy in the remote areas.It is also focused on suggesting policies to the government so that air pollution can be minimized in affected areas.

Tillage, crop residue, and nutrient management effects on.soil organic carbon in rice-based cropping systems： A review

Soil organic carbon （SOC） sequestration is one of the major agricultural strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions, enhance food security, and improve agricultural sustainability. This paper synthesizes the much-needed state- of-knowledge on the effects of tillage, crop residue, and nutrient management practices on SOC sequestration and identifies potential research gap, opportunities, and challenges in studying SOC dynamics in rice （Oryza sativa L.）-based cropping systems in South Asia, mainly in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Improved management prac- tices such as reduced- and no-tillage management, nitrogen （N） fertilizer and farmyard manure （FYM） application, and crop residue addition can improve SOC accumulation. Positive effects of no-tillage, crop residue addition, N addition through manure or compost application, and integration of organic and chemical fertilizers on SOC accumulation in rice-based cropping systems have been documented from South Asia. However, limited data and enormous discrepancies in SOC measurements across the region exist as the greatest challenge in increasing SOC sequestration and improving agricultural sustainability. More research on SOC as influenced by alternative tillage, crop residue, and nutrient management systems, and development of SOC monitoring system for existing long-term experiments will advance our understanding of the SOC dynamics in rice-based cropping systems and improve agricultural system sustainability in South Asia.

Optimal management of nitrogen fertilizer in the main rice crop and its carrying-over effect on ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China

This study attempted to clarify the carrying-over effect of different nitrogen treatments applied to the main crop on the crop population growth and yield formation of ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China.Based on the constant total nitrogen application amounts(225.00 kg ha;)in the main crop,an experiment with different ratios of basal and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer(the ratio of basal fertilizer:primary tillering fertilizer:secondary tillering fertilizer:booting fertilizer at 3:1:2:4(N1),3:2:1:4(N2),3:3:0:4(N3),and 4:3:0:3(N4),respectively,and a control without nitrogen treatment(N0))was set up across two consecutive years in field using hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 as the test materials.The results showed that the total tiller number and effective tillering percentage increased in the main crop under the N1 treatment,more nitrogen fertilizer applied in late growth stage of the main crop,and its effective tillering percentage of the main crop was the highest at up to 70.18%,which was 9.15%higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment(N4),more nitrogen fertilizer applied in early growth stage of the main crop.The same tendency was observed in leaf area index(LAI)value of the main crop and its subsequent ratoon rice,which were 16.52 and 29.87%higher,respectively,in the N1 treatment than that in the N4 treatment at the full heading stage.The same was true in the case of the transport rates of stem and sheath dry mater and the canopy light interception rates in both the main and its ratoon crops.The transport rate of stem and sheath in main crop rice under N1 treatment increased by 50.57%compared with N4 treatment.The canopy light interception rate of N1 treatment increased by 5.07%compared with N4 treatment at the full heading stage of the ratoon crop.Therefore,the total actual yield was the highest in the main and its ratoon crops under N1 treatment,averaging 17351.23 kg ha;in two-year trials,which was 23.00%higher than that in the conventional fertilization treatment(N4).The results showed that appropriate nitrogen treatment was able to produce a good crop stand in the main crop,which was essential for producing a good ratoon crop population and high yield especially under mechanized cultivation with low stubble height of the main crop.The study suggested that shifting the proper nitrogen application amounts to the late growth stage of the main crop,such as N1 treatment,not only had a higher productive effect on ensuring the yield of the main crop,but also had a positive effect on the axillary bud sprouts from the stubbles for ratoon rice,resulting in an increased percentage of productive panicles and achieving the goal of one planting with two good harvests under the conditions of our study.

Cover Crops as Affecting Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and Development of Upland Rice and Soybean Cultivated in Rotation

Cover crops can provide changes in soil chemical and physical properties, which could allow a sustainable development of soybean and upland rice rotation in Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cover crops(cultivated in the offseason) in the soybean-upland rice rotation(cultivated in the summer season) on the soil chemical and physical properties, yield components and grain yield of the cash crops. The experimental design was a randomized block design in factorial scheme 4 × 2 with six replications. Treatments were composed by four cover crops: fallow, millet(Pennisetum glaucum) + Crotalaria ochroleuca, millet + pigeon pea(Cajanus cajans), and millet + pigeon pea + Urochola ruziziensis in the offseason with one or two cycles of cover crops, with rice(Oryza sativa)or soybean(Glycine max) in the summer season. Cover crops alone provided no changes in soil chemical properties. However, the rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash crops reduced p H, Al and H + Al and increased Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents in the soil. The cover crops millet + pigeon pea and millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties in relation to fallow,especially in the 0–0.10 m soil layer. In spite of the improvement of the soil physical properties after two years of rotation with cover crops and cash crops, the soil physical quality was still below the recommended level, showing values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively. Upland rice production was higher under mixtures of cover crops than under fallow, mainly because of soil physical changes done by these mixtures of cover crops.Soybean grain yield was similar under all cover crops tested, but was higher after the rotation cover crops/upland rice/cover crops than after only one cycle of cover crops.

Effects of Residue Management and Cropping Systems on Wheat Yield Stability in a Semiarid Mediterranean Clay Soil

Agriculture is the single biggest user of land and water in Morocco;however its performances are still low due to high rainfall variation and rates of soil productivity depletion. Increasing concerns about soil and environment quality degradation have raised the need to review existing tillage management systems and develop new systems for seed-bed preparation. Consequently, No-tillage is found a promising practice of soil management to improve simultaneously soil quality and wheat production in semiarid Morocco. However, residue management under No-tillage was Not yet studied in conjunction with wheat rotation. Therefore, a field study was conducted in the semiarid Chaouia Plain of Morocco during the period from 1994 to 2003, in order to evaluate the impacts of different tillage practices (conventional tillage (CT), No-tillage (NT));No-tillage wheat residue management scenarios (total NTr, partial NTp and No-removal of residues NTm) and crop rotations (continuous wheat (CW), Wheat-Fallow (WF), Wheat-Maize-Fallow (WMF), Wheat-Lentil-Fallow (WLF) and Wheat-Barley-Fallow (WBF)) on wheat production. Over-years, conventional tillage system permitted lower yield of wheat while NT maintenance of crop residue at the surface is needed to increase it. Basically, NTp could be adopted in mixed crop-livestock systems of semiarid areas for the purpose of guarantying grain and feed. Wheat yields were the lowest under continuous wheat for all years. Wheat-fallow rotation is an important option in dry years or areas, while wheat-fallow-lentil or barley rotations are recommended in better environments. Stability analysis indicated that yields in the No-tillage system were less influenced by adverse growing conditions than conventional tillage system, particularly under low rainfall. These results indicate that improved soil quality under No-tillage enhanced wheat yield stability by reducing the impact of adverse growing conditions.

Estimating Carbon Capture Potential of Fallow Weeds in Rice Cropping Systems

Weeds occurred during the fallow season can well perform the function of carbon(C)capture due to receiving little human disturbance.This study aimed to evaluate the C capture potential of fallow weeds in rice(Oryza sativa L.)cropping systems.A six-region,two-year on-farm investigation and a three-year tillage experiment were conducted to estimate C capture in fallow weeds in rice cropping systems.The on-farm investigation showed that the average mean C capture by fallow weeds across six regions and two years reached 112 g m^(-2).The tillage experiment indicated that no-tillage practices increased C capture by fallow weeds by 80%on average as compared with conventional tillage.The results of this study not only contribute to an understanding of C capture potential of fallow weeds in rice cropping systems,but also provide a reference for including fallow weeds in the estimation of vegetative C sink.

豫中烟区不同接茬种植模式对烤烟生长发育及综合效益的影响

为明确豫中烟区不同接茬种植模式对烟株生长发育及综合效益的影响,以常规移栽为对照,安排了大麦接茬和小麦接茬种植烤烟大田试验。结果表明,大麦接茬移栽期较常规移栽晚8~10 d,大田生育期较常规移栽长8~9 d,小麦接茬移栽期较常规移栽晚31 d,大田生育期较常规移栽短4~9 d。不同种植模式各生育期光温水资源分配不同,大麦接茬还苗伸根期和旺长期雨热同期,成熟期日均温和日照时数与常规移栽差异较小;与常规移栽相比,小麦接茬还苗伸根期和旺长期日均温较高、昼夜温差较小,成熟期日均温较低、日照时数较少。栽后90 d时,小麦接茬干物质积累量明显低于常规移栽和大麦接茬。与常规移栽相比,大麦接茬增加了烤后烟叶还原糖含量,糖碱比协调性较好,但烤后烟叶氯含量受前茬施用含氯肥料影响较大,前茬施用含氯肥料明显增加烤后烟叶氯含量。大麦接茬烤后烟叶收益与常规移栽相当,但增加1季大麦收益,小麦接茬较常规移栽增加1季小麦收益,但烤后烟叶收益明显低于常规移栽,综合收益表现为大麦接茬>小麦接茬>常规移栽。综上,豫中烟区大麦-烤烟接茬种植模式烤后烟叶质量较好,综合效益较高,但大麦前茬需施用不含氯肥料,以避免前茬土壤氯过量残留和烤后烟叶氯含量较高。

小麦-玉米轮作根茬燃烧热触杀防控土传病害的试验

针对秸秆和根茬直接还田导致作物土传病害重发和频发问题,采用自主设计的可控燃烧热触杀装备进行了试验研究,分析了不同运行工况下装备内的温度分布规律、热触杀后土壤中病原真菌与细菌的灭杀率及作物植株发病程度。结果表明:当进料速度为360~1800 kg/h时,装备可实现热触杀温度(117~167℃)和送风温度(62~172℃)的有效调控,炉膛内沿程烟气温度分布呈先增大后减小趋势,稳定燃烧时炉膛最高温度可达479℃,可保证燃烧效率持续处于较高水平。土壤中细菌比真菌的耐温性更强,117℃下细菌和真菌的灭杀率分别为53.33%和33.33%,132℃以上时两者的灭杀率均达到86%以上,167℃下可实现深度灭杀。与对照组相比,秸秆与根茬燃烧高温热触杀后田间玉米植株根部病情指数降低了34.1,该研究对实现作物连作土传病害的绿色防控具有重要意义。

不同作物茬口对连作大豆产量及农艺性状的影响

为利用轮作换茬措施缓解连作大豆的危害和产量损失,研究了苜蓿、玉米和大豆3种作物茬口对连作大豆产量和农艺性状的影响。结果表明:苜蓿茬3年连作大豆比玉米茬3年连作大豆增产10.4%,比4年连作大豆极显著增产26.7%;玉米茬3年连作大豆比4年连作大豆显著增产14.7%。与4年连作大豆相比,苜蓿茬和玉米茬连作3年大豆的株高分别增加16.6 cm和14.7 cm、单株粒重分别增加7.0 g和3.7 g,差异均达极显著;苜蓿茬和玉米茬处理间的株高、单株粒重差异不显著。4年连作大豆的病粒率分别比苜蓿茬和玉米茬3年连作大豆的病粒率高4.54%和6.74%,差异达显著和极显著;苜蓿茬、玉米茬处理间的病粒率差异不显著。三个茬口处理之间大豆虫食粒率差异不显著。可见,对于连作大豆,苜蓿茬口优于玉米茬口和大豆茬口。

稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机的设计与试验

为解决长江中下游稻麦轮作区稻茬田免耕播种小麦机具堵塞及土壤黏附严重等问题,结合当地稻茬田播种小麦需要开排水沟的农艺要求,提出了"种-肥-种"宽幅精量播种和带状旋耕相结合的防堵思路,设计了双翼铧式开沟器、宽幅精量排种机构、种沟双圆盘开沟器和浮动覆土板等关键部件,研究设计了一种稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机。试验结果表明,宽幅播种方式与带状旋耕相结合较好解决了稻茬田播种小麦堵塞的问题,小麦播幅平均为74.6 mm,平均播深为39 mm,播深合格率为86.7%,施肥方式为侧下方深施肥,平均施肥深度为81 mm,施肥深度合格率为93.3%,均满足国家标准。厢沟平均深度为175 mm,沟面宽度为238 mm,满足排水要求。该研究为应用于稻麦轮作区稻茬田小麦少免耕播种机的设计提供了参考。

免耕条件下农田休闲期直立作物残茬对土壤风蚀的影响

为了探讨直立作物残茬防治农田土壤风蚀发生的机理,该文利用风洞试验和野外观测相结合的方法,分析土壤免耕条件下直立作物残茬对农田土壤风蚀的影响。风洞试验研究表明:翻耕土壤地表风速、土壤风蚀侵蚀率均比免耕土壤高,而地表粗糙度免耕明显高于翻耕。在同样风速条件下,翻耕地土壤风蚀侵蚀率是免耕地的3～8.2倍,且随免耕年限的增加,土壤风蚀侵蚀率呈现递减的趋势。留有不同直立作物残茬免耕土壤地表粗糙度草谷子>草玉米>莜麦>油菜,土壤风蚀侵蚀率呈现相反的趋势,地表粗糙度越大,风蚀侵蚀率越小。野外观测结果表明,不同直立作物残茬对裸露农田的保护作用草谷子>莜麦>草玉米>油菜。风洞试验与野外观测具有相似的试验结论,因此,风洞试验方法可作为测定农田土壤抗风蚀能力的重要工具。

作物茬口对棉花生长发育及产量的影响

2010年在连作8a的棉田分区种植小麦、甜菜和棉花,次年再全部种植棉花,研究不同作物茬口对棉花生长发育及其产量的影响。结果表明,麦茬地棉花的各项农艺性状优于连作棉花,其中麦茬地棉花的株高、主茎叶片数、果枝数与连作棉花间差异均达到极显著水平;麦茬地棉花单株干质量、叶绿素含量也均优于连作和甜菜茬棉花。倒茬地棉花比连作棉花平均增产15.2%,其中麦茬地棉花增产21.9%,甜菜茬棉花增产8.6%。麦茬地棉花产量的提高主要在于单株铃数和单铃质量的提高,分别比连作棉花提高23.5%和6.1%。

辣椒连作障碍机制初探及其下茬作物的初选

以萝卜、豌豆和辣椒种子为受体,初步研究了辣椒不同部位、不同浓度的水浸液的化感作用。结果表明:在相同的浓度下,辣椒叶的自毒作用最强,根次之,茎最弱;与对照相比,所有部位的辣椒水浸液对萝卜种子的萌发均无显著影响,对萝卜幼苗的根长均表现出抑制作用,并且随着水浸液浓度的增加,其抑制作用增强,并达到了显著水平;所有部位的辣椒水浸液对豌豆种子的萌发和幼苗生长均表现出抑制作用,并且随着浓度的增加,其抑制效应在增强,而在同一浓度下,辣椒水浸液对豌豆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响强度顺序为叶>根>茎。综合其对3种蔬菜作物种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的考虑,初步选定萝卜为辣椒轮作的最佳下茬作物。

春小麦留茬处理对复种油菜产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了减少麦茬焚烧、控制麦茬焚烧污染及提高留茬的利用效率,2009年7-10月在石羊河绿洲灌区进行不同留茬处理(焚烧、翻耕和立茬免耕)对麦茬复种油菜的研究。结果表明,与休闲地相比,立茬免耕复种油菜可获得利润3 275元/hm2;焚烧、翻耕(传统耕作)和立茬免耕处理的油菜籽粒产量分别为1 549、1 331和1 222 kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别为5.73、3.81和5.71 kg/hm2/mm,经济效益分别为4 485、2 929和3 275元/hm2;仅从作物籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等方面考虑,秸秆焚烧处理达到最大值,这就是焚烧屡禁不止的原因。尽管传统耕作的油菜籽粒产量高于立茬免耕,但传统耕作的水分利用效率和经济效益显著低于立茬免耕。立茬免耕具有环保、相对较高水分利用效率和经济效益等效果,尤其有利于环境保护和旱地农作,值得大面积推广。结合大田推广示范研究成果,提出适宜于石羊河绿洲灌区的留茬免耕机械直播复种油菜技术。

多熟制稻作区水田旋耕埋草机的结构与性能

针对我国南方油-稻、麦-稻、稻-稻、肥-稻等多种水稻种植制度长期并存,水稻前茬作物收获后残留田间的秸秆愈留愈高,传统人畜力和常规机械耕整方式难以将其翻埋还田的突出问题,以及由此导致的诸多不良后果,阐述了最新研制成功的专利技术及装备船式旋耕埋草机的基本结构、工作机理与试验结果。通过机船合一、结构组合、性能综合所构建的本作业机组,体现了水田适度耕整、秸秆埋覆还田的机械化保护性耕作新技术,解决了水田现代耕作的难题。

播量对麦后复种油菜生物产量及耕层土壤养分的影响

为明确西北地区播量对麦后复种油菜地耕层土壤养分变化的影响,在甘肃省古浪县进行小区试验,研究不同播量(7.5、11.25、15.0、18.75和22.5kg/hm^2)对油菜生物产量和耕层土壤养分的影响,提出适宜的播种量。结果表明:油菜生物产量随着播种量的增加先增加后降低,在播种量15.0kg/hm^2时达最大;麦后复种油菜可提高土壤有机质质量分数,增强土壤速效磷的解吸,根系分泌的有机酸类物质可降低土壤pH;麦后复种油菜显著降低土壤速效钾质量分数,应注意补施钾肥。

正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机设计与试验

针对稻麦两茬轮作区,小麦收获时间短、水稻插秧费时费力、直播整地要求高的问题,利用反转灭茬技术和主动防拥堵技术,同时借鉴小麦宽幅精播技术,设计了一种正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机,一次完成旋耕、灭茬、防堵、深施肥、宽苗带播种、覆土和镇压功能。在稻麦两熟区进行了试验,结果表明,反转旋耕装置能很好的灭茬,正转清草装置能有效防堵,在正反旋耕的配合作用下,种床土壤细碎,播种覆土均匀,播种深度和施肥深度变异系数分别为4.58%和2.40%,种肥垂直间距变异系数为4.72%;平均苗带宽度为138.4 mm,与理论设计宽度差异不显著;不同苗带宽度上种子分布有差异但不显著,符合设计要求;苗带宽度对水稻生长有影响,苗带两侧有效分蘖和成穗率显著高于苗带中间(P<0.05);机具的通过性满足农艺要求。

前茬作物对辣椒生长发育及产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究不同前茬作物对辣椒生长发育、产量及品质的影响,为辣椒选择适宜前茬以及合理的种植模式提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验和实验室分析相结合的方法,以莴笋、大蒜和小麦为前茬作物,测定了3种前茬作物处理下的土壤养分、辣椒根系形态、叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)、产量及品质。【结果】与莴笋茬和小麦茬相比,大蒜茬极显著提高了土壤有机质和有效磷含量;大蒜茬辣椒叶片叶绿素含量分别较莴笋茬和小麦茬高8.79%和7.64%;辣椒根长、根粗、根干质量、净光合速率和结果数均为大蒜茬>莴笋茬>小麦茬,差异显著;大蒜茬辣椒总产量分别为莴笋茬和小麦茬的1.22和2.55倍,总经济效益分别为莴笋茬和小麦茬的1.18和2.59倍,差异极显著。小麦茬辣椒果实中Vc含量分别较莴笋茬和大蒜茬高22.85%和19.80%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和干物质含量也均以小麦茬最高。【结论】大蒜茬可以显著提高辣椒产量及经济效益,小麦茬能改善辣椒品质。