Continuous extrusion and rolling forming velocity of copper strip

A new copper strip production technology combined with continuous extrusion and rolling technology was proposed. The roll velocity must first be matched with the continuous extrusion velocity to achieve continuous extrusion and roll forming. The bite condition of continuous extrusion was determined, and the compatibility equation between the roll velocity and parameters such as the extrusion wheel velocity, reduction, and strip size was established through mechanical by plastic theoretical calculations. The finite element model of continuous extrusion and rolling was then established by using the TLJ400 continuous extrusion machine with a roll diameter of 200 mm. The relationship between the continuous extrusion and rolling velocities was determined through numerical simulations by software DEFORM-3D, and the accuracy of compatibility equation of velocity was verified.

Three-Dimensional Thermo-mechanical Coupled FEM Simulation for Hot Continuous Rolling of Large-Diameter Mandrel Bar

Based on the important boundary conditions of rolling simulation including friction, heat conduction and interactionsof the workpiece and rolls, the hot continuous rolling processes of large-diameter mandrel round bar (200 mm indiameter) in 6VH-stand hot tandem mill are successfully simulated by three-dimensional coupled thermomechanicalelastoplastic finite element method (FEM). The distributions of stress, strain, temperature and the rolling force andtorque for the two-pass and four-pass continuous rolling are calculated respectively. Thus, the two and four-passroll schedules are verified, respectively. The simulation results show that it is safe to produce 200 mm round barby the two-pass (oval pass and round pass) continuous rolling on the existing equipment compared to the four-passcontinuous rolling. There are concave surfaces and increased widths occurring at the end of rolled billet due touneven deformations between the outside and inside of the workpiece as well as the free spreading close to the rollgap of the final pass.

Continuous FEM simulation of multi-pass plate hot rolling suitable for plate shape analysis

In order to continuously simulate multi-pass plate rolling process,a 3-D elastic hollow-roll model was proposed and an auto mesh-refining module with data passing was developed and integrated with FE software,Marc.The hollow-roll model has equivalent stiffness of bending resistance and deformation to the real solid and much less meshes,so the computational time is greatly reduced.Based on these,the factors influencing plate profile,such as the roll-bending force,initial crown,thermal crown and heat transfer during rolling and inter-pass cooling can be taken into account in the simulation.The auto mesh-refining module with data passing can automatically refine and re-number elements and transfer the nodal and elemental results to the new meshes.Furthermore,the 3-D modeling routine is parametrically developed and can be run independently of Marc pre-processing program.A seven-pass industrial hot rolling process was continuously simulated to validate the accuracy of model.By comparison of the calculated results with the industrial measured data,the rolling force,temperature and plate profile are in good accordance with the measured ones.

3D FE Analysis of Thermal Behavior of Billet in Rod and Wire Hot Continuous Rolling Process

An FE model was developed to study thermal behavior during the rod and wire hot continuous rolling process. The FE code MSC. Marc was used in the simulation using implicit static arithmetic. The whole rolling process of 30 passes was separated and simulated with several continuous 3D elastic-plastic FE models. A rigid pushing body and a data transfer technique were introduced into this model. The on-line experiments were conducted on 304 stainless steel and GCr15 steel hot continuous rolling process to prove the results of simulation by implicit static FEM. The results show that the temperature results of finite element simulations are in good agreement with experiments, which indicate that the FE model developed in this study is effective and efficient.

Static and dynamic finite element analysis of 304 stainless steel rod and wire hot continuous rolling process

Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to analyze 304 stainless steel rod and wire hot continuous rolling process with the help of MSC.Marc software. The entire 30-pass deformation process and the actual parameters of production line were taken into account. Static and dynamic procedures were used to study the continuous rolling process with the aid of the thermo-mechanical coupled FEM of elastic-plasticity. The properties of billets, such as deformation, temperature field and rolling force, were mainly discussed. The simulation results of temperature agree well with the measured values. Comparisons of the analysis results obtained using static implicit method and dynamic implicit method were presented. It is shown that static implicit procedure is more accurate than dynamic implicit procedure and is able to simulate the rolling process with a lower speed, such as a roughing mill. Whereas, dynamic analysis shows a higher efficiency than static analysis and is fit for simulating the rolling process with a higher speed, such as a finishing mill.

Influence of roll speed difference on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum plates produced via combined continuous casting and rolling process

The influences of the dissimilarity in the roll speeds on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum plates produced via combined continuous casting and rolling(CCCR) process were investigated. Several experiments were conducted with three different upper/lower roll rotational speed ratios(ω/ω0, ω is the upper roll rotational speed and ω0 is the lower roll rotational speed), namely 1:1, 1:1.2 and 1:1.4. It was found that the greatest dissimilarity in the roll speed(ω/ω0=1:1.4) improved the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 7075 Al plate in the rolling direction by 41.5% and 21.9%, respectively. Moreover, at a roll speed ratio of ω/ω0=1:1.4, the average grain size was decreased by 36% whereas the mean hardness of the transverse cross-section of the finally rolled plate was increased by about 9.2%. Texture studies also revealed that the more the difference in the roll speeds was, the greater the isotropy and the hardness of the final product were. Nevertheless, conducting CCCR operation with different roll speeds resulted in about 6% reduction in the elongation of the deformed plate.

STUDY OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION OF LOW CARBON STEEL IN THIN SLAB CONTINUOUS ROLLING PROCESS

Combined with the technological characteristics of thin slab continuous rolling process （TSCR）, dynamic recrystallization of an extremely coarse austenite of low carbon steel is studied by Thermecmaster-Z hot simulator. By the analysis of true stress-strain curves and the observation of microstructures at different deformation stages, the critical stress and critical strain are determined under different deformation conditions. The effect of Z parameter on dynamic recrystallization of coarse austenite is studied. The microstructure evolution in real production is also discussed.

Dynamic Strip Thickness Simulation on Five-Stand Cold Continuous Rolling Mill

Based on a rolling model, the simulation of strip thickness during cold continuous rolling was made on the platform software Matrix. The simulation system combined the discrete system with continuous system for high speed and dynamics. Simulation parameters were calculated by differential element method, and the simulation results fit in with practical data very well.

Temperature field analysis and its application in hot continuous rolling of Inconel 718 superalloy

A coupled thermo-mechanical model containing metal flow and temperature field for calculating temperature variation has been developed on fourteen-pass hot continuous rolling of round rod for Inconel 718 alloy using 3D elastic-plastic finite element method （FEM）. The temperature of characteristic analysis points in the intermediate cross-section of the workpiece has been simulated at initial temperature ranging from 960 to 1000 ℃ and initial velocity in range of 0.15-0.55 m·s^-1. Based on finite element analysis and microstructural observation in cylindrical hot compression experiments, the appropriate hot continuous rolling technologies have been designed for rod products with different diameters. For a real rolling practice, the simulated surface temperature was examined and is in good agreement with the measured one.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Cu-0.36Be-0.46Co alloy fabricated by heating-cooling combined mold horizontal continuous casting during cold rolling

Cu-0.36 wt.%Be-0.46 wt.%Co alloy plate with 300 mm in width and 10 mm in thickness prepared by heating-cooling combined mold(HCCM) horizontal continuous casting was cold rolled. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the alloy as well as its deformation mechanism were investigated. The results showed that the as-cast alloy plate had columnar grains along the length direction, good surface quality and elongation of 35%, which was directly large-reduction cold rolled without surface treatment, and the accumulative cold rolling reduction reached 98%. When the reduction was small(20%), numerous dislocations and dislocation cells formed, and the deformation mechanism was dislocation slip. When the reduction was 40%, deformation twins appeared, and interactions between twins and dislocation cells induced strip-like dislocation cells. When the reduction exceeded 60%, shear bands formed and apparent crystal rotation in the micro-region happened. Further increasing the reduction, the amount of the shear bands rose and they interacted with each other, which refined the grains apparently. The tensile strength and hardness increased from 353 MPa and HV 119 of the as-cast alloy to 625 MPa and HV 208 with 95% reduction, respectively, and the elongation reduced from 35% to 7.6%. A process of HCCM horizontal continuous casting-cold rolling can work as a novel compact method to fabricate Cu-Be alloy sheet.

PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION OF CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATION IN ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF ROLLING BEARING

Morlet wavelet is suitable to extract the impulse components of mechanical fault signals. And thus its continuous wavelet transform （CWT） has been successfully used in the field of fault diagnosis. The principle of scale selection in CWT is discussed. Based on genetic algorithm, an optimization strategy for the waveform parameters of the mother wavelet is proposed with wavelet entropy as the optimization target. Based on the optimized waveform parameters, the wavelet scalogram is used to analyze the simulated acoustic emission （AE） signal and real AE signal of rolling bearing. The results indicate that the proposed method is useful and efficient to improve the quality of CWT.

Deformation Stability of GH4033 Superalloy in the Hot Continuous Rolling Process Based on Dynamic Material Model and Finite Element Model

The flow stress behavior of GH4033 superalloy was determined by the hot compression tests at the temperatures of 1223-1473 K and the total strains of 0.6 with the strain rates of 0.001-30.0 s^(-1) by using cylindrical samples.The processing maps based on the dynamic material model(DMM)combined with the corresponding microstructure observations indicate the reasonable processing domain locating at the strain rates of 0.1-1.0 s^(-1) and the deformation temperature of 1273-1423 K.Meanwhile,the numerical simulation based on finite element model(FEM)described the variation of the effective strain,effective strain rate and the temperature for the core node,and unveiled the influence of the hot rolling parameters considering the initial temperature(T_(0))range of 1223-1473 K and the first-stand biting velocity(v_(0))range of 0.15-0.35 m·s^(-1).Furthermore,the deformation stability of GH4033 superalloy in the round rod hot continuous rolling(HCR)process is described and analyzed by coupling the three-dimensional(3-D)processing map,and the spatial trajectory lines were determined by the numerically simulated temperatures,the strains and the strain rates.Finally,the results show that the hot deformation stability of GH4033 can be achieved by the rolling process parameters located at T_(0)=1423 K and v_(0)=0.25 m·s^(-1).Additionally,the practical HCR processes as T_(0)=1423 K and v_(0)=0.15,0.25,0.35 m·s^(-1) were operated to verify the influence of the hot rolling parameters on the hot deformation stability by the microstructure observation of the final products.

Microstructure and finite element analysis of hot continuous rolling of doped tungsten rod

The microstructures of doped tungsten deformed by multi-pass hot continuous rolling were investigated, and the stress and strain fields were simulated by finite element(FE) method. After the continuous rolling, the grains of the tungsten rod were refined, and the microhardness was improved; however, a ring region of abnormal grain growth was present at a distance of about 3/5 R(R is the radius of the rod) from the center of the cross section. FE modeling results showed that the equivalent residual strains were minimum around the region of abnormal grain growth; this was due to the release of strain energy by severe plastic deformation, leading a situation where the migration force of grain boundaries was higher than the pinning force of potassium bubbles. By decreasing the initial rolling temperature and rolling speeds, the inhomogeneity of the equivalent residual stain decreased, improving the microstructure uniformity of the doped tungsten.

Slab Storage Calculation Method for Continuous Casting-Hot Rolling

Based on load-oriented manufacturing control theory,different combining modes and slab storage calculation method for continuous casting and hot rolling were discussed.The buffer capacity index of continuous casting-rolling was introduced,and the reasonable slab storage under different combining modes was calculated with buffer capacity index of 120.00 hfor CCR,79.20 hfor HCR,19.68 hfor DHCR and 3.84 hfor DR.Thin slab is 1.20 h,and the strip is zero.Theory gist was provided for steel enterprise to decrease storage.

FORMULAS OF TENSION OF CONTINUOUS ROLLING PROCESS

The development of computer controlled continuous rolling process calls for a mathematical expression that can express the inequality condition of ＂constant flow＂. Tension is the link of the continuous rolling process. From the condition of clynamic equilibrium, a differential equation of tension is given out. On the basis of the physical rules established from the industrial practice and experimental studies, the law of volume constancy, the linear relation of forward slip and tension, the state equation of continuous rolling, the formula of dynamic tension, and the formula of static tension have been obtained. These formulae reflect the functional relations between tensions, thickness, roll velocity, and time in the continuous rolling process. It is implied that the continuous rolling process is a gradually steady, controllable, and measurable dynamic system. An assumption of predicting the thickness of a steel plate using these tension formulae is also put forward.

Optimal Design of Deforming Regulation for Compact Continuous Rolling Mill with Balanced Load

If the draught of each mill stand is limited by forced bite condition for compact continuous mill,the rolling load difference between one mill stand and another is very big.If deforming regulation of relative load for each mill stand is approximate to the same,the productive capacity of compact continuous mill can be brought into full play,and also the safety running and the smooth rolling of mill can be ensured.

Experimental research on electromagnetic continuous casting high-speed steel composite roll

A high speed steel composite roll billet was fabricated, which is regular in shape, smooth in surface, slight in trace, compact in internal structure, free of slag inclusion, shrinkage cavity, cracks and other flaws, and good in macro quality of junction surface using a vertical continuous casting machine. The interface zone microstructure of bimetallic in billet of high speed steel composite roll was analyzed by metallurgical microscope(OM), X-ray diffractmeter(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDS). The results indicate that the microstructure of roll billet is composed of chilled solidified layer, dendrite zone, interfacial zone of bimetal and core material zone. The microstructure of outer shell material is composed of martensite + bainite + residual austenite + some small labyrinth-shape, small-short lath-shape, or dollop-shape eutectic carbides. The microstructure of core material is slice-shape pearlite and a little ferrite along boundary of cells. The interface region microstructure of bimetallic composite roll consists of diffusion region, chilled solidified layer and columnar grain region.

Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based On Convolutional Capsule Network

Fault diagnosis technology has been widely applied and is an important part of ensuring the safe operation of mechanical equipment.In response to the problem of frequent faults in rolling bearings,this paper designs a rolling bearing fault diagnosis method based on convolutional capsule network(CCN).More specifically,the original vibration signal is converted into a two-dimensional time–frequency image using continuous wavelet transform(CWT),and the feature extraction is performed on the two-dimensional time–frequency image using the convolution layer at the front end of the network,and the extracted features are input into the capsule network.The capsule network converts the extracted features into vector neurons,and the dynamic routing algorithm is used to achieve feature transfer and output the results of fault diagnosis.Two different datasets are used to compare with other traditional deep learning models to verify the fault diagnosis capability of the method.The results show that the CCN has good diagnostic capability under different working conditions,even in the presence of noise and insufficient samples,compared to other models.This method contributes to the safe and reliable operation of mechanical equipment and is suitable for other rotating scenarios.

PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF CONTINUOUS ROLL CASTING PROCESS

A series of simulating experimental studies on the rheological behavior and its influential factors of aluminum alloy in continuous roll-casting process have been explored in this paper with a Gleeble-1500 Thermal-Mechanical Simulation Tester and a set of special clamp system. Relevant rheological rules in the process of coupling transient solidification and continuous deformation of roll-casting conditions are obtained. Experimental results indicate that four different characteristic stages exist in the whole rheological process, and relative constitutive models suitable for the given conditions of continuous roll casting process have been established through multivariable linear regression analysis of the experimental data.

Rheological behavior of continuous roll casting process of aluminum alloy

The rheological behavior of aluminum alloy and its influencing factors in physical simulation of continuous roll casting process were studied by using a Gleeble-1500 thermal-mechanical simulation tester with a set of special clamp system. The relationships between the flow stress and the strain rate in the deformation process of simulating roll casting experiment were obtained. The results show that four different characteristic stages exist in the temperature range of the whole rheological process. The first occurs when the temperature is higher than 600 ℃, which belongs to the creep deformation stage; the second occurs when the temperature lies in the range of 500600 ℃, and it can be regarded as the high temperature and low stress level deformation stage; the third occurs when the temperature decreases to the range of 300500 ℃, it is considered to be the middle stress level deformation stage; the last occurs when the temperature is less than 300 ℃ and the strain rate is less than 1.00 s -1, it belongs to middle stress level deformation stage. But when the strain rate is larger than 1.00 s -1,it belongs to the high stress level deformation stage. And the relative constitutive models suitable for the four different stages of continuous roll casting process were established through multivariate linear regression analysis of the experimental data.