Tranylcypromine upregulates Sestrin 2 expression to ameliorate NLRP3-related noise-induced hearing loss

Noise-induced hearing loss is the primary non-genetic factor contributing to auditory dysfunction.However,there are currently no effective pharmacological interventions for patients with noise-induced hearing loss.Here,we present evidence suggesting that the lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor–tranylcypromine is an otoprotective agent that could be used to treat noise-induced hearing loss,and elucidate its underlying regulatory mechanisms.We established a mouse model of permanent threshold shift hearing loss by exposing the mice to white broadband noise at a sound pressure level of 120 d B for 4 hours.We found that tranylcypromine treatment led to the upregulation of Sestrin2(SESN2)and activation of the autophagy markers light chain 3B and lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 in the cochleae of mice treated with tranylcypromine.The noise exposure group treated with tranylcypromine showed significantly lower average auditory brainstem response hearing thresholds at click,4,8,and 16 k Hz frequencies compared with the noise exposure group treated with saline.These findings indicate that tranylcypromine treatment resulted in increased SESN2,light chain 3B,and lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 expression after noise exposure,leading to a reduction in levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and cleaved caspase-3,thereby reducing noise-induced hair cell loss.Additionally,immunoblot analysis demonstrated that treatment with tranylcypromine upregulated SESN2 expression via the autophagy pathway.Tranylcypromine treatment also reduced the production of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domaincontaining 3(NLRP3)production.In conclusion,our results showed that tranylcypromine treatment ameliorated cochlear inflammation by promoting the expression of SESN2,which induced autophagy,thereby restricting NLRP3-related inflammasome signaling,alleviating cochlear hair cell loss,and protecting hearing function.These findings suggest that inhibiting lysine-specific demethylase 1 is a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing hair cell loss and noise-induced hearing loss.

Prevalence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Related to the Mills in the Markets of the Municipality of Parakou in 2021

Introduction: Noise is the second leading cause of hearing loss in adults after presbycusis. The objective of this work was to study hearing loss induced by the noise of mills in the markets of Parakou. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, conducted from February 3 to June 3, 2021 in the markets of Parakou. It concerned millers and sellers located within a 5 meter radius around the mills and among whom pure-tone audiometry was performed to detect a hearing loss. Subjects with no particular medical health history, under 55 years of age and having been working in these markets since more than 12 months, were included. Results: In this study, 103 subjects were selected, including 43 millers and 61 sellers. Their average age was 29 ± 13 years. The sex ratio was 0.49. The average length of service in the profession was 8 years with the extremes of 3 months and 47 years. They were exposed to noise on average 10 hours per day and 6 days a week. The average duration of weekly noise exposure was 23 h 28 min ± 13 h 32 min with the extremes of 5 h 00 min and 52 h 30 min. The average level of noise exposure was 90 dB with the extremes of 72 and 110 dB. 24 subjects reported symptoms related to noise such as headache, tinnitus, and hearing loss, with respective proportions of 22.33%, 20.39% and 06.80%. The prevalence of noise-related hearing loss was 26.21% (n = 27/103). Subjects with a notch at 4000 Hz and normal Average Hearing Loss (AHL) (20.39%) had a seven-time greater risk of developing noise-induced hearing loss (OR = 6.58;95% CI [2.54 - 18.8], p Conclusion: Hearing loss related to the noise of mills affected both millers and sellers near the mills in markets, hence the importance of regulating mills.

Evaluation of Digits-in-Noise Test and Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults Screening in Patients with Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Objective:To explore the clinical evaluation role of the Digits-in-Noise(DIN)test and Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults Screening(HHIA-S)for patients with occupational noise-induced hearing loss and to observe and analyze their application values.Methods:Fifty patients with suspected occupational noise-induced hearing loss were randomly selected from the Department of Otolaryngology at the hospital as the research target.The collection period for the research cases spanned from January 2022 to November 2023,and all patients had a history of noise exposure.The DIN test and HHIA-S were used for hearing examinations,with clinical,comprehensive diagnosis serving as the gold standard to study their diagnostic performance.Results:The compliance rate of the DIN test was 88.00%,the HHIA-S’s compliance rate was 80.00%,and the combined compliance rate was 94.00%.The compliance rate of the DIN test and the combined compliance rates of the patients were statistically significant compared to the clinical gold standard data(P<0.05),while there was no difference between the compliance rate of the HHIA-S and the gold standard(P>0.05).The data shows that the sensitivity of the combined diagnosis is significantly higher than the sensitivity data of the DIN test and HHIA-S examination alone(P<0.05).Its specificity is 100.00%,and the accuracy data of the joint diagnosis in the degree were higher than those of the DIN test alone(P>0.05)and the HHIA-S alone(P<0.05).Conclusion:For patients with occupational noise-induced hearing loss,the joint evaluation of the DIN test and HHIA-S can significantly improve their diagnostic value with high sensitivity and accuracy.

Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation restores the balance between A_(2A)R-and A_(1)R-mediated adenosine signaling in the 6-hydroxidopamine model of Parkinson's disease

An imbalance in adenosine-mediated signaling,particularly the increased A_(2A)R-mediated signaling,plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Existing therapeutic approaches fail to alter disease progression,demonstrating the need for novel approaches in PD.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive approach that has been shown to improve motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation remain unknown.The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the beneficial effects of prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of experimental parkinsonism are based on modulation of adenosine-mediated signaling.Animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation for 3 weeks and were tested for motor skills using the Rotarod test.Immunoblot,quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,immunohistochemistry,and biochemical analysis of components of adenosine-mediated signaling were performed on the synaptosomal fraction of the lesioned caudate putamen.Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation improved motor symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals.A 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate putamen.Treatment with intermittent theta burst stimulation began 7 days after the lesion,coinciding with the onset of motor symptoms.After treatment with prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation,complete motor recovery was observed.This improvement was accompanied by downregulation of the e N/CD73-A_(2A)R pathway and a return to physiological levels of A_(1)R-adenosine deaminase 1 after 3 weeks of intermittent theta burst stimulation.Our results demonstrated that 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration reduced the expression of A_(1)R and elevated the expression of A_(2A)R.Intermittent theta burst stimulation reversed these effects by restoring the abundances of A_(1)R and A_(2A)R to control levels.The shift in ARs expression likely restored the balance between dopamine-adenosine signaling,ultimately leading to the recovery of motor control.

On-Off Intermittency Route to Chaos Synchronization and Spatial Periodic Synchronization of Chaos in Coupled Arrays of Chaotic Systems

Chaos synchronization of coupled nonlinear systems is ubiquitous in nature and science. Dynamic behaviors of coupled ring and linear arrays of unidirectionally coupled Lorenz oscillators are studied numerically. We find that chaos synchronization in circular arrays of chaotic systems can occur through the on off intermittent synchronization with a power law distribution of laminar phases. And in the coupled ring and linear array it is found that the chaotic rotating waves generated from the ring propagate with spatial periodic synchronization along the linear array.

NONLINEAR STOCHASTIC HEAT EQUATION DRIVEN BY SPATIALLY COLORED NOISE:MOMENTS AND INTERMITTENCY

In this article, we study the nonlinear stochastic heat equation in the spatial domain R^d subject to a Gaussian noise which is white in time and colored in space. The spatial correlation can be any symmetric, nonnegative and nonnegative-definite function that satisfies Dalang's condition. We establish the existence and uniqueness of a random field solution starting from measure-valued initial data. We find the upper and lower bounds for the second moment. With these moment bounds, we first establish some necessary and sufficient conditions for the phase transition of the moment Lyapunov exponents, which extends the classical results from the stochastic heat equation on Z^d to that on R^d.Then, we prove a localization result for the intermittency fronts, which extends results by Conus and Khoshnevisan [9] from one space dimension to higher space dimension. The linear case has been recently proved by Huang et al [17] using different techniques.

Circuit implementation and multiform intermittency in a hyper-chaotic model extended from the Lorenz system

This paper presents a non-autonomous hyper-chaotic system, which is formed by adding a periodic driving signal to a four-dimensional chaotic model extended from the Lorenz system. The resulting non-autonomous hyper-chaotic system can display any dynamic behaviour among the periodic orbits, intermittency, chaos and hyper-chaos by controlling the frequency of the periodic signal. The phenomenon has been well demonstrated by numerical simulations, bifurcation analysis and electronic circuit realization. Moreover, the system is concrete evidence for the presence of Pomeau- Manneville Type-I intermittency and crisis-induced intermittency. The emergence of a different type of intermittency is similarly subjected to the frequency of periodic forcing. By statistical analysis, power scaling laws consisting in different intermittency are obtained for the lifetime in the laminar state between burst states.

Intermittency and bifurcation in SEPICs under voltage-mode control

A stroboscopic map for voltage-controlled single ended primary inductor converter （SEPIC） with pulse width modulation （PWM） is presented, where low-frequency oscillating phenomena such as quasi-periodic and intermittent quasi-periodic bifurcations occurring in the system are captured by numerical and experimental methods. According to bifurcation diagrams and nonlinear dynamical theory, the characteristics of the low-frequency oscillation and the mechanism for the appearance of the low-frequency oscillation are investigated. It is shown that as the controller parameter varies, the change in the conduction mode takes place from the continuous conduction mode （CCM） under the originally stable period one and high periodic orbits to the intermittent changes between CCM and discontinuous conduction mode （DCM）, which may be related to the losing stability of the system and brought the system to exhibiting low-frequency oscillating behaviour in the time domain. Moreover, the occurrence of the intermittent quasi-periodic oscillation reflects that the system undergoes a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation.

INTERMITTENCY AND SCALING IN TURBULENT CONVECTION

Both the velocity and temperature measurements taken in turbulent Rayleigh-B'enard convection experiments have been analyzed. It is found that both the velocity and temperature fluctuations are intermittent and can be well-described by the She-Leveque hierarchical structure. A positive correlation between the vertical velocity and the temperature differences is found both at the center, near the sidewall and near the bottom of the convection cell, supporting that buoyancy is significant in the Bolgiano regime. Moreover, the intermittent nature of the temperature fluctuations in the Bolgiano regime can be attributted to the variations in the temperature dissipation rate. However, the relations between the velocity and temperature structure functions and their correlations implied by the Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling are not supported by experimental measurements.

Early detection of noise-induced hearing loss

BACKGROUND Noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL)is the second most common acquired hearing loss following presbycusis.Exposure to recreational noise and minimal use of hearing protection increase the prevalence of NIHL in young females.NIHL is irreversible.Identifying minor hearing pathologies before they progress to hearing problems that affect daily life is crucial.AIM To compare the advantages and disadvantages of extended high frequency(EHF)and otoacoustic emission and determine an indicator of hearing pathologies at the early sub-clinical stage.METHODS This cross-sectional study was implemented in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from May to September 2019.A total of 86 participants,aged 18-22 years,were recruited to establish normative thresholds for EHF.Another 159 adults,aged 18-25 years with normal hearing(0.25-8 kHz≤25 dBHL),were allocated to low noise and noise exposure groups.Distortion otoacoustic emission(DPOAE),transient evoked otoacoustic emissions(TEOAE),and EHF were assessed in the two groups to determine the superior technique for detecting early-stage noise-induced pathologies.The chi-square test was used to assess the noise and low noise exposure groups with respect to extended high-frequency audiometry(EHFA),DPOAE,and TEOAE.P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS A total of 86 participants(66 females and 20 males)aged between 18 and 22(average:20.58±1.13)years were recruited to establish normative thresholds for EHF.The normative thresholds for 9,10,11.2,12.5,14,16,18,and 20 kHz were 15,10,20,15,15,20,28,and 0 dBHL,respectively.A total of 201 participants were recruited and examined for eligibility.Among them,159 adults aged between 18 and 25 years were eligible in this study.No statistical difference was detected between the noise exposure and the low noise exposure groups using EHFA,DPOAE,and TEOAE(P>0.05)except in the right ear at 4 kHz using TEOAE(abnormal rate 20.4%vs 5.2%,respectively;P=0.05).CONCLUSION These results showed TEOAE as the earliest indicator of minor pathology compared to DPOAE and EHFA.However,a multicenter controlled study or prospective study is essential to verify these results.

Intermittency in 3.7 A GeV ^16O-emulsion interactions

The intermittency effect has been studied for an interaction of 3.7 A GeV ^16O with emulsion using the distributions of both the pseudorapidity intervals and the azimuthal angle intervals of the shower particles emitted in a central rapidity region. The scaled factorial moments, reduced scaled factorial moments and multifractal moments as functions of the bin size in pseudorapidity and in azimuthal angle have been calculated and have revealed the presence of an intermittent behaviour which may be due to the random cascading property of the reaction. The anomalous fractal dimension has been found to increase with the increase of rank of the moment.

A Prelude Staircase to a Type V Intermittency in Two—Dimensional Discontinuous Maps

A sequence of periodic attractors has been observed in a two-dimensional discontinuous map, which canbe considered as a model of impact oscillator. The so-called 'transfer number', which is defined as the mean numberof transfer from non-impact state to impact state per iteration, is locked onto a lot of rational values to form a curveconsisting of many steps. Our numerical investigation confirms that every step is confined by conditions created by thecollision between the periodic orbit and the discontinuous boundary of the system. After the last collision the systemshows a chaotic motion with intermittent characteristics. Therefore the staircase can be addressed as a 'prelude staircaseto type V intermittency'. The similar phenomenon has also been observed in a model of electric circuit. These resultsof our study suggest that this kind of staircases is common in two (or even higher) dimensional discontinuous maps.

The impact of hearing impairment and noise-induced hearing injury on quality of life in the active-duty military population:challenges to the study of this issue

The objectives of this review were to 1)summarize the available evidence on the impact of hearing loss on quality of life(QOL)among U.S.active-duty service members,2)describe the QOL instruments that have been used to quantify the impact of hearing loss on quality of life,3)examine national population-level secondary databases and report on their utility for studying the impact of hearing loss on QOL among active-duty service members,and 4)provide recommendations for future studies that seek to quantify the impact of hearing loss in this population.There is a lack of literature that addresses the intersection of hearing impairment,the military population,and quality of life measures.For audiological research,U.S.military personnel offer a unique research population,as they are exposed to noise levels and blast environments that are highly unusual in civilian work settings and can serve as a model population for studying the impact on QOL associated with these conditions.This review recommends conducting a study on the active-duty service member population using a measurement instrument suitable for determining decreases in QOL specifically due to hearing loss.

Involvement of NLRP3-inflammasome pathway in noise-induced hearing loss

The inflammasome is a multiprotein oligomer in the cell cytoplasm and is part of the innate immune system.It plays a crucial role in the pathological process of noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL).However,the mechanisms of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasome activation in NIHL have not been clearly demonstrated.In this study,miniature pigs were exposed to white noise at 120 dB(A)and auditory brainstem response measurements were used to measure their hearing function.Immunofluorescence staining,confocal laser scanning microscopy,western blot assay,and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze inflammasome-related protein distribution and expression.NLRP3,interleukin-1β,interleukin-18,and cleaved-caspase-1 were highly expressed in the cochlea after 120 dB(A)white noise exposure.Our findings suggest that NLRP3-inflammasomes in the cochlea may be activated after acoustic trauma,which may be an important mechanism of noise-induced hearing loss.

Saturated hydrogen saline protects against noise-induced hearing loss

Objective To study effects of saturated hydrogen saline in preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Methods Fifteen guinea pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups （5 each）, group one was for control, group two was treated with normal saline and group three was treated with saturated hydrogen saline, which was given intraperitoneally at 1 hour before noise exposure at 1 ml/100 g. One hundred rounds of impulse noise （ 157 dB SPL peak） were delivered as noise exposure. Immediately after exposure to impulse noise and on Days 1, 2, 4 and 8 following exposure, auditory brainstem response （ABR） thresholds were measured. Outer hair cell morphological changes and sueeinate dehydrogenase （SDH） activity were examined on Day 8 post-exposure. Results Immediately after noise exposure, ABR thresholds in saturated hydrogen saline treated animals were lower than the non-treated animals （P 〈 0.05 ）. Microscopy showed little SDH staining, cell swelling and irregular cell arrangement in the non-treated or normal saline treated animals. Whereas in the saturated hydrogen saline treated animals, there was deep SDH staining with significantly reduced cell loss and more regular cellular arrangement compared to the other two groups. The surviving cells counts was 45.17 ±12.15 for non-treated animals, 44.50 ±10.02 for normal saline treated animals and,116.50±2.38 for animals treated with saturated hydrogen saline. While the count was similar between non-treated and normal saline treated animals, it was significantly higher in saturated sions Intraperitoneal injection of saturated hydrogen saline damage. hydrogen saline treated animals （P 〈 0.05）. Concluappears to protect the cochlea against noise-induced damage.

A kind of noise-induced transition to noisy chaos in stochastically perturbed dynamical system

We investigate a kind of noise-induced transition to noisy chaos in dynamical systems. Due to similar phenomenological structures of stable hyperbolic attractors excited by various physical realizations from a given stationary random process, a specific Poincar6 map is established for stochastically perturbed quasi-Hamiltonian system. Based on this kind of map, various point sets in the Poincar6＇s cross-section and dynamical transitions can be analyzed. Results from the customary Duffing oscillator show that, the point sets in the Poincare＇s global cross-section will be highly compressed in one direction, and extend slowly along the deterministic period-doubling bifurcation trail in another direction when the strength of the harmonic excitation is fixed while the strength of the stochastic excitation is slowly increased. This kind of transition is called the noise-induced point-overspreading route to noisy chaos.

Noise-induced hearing loss in the 21^(st) century: A research and translational update

Millions of people worldwide are exposed to harmful levels of noise daily in their work and leisure environment. This makes noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL) a major occupational health risk globally. NIHL is the second most common form of acquired hearing loss after agerelated hearing loss and is itself a major contributing factor to presbycusis. Temporary threshold shifts, once thought to be relatively harmless and recoverable, are now known to cause permanent cochlear injury leading to permanent loss of hearing sensitivity. This article reviews the current understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of NIHL with latest findings from animal models. Therapeutic approaches to protect against or to mitigate NIHL are discussed based on their proposed action against these known mechanisms of cochlear injury. Successes in identifying genes that predispose individuals to NIHL by candidate gene association studies are discussed with matched gene knockout animal models. This links to exciting developments in experimental gene therapy to replace and regenerate lost hair cells and post-noise otoprotective therapies currently being investigated in clinical trials. The aim is to provide new insights into current and projected future strategies to manage NIHL; bench to bedside treatment is foreseeable in the next 5 to 10 years.

NRN1 and CAT Gene Polymorphisms, Complex Noise, and Lifestyles interactively Affect the Risk of Noise-induced Hearing Loss

Objective The effects of interactions between genetic and environmental factors on the noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL)are still unclear.This study aimed to assess interactions among gene polymorphisms,noise metrics,and lifestyles on the risk of NIHL.Methods A case-control study was conducted using 307 patients with NIHL and 307 matched healthy individuals from five manufacturing industries.General demographic data,lifestyle details,and noise exposure levels were recorded.The Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction(KASP)was used to analyze the genotypes of 18 SNPs.Results GMDR model demonstrated a relevant interaction between NRN1 rs3805789 and CAT rs7943316(P=0.0107).Subjects with T allele of rs3805789 or T allele of rs7943316 had higher risks of NIHL than those with the SNP pair of rs3805789-CC and rs7943316-AA(P<0.05).There was an interaction among rs3805789,rs7943316,and kurtosis(P=0.0010).Subjects exposed to complex noise and carrying both rs3805789-CT and rs7943316-TT or rs3805789-CT/TT and rs7943316-AA had higher risks of NIHL than those exposed to steady noise and carrying both rs3805789-CC and rs7943316-AA(P<0.05).The best six-locus model involving NRN1 rs3805789,CAT rs7943316,smoking,video volume,physical exercise,and working pressure for the risk of NIHL was found to be the interaction(P=0.0010).An interaction was also found among smoking,video volume,physical exercise,working pressure,and kurtosis(P=0.0107).Conclusion Concurrence of NRN1 and CAT constitutes a genetic risk factor for NIHL.Complex noise exposure significantly increases the risk of NIHL in subjects with a high genetic risk score.Interactions between genes and lifestyles as well as noise metrics and lifestyles affect the risk of NIHL.

The Effect of a High-Frequency-Hearing-Threshold Weighted Value on the Diagnosis of Occupational-Noise-Induced Deafness

Objective: In order to provide a theoretical basis for the revision of the current diagnostic criteria for occupational noise-induced deafness (ONID), we evaluated the degree of ONID by analyzing different high-frequency-hearing- threshold-weighted values (HFTWVs). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the diagnosis of patients with ONID from January 2016 to January 2017 in Guangdong province, China. Based on 3 hearing tests (each interval between the tests was greater than 3 days), the minimum threshold value of each frequency was obtained using the 2007 edition’s diagnostic criteria for ONID. The speech frequency and the HFTWVs were analyzed based on age, noise exposure, and diagnostic classi-fication using SPSS21.0. Results: 168 patients in total were involved in this study, 154 males and 14 females, and the average age was 41.18 ± 6.07. The diagnosis rate was increased by the weighted value of the high frequencies and was more than the mean value of the pure speech frequency (MVPSF). The diagnosis rate for the weighted 4 kHz frequency level increased by 13.69% (χ2 = 9.880, P = 0.002), the weighted 6 kHz level increased by 15.47% (χ2 = 9.985, P = 0.002), and the weighted 4 kHz + 6 kHz level increased by 15.47% (χ2 = 9.985, P = 0.002). The differences were all statistically significant. The diagnostic rate of the different thresholds showed no obvious difference between the genders. The age groups were divided into less than or equal to 40 years old (group A) and 40 - 50 years old (group B). There were several groups with a high frequency: high frequency weighted 4 kHz ( group A χ2 = 3.380, P = 0.050;group B χ2 = 4.054, P = 0.032), high frequency weighted 6 kHz (group A χ2 = 6.362, P = 0.012;group B χ2 = 4.054, P = 0.032), weighted 4 kHz + 6 kHz (group A χ2 = 6.362 P = 0.012;B χ2 = 4.054, P = 0.032) than those of MVPSF in the same group on ONID diagnosis rate. The differences between the groups were statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the age groups (χ2 = 2.265, P = 0.944). The better ear’s (the smaller hearing threshold weighted value) MVPSF and the weighted values for the different high frequencies were examined in light of the number of working years;the group that was exposed to noise for more than 10 years had significantly higher values than those of the average thresholds of each frequency band in the groups with 3 - 5 years of exposure (F = 2.271, P = 0.001) and 6 - 10 years of exposure (F = 1.563, P = 0.046). The differences were statistically significant. The different HFTWVs were higher than those of the MVPSF values, and the high frequency weighted 4 kHz + 6 kHz level showed the greatest difference, with an average increase of 2.83 dB. The diagnostic rate that included the weighted high frequency values was higher for the mild, moderate, and severe cases than those patients who were only screened with the pure frequency tests. The results of the comparisons of the diagnosis rates for mild ONID were as follows: the weighted 3 kHz high frequency level (χ2 = 3.117, P = 0.077) had no significant difference, but the weighted 4 kHz level (χ2 = 10.835, P = 0.001), 6 kHz level (χ2 = 9.985, P = 0.002), 3 kHz + 4 kHz level (χ2 = 6.315, P = 0.012), 3 kHz + 6 kHz level (χ2 = 6.315, P = 0.012), 4 kHz + 6 kHz level (χ2 = 9.985, P = 0.002), and 3 kHz + 4 kHz + 6 kHz level (χ2 = 7.667, P = 0.002) were significantly higher than the diagnosis rate of the mean value of the PSF. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for the moderate and severe grades (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Different HFTWVs increase the diagnostic rate of ONID. The weighted 4 kHz, 6 kHz, and 4 kHz + 6 kHz high frequency values greatly affected the diagnostic results, and the weighted 4 kHz + 6 kHz high frequency hearing threshold value has the maximum the effect on the ONID diagnosis results.

Intermittency of the density fluctuations and its influence on the radial transport in the boundary of J-TEXT

To improve the understanding of the turbulence intermittency, a detailed investigation of the intermittency of the density fluctuations has been performed in the boundary of J-TEXT. The intermittency of the density fluctuations and its influence on the radial transport are reported. The probability distribution functions of the density fluctuations are not scale-invariant, being inconsistent with the self-organized criticality hypothesis. The underlying dynamics of the intermittency are detected using the quiet-time statistical method. The probability distribution function of the quiet times shows double-power-law regions, indicating the existence of correlations between the successive burst events.