Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACl

Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.

Investigation of organic fouling of microfiltration membrane

Because the natural organic matters (NOMs) and proteins are the principal foulants of microfiltration membranes in drinking water, the primary aim of this paper is to obtain a better understanding of the interactions between those foulants and the microfiltration membrane from a novel view of coagulation. Based on reviewed literature and our own analysis, the authors consider that the behaviors of NOMs in the fouling of microfiltration membrane are like a form of crystal growth, and we recognize that the extent of the membrane hydrophobicity plays an essential role in NOMs fouling. However, proteins’ fouling is more affected by intermolecular interaction. Additionally, the effect of membrane surface chemistry is not as essential as it is in the situation of NOMs.

Characterization of NOM and THM formation potential in eutrophic reservoir water

Resin adsorption technique with XAD-8 and XAD-4 was used to characterize the raw water from Erlong reservoir in Jilin province of China. The NOM chemical composition sequences of four organic fractions in the raw water, from high to low, are fulvic acid （FA） fraction, hydrophilic non-acid （HPINA） fraction, hydrophilic acid （HPIA） fraction, and humic acid （HA） fraction. Experimental results show that FA is the main precursor of THMFP among the four organic fractions. However, HA or hydrophobie acid exhibits the highest chlorination activity in forming THMs. It is also found that the value of FI/DOC or SUVA and the specific THMFP have better positive correlation. It is implied that certain source water has unique nature of NOM and DBPs.

Virus Removal by Iron Coagulation Processes

Waterborne viruses account for 30% to 40% of infectious diarrhea, and some viruses could persevere for some months in nature and move up to 100 m in groundwater. Using filtration setups, coagulation could lessen virus charges as an efficient pre-treatment for reducing viruses. This work discusses the present-day studies on virus mitigation using coagulation in its three versions i.e., chemical coagulation (CC), enhanced coagulation, and electrocoagulation (EC), and debates the new results of virus demobilization. The complexity of viruses as bioparticles and the process of virus demobilization should be adopted, even if the contribution of permeability in virus sorption and aggregation needs to be clarified. The information about virion permeability has been evaluated by interpreting empirical electrophoretic mobility (EM). No practical measures of virion permeability exist, a clear link between permeability and virion composition and morphology has not been advanced, and the direct influence of inner virion structures on surface charge or sorption has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. CC setups utilizing zero-valent or ferrous iron could be killed by iron oxidation, possibly using EC and electrooxidation (EO) methods. The oxidants evolution in the iron oxidation method has depicted promising findings in demobilizing bacteriophage MS2, even if follow-up investigations employing an elution method are needed to secure that bacteriophage elimination is related to demobilization rather than sorption. As a perspective, we could be apt to anticipate virus conduct and determine new bacteriophage surrogates following subtle aspects such as protein structures or genome size and conformation. The present discussion’s advantages would extend far beyond an application in CC—from filtration setups to demobilization by nanoparticles to modeling virus fate and persistence in nature.

Molecular characterization of transformation and halogenation of natural organic matter during the UV/chlorine AOP using FT-ICR mass spectrometry

UV/chlorine process,as an emerging advanced oxidation process(AOP),was effective for removing micro-pollutants via various reactive radicals,but it also led to the changes of natural organic matter(NOM)and formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).By using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(ESI FT-ICR MS),the transformation of Suwannee River NOM(SRNOM)and the formation of chlorinated DBPs(Cl-DBPs)in the UV/chlorine AOP and subsequent post-chlorination were tracked and compared with dark chlorination.In comparison to dark chlorination,the involvement of Cl O·,Cl·,and HO·in the UV/chlorine AOP promoted the transformation of NOM by removing the compounds owning higher aromaticity(AI mod)value and DBE(double-bond equivalence)/C ratio and causing the decrease in the proportion of aromatic compounds.Meanwhile,more compounds which contained only C,H,O,N atoms(CHON)were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP compared with dark chlorination via photolysis of organic chloramines or radical reactions.A total of 833 compounds contained C,H,O,Cl atoms(CHOCl)were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP,higher than 789 CHOCl compounds in dark chlorination,and one-chlorine-containing components were the dominant species.The different products from chlorine substitution reactions(SR)and addition reactions(AR)suggested that SR often occurred in the precursors owning higher H/C ratio and AR often occurred in the precursors owning higher aromaticity.Post-chlorination further caused the cleavages of NOM structures into small molecular weight compounds,removed CHON compounds and enhanced the formation of Cl-DBPs.The results provide information about NOM transformation and Cl-DBPs formation at molecular levels in the UV/chlorine AOP.

A new technique helps to uncover unknown peptides and disinfection by-products in water

Environmental water samples can be extremely complex,with potentially thousands of molecules that can derive from natural organic matter（NOM）and thousands that derive from anthropogenic contaminants.As complex as these samples are,drinking water can be even more complex.Due to disinfectants that are used to treat drinking water（e.g.,chlorine,chloramines,

Characterization of natural organic matter in water for optimizing water treatment and minimizing disinfection by-product formation

Introduction Natural organic matter（NOM）present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compounds,humic and fulvic acids,proteins,peptides,carbohydrates,and heterogeneous materials

Controlling various contaminants in wastewater effluent through membranes and engineered wetland

For effective wastewater reclamation and water recovery,the treatment of natural and effluent organic matters(NOM and EfOM),toxic anions,and micropollutants was considered in this work.Two different NOM(humic acid of the Suwannee River,and NOM of US and Youngsan River,Korea),and one EfOM from the Damyang wastewater treatment plant,Korea,were selected for investigating the removal efficiencies of tight nanofiltration(NF)and ultrafiltration(UF)membranes with different properties.Nitrate,bromate,and perchlorate were selected as target toxic anions due to their well known high toxicities.Tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate(TCEP),oxybenzone,and caffeine,due to their different K_(ow) and pK_(a) values,were selected as target micropollutants.As expected,the NF membranes provided high removal efficiencies in terms of all the tested contaminants,and the UF membrane provided fairly high removal efficiencies for anions(except for nitrate)and the relatively hydrophobic micropollutant,oxybenzon.Through the wetlands,nitrate was successfully removed.Therefore,a fair process of combining membranes with an engineered wetland could be proposed for sustainable wastewater reclamation and optimum control of contaminats.

Pyrene partition behavior to the NOM:Effect of NOM characteristics and its modification by ozone preoxidation

Hydrophobic organic contaminants(HOCs)—pyrene,and natural organic matters(NOM)from different sources were taken as the test compounds to investigate the impact of physicochemical characteristics of NOM on HOCs’partition to the NOM in this study.The effects of solution property,NOM characteristics,and modification by ozone preoxidation on pyrene partition to NOM were systematically evaluated.According to the fluorescence quenching method,the partition coefficient K_(oc) of pyrene to NOM was calculated,which was found to have a great relationship with the aromatic structures and hydrophobic functional groups of the NOM.The NOM characteristic modification corresponding to solution property could influence the interactions between the NOM and pyrene.Preozonation could destroy the aromatic or hydrophobic structures of the NOM and decrease K_(oc) of pyrene.

Atomic force microscopy study on the microtopography of natural organic matter and newly formed hydrous MnO_(2)

To understand the water purification mechanism of potassium permanganate as a coagulation-aid during the preoxidation process,the microtopography of its reductive products,the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide and the aged hydrous manganese dioxide,was investigated.The morphology of natural organic matter(NOM)adsorbed by the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was also com-pared with that of NOM alone.By using the tapping mode atomic force microscopy(AFM),the observation results show that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide possess a perforated sheet(with a thickness of 0-1.75 nm)as well as some spherical particle structures compared with the hydrous manganese dioxide with 2 h aging time,which demonstrated that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide had a large surface area and adsorption capacity.When 1 mmol/L newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was added,the micro-topography of NOM molecules shifted from a loosely dis-persed pancake shape(with adsorption height of 5-8.5 nm)to a densely dispersed and uniform spherical structure.These results provide a valid proof that it is the perfect adsorption capability of the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide that might result in the coagulation aid effect of potassium permanganate preoxidation.