Light-Induced Absorption in Nominally Pure Bismuth Silicon Oxide

Light-induced absorption in the nominally pure bismuth silicon oxide is investigated experimentally and the result shows that it consists of transient and persistent parts. The experimental evidence is analysed based on the model of three groups of trap (donor) centres.

On water in nominally anhydrous minerals from mantle peridotites and magmatic rocks

Trace amount of water associated with the lattice defects of nominally anhydrous minerals （NAMs） can be measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and secondary ion mass spectrometry （SIMS）. Lots of data on water in NAMs from different lithologies, especially mantle peridotite xenoliths, have been published. The water distribution in olivine from peridotite xenoliths often displays a diffusion profile with high water concentration in the core and low at the rim, which indicates water loss via diffusion during the ascent of host magma. On the other hand, water is homogeneously distributed in pyroxene and its concentration is typically interpreted to represent a mantle value. The water concentration of magma in equilibrium with NAM can be estimated using specific partition coefficient, from which the water content of parental magma and the mantle source can be inferred. The accuracy of this method, however, depends on the selection of appropriate partition coefficient for the system. Using hydrogen isotope compositions and H2O/Ce ratios of mantle NAMs, water source regions can be traced and water heterogeneity can be mapped in the upper mantle. Water plays an important role in the stability of cratonic mantle. The water contents and vertical distribution patterns can be significantly different among different cratonic manties, which may result from different geologic activities. However, the mantle-plume interaction may not necessarily result in significant change of water content in cratonic mantle. The estimation of the water content in the upper mantle is still largely based on geochemical models due to the limitations of data on water in mantle NAMs.

Methodological progress in trace amounts of structural water in nominally anhydrous minerals

In the deep Earth, hydrogen mainly occurs as structural hydroxyl and molecular water in minerals and melts, constituting mobile and immobile aqueous components. Hydrous minerals contain hydrogen which occupies a specific structural position and constitutes an indispensable component of chemical formulae. On the other hand, nominally anhydrous minerals do not contain hydrogen in their chemical formulae, but can host trace amounts of water in structural position and lattice defect. The molecular water may occur in the lattice defect as fluid/melt inclusions in minerals. Even though the water content of nominally anhydrous minerals is very limited generally in the order of ppm(parts per million), they may play a significant role in influencing the physicochemical properties of mineral and rock systems. With the continuous improvement of modern instrumentations, the analytical methodology exhibits trends for higher spatial resolution, lower detection limit and integral multiple methods on the water amount and its isotopic ratio. Among these methods, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry remains the most widely used, while secondary ion mass spectrometry, continuous flow mass spectrometry, elastic recoil detection analysis and Raman spectrometry are promising. This paper provides a brief review on the methodological progress and their applications to the analysis of structural water in nominally anhydrous minerals.

Assessment of corrected time-step method for nominal ionospheric gradient calculation: A comparative analysis with spatial approaches

The effect of ionospheric delay on the ground-based augmentation system under normal conditions can be mitigated by determining the value of the nominal ionospheric gradient(σvig).The nominal ionospheric gradient is generally obtained from Continuously Operating Reference Stations data by using the spatial single-difference method(mixed-pair,station-pair,or satellite-pair)or the temporal single-difference method(time-step).The time-step method uses only a single receiver,but it still contains ionospheric temporal variations.We introduce a corrected time-step method using a fixed-ionospheric pierce point from the geostationary equatorial orbit satellite and test it through simulations based on the global ionospheric model.We also investigate the effect of satellite paths on the corrected time-step method in the region of the equator,which tends to be in a more north–south direction and to have less coverage for the east–west ionospheric gradient.This study also addresses the limitations of temporal variation correction coverage and recommends using only the correction from self-observations.All processes are developed under simulations because observational data are still difficult to obtain.Our findings demonstrate that the corrected time-step method yieldsσvig values consistent with other approaches.

Guide For Authors

INTRODUCTION Types of Contributions Full-length/Research Article(Page limit:20)A complete report on original research,development,or application of control and machine learning methods.All the authors need to provide their biographies and personal photos.Submitted manuscripts should be nominally around 12 pages in Elsevier's double-column format,but no more than 20 pages(including bios and photos).

Exploring Nominalization in English Abstracts of Applied Linguistics Research Articles:A Comparative Study Between Chinese and International Journals

Researchers around the world strive to communicate new knowledge,primarily via publication,with the abstract being crucial in conveying core insights.Previous research has generally analyzed the discourse features of abstracts from a macro perspective and often employed either outdated texts,such as those over a decade old,or papers written by authors with lower English academic writing proficiency as research material.In this study,we analyzed forty abstracts from leading journals in applied linguistics,evenly split between Chinese and international journals.It revealed that the use of nominalization in abstracts by Chinese and international scholars showed similarities due to the universal academic requirement for conciseness.However,due to cultural and educational differences,each group differed in their respective language choices and nominalization usage.By analyzing the application of nominalization in different cultural contexts,the results of our study offered practical suggestions for crafting abstracts that effectively convey information,thereby,contributing to the broader academic community.

Guide For Authors

INTRODUCTION.Types of Contributions.Full-length/Research Article(Page limit:20).A complete report on original research,development,or application of control and machine learning methods.All the authors need to provide their biographies and personal photos.Submitted manuscripts should be nominally around 12 pages in Elsevier's double-column format,but no more than 20 pages(including bios and photos).

Data-Driven Learning Extended State Observers for Nonlinear Systems:Design,Analysis and Hardware-in-Loop Simulations

Dear Editor, This paper considers the disturbance/uncertainty estimation of first-order nonlinear system subject to fully unknown internal dynamic, external disturbance, and unknown control input gain.Compared with existing extended state observer(ESO) where priori knowledge of model parameter such as nominal input gain should be known as a priori.

Multi-Attribute Couplings-Based Euclidean and Nominal Distances for Unlabeled Nominal Data

Learning unlabeled data is a significant challenge that needs to han-dle complicated relationships between nominal values and attributes.Increas-ingly,recent research on learning value relations within and between attributes has shown significant improvement in clustering and outlier detection,etc.However,typical existing work relies on learning pairwise value relations but weakens or overlooks the direct couplings between multiple attributes.This paper thus proposes two novel and flexible multi-attribute couplings-based distance(MCD)metrics,which learn the multi-attribute couplings and their strengths in nominal data based on information theories:self-information,entropy,and mutual information,for measuring both numerical and nominal distances.MCD enables the application of numerical and nominal clustering methods on nominal data and quantifies the influence of involving and filtering multi-attribute couplings on distance learning and clustering perfor-mance.Substantial experiments evidence the above conclusions on 15 data sets against seven state-of-the-art distance measures with various feature selection methods for both numerical and nominal clustering.

A Comparative Study on Achievements in Negative Nominal Interest Rates Published in Literature in English and Chinese

Interest rates are the key to the resource allocations of financial markets.The frequent appearance of negative nominal interest rates(NNIR)may lead to a failure of the transmission mechanism and arouse system risks in the financial markets.Meanwhile,negative nominal interest rates is a new policy with no consensus reached by academia or policymakers.It is necessary to review the research results and promote consensus to reveal the nature and impact mechanisms of NNIR.Therefore,we retrieved original articles from the Web of Science(WoS)and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)published from 1999 to 2020 on NNIR to determine the characteristics of current research results from various perspectives and compare literature in English and Chinese of highly productive institutions and researchers,hot topics,evolution contexts,research frontiers,and ecological characteristics.There are three major findings.In terms of research ecology,the ecological structure of the top research institutions,both domestic and abroad,remains steady,but the structure of the researchers is not stable.In terms of a research domain,NNIR is studied from many dimensions,and the early established research domains still have long-lasting impacts in English literature.In contrast,Chinese literature mainly focuses on discussing applicable policies with no highly focused domain and research topic with great influence yet.Finally,the focus in both English and Chinese literature has changed.Since the original research framework is insufficient in explanatory power,literature in English is beginning to pay attention to the empirical analyses of practical policies,and Chinese scholars are turning to theoretical study to enhance the in-depth understanding of this phenomenon.Researchers in China should focus on collecting high-quality research materials and pay more attention to the progress of empirical research in English literature to improve Chinese research efficiency and quality and then promote research progress in China.

Guide For Authors

INTRODUCTION Types of Contributions Full-length/Research Article(Page limit:20)A complete report on original research,development,or application of control and machine learning methods.All the authors need to provide their biographies and personal photos.Submitted manuscripts should be nominally around 12 pages in Elsevier's double-column format,but no more than 20 pages(including bios and photos).

Shape Measures for the Distribution of a Qualitative Variable

There are several shape measures for quantitative variables, some of which can also be applied to ordinal variables. In quantitative variables, symmetry, peakedness, and kurtosis are essential properties to evaluate the deviation from assumptions, particularly normality. They aid in selecting the most appropriate method for estimating parameters and testing hypotheses. Initially, these properties serve a descriptive role in qualitative variables. Once defined, they can be considered to check for non-compliance with assumptions and to propose modifications for testing procedures. The objective of this article is to present three measures of the shape of the distribution of a qualitative variable. The concepts of qualitative asymmetry and peakedness are defined. The measurement of the first concept involves calculating the average frequency difference between qualitative categories matched by frequency homogeneity or proximity. For the second concept, the peak-to-shoulder difference and the qualitative percentile kurtosis are taken into consideration. This last measurement is a less effective option than the peak-to-shoulder difference to measure peakedness. A simulated example of the application of these three measures is given and the paper closes with some conclusions and suggestions.

Shape Measures for the Distribution of a Qualitative Variable

There are several shape measures for quantitative variables, some of which can also be applied to ordinal variables. In quantitative variables, symmetry, peakedness, and kurtosis are essential properties to evaluate the deviation from assumptions, particularly normality. They aid in selecting the most appropriate method for estimating parameters and testing hypotheses. Initially, these properties serve a descriptive role in qualitative variables. Once defined, they can be considered to check for non-compliance with assumptions and to propose modifications for testing procedures. The objective of this article is to present three measures of the shape of the distribution of a qualitative variable. The concepts of qualitative asymmetry and peakedness are defined. The measurement of the first concept involves calculating the average frequency difference between qualitative categories matched by frequency homogeneity or proximity. For the second concept, the peak-to-shoulder difference and the qualitative percentile kurtosis are taken into consideration. This last measurement is a less effective option than the peak-to-shoulder difference to measure peakedness. A simulated example of the application of these three measures is given and the paper closes with some conclusions and suggestions.

A Study of Nominal Predicate Sentences Under the Framework of Cognitive Grammar

Cognitive grammar,as a linguistic theory that attaches importance to the relationship between language and thinking,provides us with a more comprehensive way to understand the structure,semantics and cognitive processing of noun predicate sentences.Therefore,under the framework of cognitive grammar,this paper tries to analyze the semantic connection and cognitive process in noun predicate sentences from the semantic perspective and the method of example theory,and discusses the motivation of the formation of this construction,so as to provide references for in-depth analysis of the cognitive laws behind noun predicate sentences.

Simulation of pavement roughness based on time domain model

In order to describe pavement roughness more intuitively and effectively, a method of pavement roughness simulation, i.e., the stochastic sinusoidal wave, is introduced. The method is based on the primary idea that pavement roughness is denoted as the sum of numerous sines or cosines with stochastic phases, and uses the discrete spectrum to approach the target stochastic process. It is a discrete numerical method used to simulate pavement roughness. According to a given pavement power spectral density （PSD） coefficient, under the condition that the character of displacement frequency based on the time domain model is in accordance with the given pavement surface spectrum, the pavement roughness is optimized to stochastic equivalent vibrations by computer simulation, and the curves that describe pavement roughness under each grade are obtained. The results show that the stochastic sinusoidal wave is suitable for simulation of measured pavement surface spectra based on the time domain model. The method of the stochastic sinusoidal wave is important to the research on vehicle ride comfort due to its rigorous mathematical derivation, extensive application range and intuitive simulation curve. Finally, a roughness index defined as the nominal roughness index （NRI） is introduced, and it has correlation with the PSD coefficient.

1901—1964年度诺贝尔物理学奖提名情况探微(下)

诺贝尔奖是包括自然科学和人文科学在内的权威性国际大奖,每年颁奖一次,号称"天下第一奖"和"万奖之王"。诺贝尔科学奖得主是全球超级科技精英的顶尖人物,享有崇高的国际地位和声望,荣登诺奖得主殿堂是全世界科学家们梦寐以求的夙愿和至高无上的荣誉。因获取诺贝尔奖提名是赢得诺奖的前提和必由之路(杨振宁和李政道极为特殊的情况另议),故对诺奖提名情况进行研究无疑属于诺学范畴。本文主要利用诺奖官网提名数据库中已公开的原始资料对1901—1964年度诺贝尔物理学奖的提名情况进行了系统的全方位统计分析和研究探讨,力求全面深入而严密精准。

1901—1964年度诺贝尔物理学奖提名情况探微(上)

诺贝尔奖是包括自然科学和人文科学在内的权威性国际大奖,每年颁奖一次,号称"天下第一奖"和"万奖之王"。诺贝尔科学奖得主是全球超级科技精英的顶尖人物,享有崇高的国际地位和声望,荣登诺奖得主殿堂是全世界科学家们梦寐以求的夙愿和至高无上的荣誉。因获取诺贝尔奖提名是赢得诺奖的前提和必由之路(杨振宁和李政道极为特殊的情况另议),故对诺奖提名情况进行研究无疑属于诺学范畴。本文主要利用诺奖官网提名数据库中已公开的原始资料对1901—1964年度诺贝尔物理学奖的提名情况进行了系统的全方位统计分析和研究探讨,力求全面深入而严密精准。

新疆红额金翅的记述

记述了在新疆境内记录的红额金翅 。

Metafunctions and stylistic features of nominalization

As an important feature of written language, nominalization is frequently used in formal texts. Using the approach of systemic functional grammar, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the three metafunctions of nominalization, which entails the positive and negative stylistic effects. The paper also discusses the relationship between form, function and stylistic features.

《英语词汇学》练习题(7)

Ⅰ. Each of the Statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Jack of all trades is an idiom_.A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature2. Let the dog see the rabbit is an idiom_.A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in