Chinese Anti-Cancer Association as a non-governmental organization undertakes systematic cancer prevention work in China

Cancer has become the first leading cause of death in the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Facing the increasing trend of cancer incidence and mortality, China issued and implemented ＂three-early（early prevention, early diagnosis and early treatment）＂ national cancer prevention plan. As the main body and dependence of social governance, non-governmental organizations（NGOs） take over the role of government in the field of cancer prevention and treatment. American Cancer Society（ACS） made a research on cancer NGOs and civil society in cancer control and found that cancer NGOs in developing countries mobilize civil society to work together and advocate governments in their countries to develop policies to address the growing cancer burden. Union for International Cancer Control（UICC）, Cancer Council Australia（CCA）, and Malaysian cancer NGOs are the representatives of cancer NGOs in promoting cancer control. Selecting Chinese Anti-Cancer Association（CACA） as an example in China, this article is to investigate how NGOs undertake systematic cancer prevention work in China. By conducting real case study, we found that, as a NGO, CACA plays a significant role in intensifying the leading role of government in cancer control, optimizing cancer outcomes, decreasing cancer incidence and mortality rates and improving public health.

Non-governmental organizations'influence on tackling black carbon in the shipping industry

This paper reviews the achievements of some typical non-governmental organizations （NGOs） in reducing black carbon emissions from shipping which enjoy the consultative status offered by the International Maritime Organization. It discusses the roles of the specific NGOs in dealing with black carbon in the Arctic region from the perspective of global governance to gain insights to guide our involvements in the Arctic affairs and shipping in the region by taking the advantages of NGOs＇ influence on the proceedings of international negotiations, our national policy development, the improvement of industrial practices and public perceptions.

Crystal Structure Study on Non-Coplanarly Organized Accumulating Aromatic Rings Molecules: Spatial Organization of <i>C</i>,<i>C</i>,<i>N</i>-Triaryl Substituted Imines

The X-ray crystal structures of C,C,N-triaryl-substituted imine compounds, which have methoxy or hydroxy group adjacent to the imino moiety, are reported and discussed in comparison with those of the precursor ketone compounds, 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene and 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-7-methoxynaphthalene. In crystals, three aromatic rings in a molecule of the methyl ether-retained imine compound are positioned almost perpendicularly to each other by giving non-coplanar spatial organization of the single molecular structure [dihedral angles: 85.32(18)° for C-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;79.27(17)° for N-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;84.78(17)° for C-linked phenyl ring and N-linked phenyl ring]. Spatial organization of the analogous methyl ether-cleaved imine compound has essentially same topology [dihedral angles 80.39(6)° for the C-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;82.35(6)° for the N-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;87.09(7)° for C- and N-linked phenyl rings]. These structural features of triarylimines apparently differ from those of the precursor ketones. Two aromatic rings in the methyl ether-cleaved ketone compound make smaller dihedral angle [58.10(6)°] by intramolecular hydrogen bond between ketonic carbonyl group and hydroxy group [2.5573(16) A] than that of the methyl ether-retained ketone [72.06(7)°]. In molecular packing, the methyl ether-retained imine forms tubular molecular alignments composed of R—S dimeric molecular pairs, whereas the methyl ether-retained ketone affords consecutively stacks of one configurated molecules.

Study of Problems in the Development of Non-profit Organizations in Urban Communities

With the continuous advancement of construction of urban communities and the continuous development of the needs of community residents in China,non-profit organizations in various urban communities have developed rapidly and have increasingly played an important role in social and economic life. At present,the development of non-profit organizations in urban communities is still faced with many problems,such as difficulty in raising funds,lack of incentives that results in low enthusiasm for volunteering and low participation of community residents,etc. It is urgent and practical significance to study,analyze and solve the problems faced by non-profit organizations in urban communities. That article focuses on the analysis and discussion of the problems facing the development of non-profit organizations in urban communities,and proposes countermeasures to solve the problems.

Variations in Soil Organic Matter Content in Cultivated and Uncultivated Calcareous Soils from the Mediterranean Island of Malta after 15 Years of Cultivation

The soils of Malta are calcareous and generally undeveloped. Organic matter (OM) in these soils is low and farmers are constantly urged to increase it. The objective of this study was to evaluate any temporal variation in soil OM after 15 years of cultivation, and determine whether soil series, soil depth, and cultivation influence variation. OM was determined in the topsoil and subsoil of 7 agricultural and 4 non-agricultural sites. The sites represented 7 different soil series that are present on the island. In sampling periods 1 (t = 0 years) and 2 (t =15 years), the OM content in the collective (all soil series) bulk (topsoil and subsoil) uncultivated soil was 3.9 % and 3.8 % respectively. This was significantly greater than that of the collective bulk cultivated soil (2.4% and 2.3%). The OM in the collective uncultivated topsoil was 5.4% and 5.2% in periods 1 and 2 and was significantly higher than that of the cultivated topsoil (2.5% in both periods). The OM content in the collective uncultivated subsoil was 2.3% and 2.5% in periods 1 and 2 respectively but only that measured in period 2 was significantly higher than that of the cultivated subsoil (2.2% in both periods). On an individual soil series basis, the OM in the uncultivated topsoils was significantly higher than that of their cultivated counterparts. The differences in the subsoils were not significant. Across the uncultivated soil series, OM was significantly higher in the topsoil than in the subsoil but in the cultivated soil series the differences between topsoil and subsoil were not significant. There was no significant difference in OM between the uncultivated soils of different series, but in the cultivated the OM content was higher in soils that were more mature. After 15 years, no significant change in OM occurred in both the collective cultivated and uncultivated bulk soils, the collective topsoil and subsoil, and in most of the individual series. The OM content of each soil series was also similar to what was reported 60 and 50 years earlier by other researchers.

Safety Evaluation of Myricetin and Crude Extract from Myrica rubra Leaves on Non-target Organisms

[ Objective] The study aimed to supply important basis for developing environment-friendly pesticides with myricetin and crude extract of Myrica rubra leaves as effective components. [ Method] According to ＂Test guidelines for environmental safety evaluation on chemical pesticides＂, the toxicity of myricetin and crude extract of M. rubra leaves on non-target organisms was determined and the safety evaluation was carried out. [Result] MyriceUn and crude extract of M. rubra leaves had low toxicity on non-target organisms, such as earthworm, silkworm and soil microbes. Myricetin showed low toxicity and the crude extract of M. rubra leaves showed middle toxicity on tadpole. The high-concentration crude extract of M. rubra leaves had some antifeedant effect on silkworm. [ Conclusion] Myricetin and crude extract of M. rubra leaves had low toxicity on non-tar- get organisms in environment and they were relatively safe.

The Relative Contribution of Non-Foliar Organs of Cotton to Yield and Related Physiological Characteristics Under Water Defi cit

Water deficit is one of the most important causes of decreased yield in cultivated plants. Non-foliar green organs in cotton play an important role in yield formation at the late growth stage. Although better photosynthetic performance was observed in a non-foliar organ （bract） compared with leaves under water deficit. However, the physiological response of each organ in cotton to water deficit has not been comprehensively studied in relation to the water status and photosynthesis characteristics. We studied the maintenance of water status of each organ in cotton by measuring their relative water content, proline content and stomatal characteristics. Water deficit significantly decreased the surface area of each organ, but to a lesser extent in non-foliar organs. Our results showed that the relative contribution of biomass accumulation of non-foliar organs increased under water deficit. Non-foliar organs （bracts and capsule wall） showed less ontogenetic decrease in O2 evolution capacity and in RuBPC activity （per dry weight） as well as better antioxidant systems than leaves at various days after anthesis. We conclude that the photosynthesis from non-foliar organs is important for increasing cotton yield especially under water deficit conditions.

Non-fullerene small molecule electron acceptors for high-performance organic solar cells

Fullerenes and their derivatives are important types of electron acceptor materials and play a vital role in organic solar cell devices. However, the fullerene acceptor material has some difficulties to overcome the intrinsic shortcomings, such as weak absorption in the visible range, difficulty in modification and high cost, which limit the performance of the device and the large-scale application of this type of acceptors. In recent years, non-fullerene electron acceptor material has attracted the attention of scientists due to the advantages of adjustable energy level, wide absorption, simple synthesis, low processing cost and good solubility. Researchers can use the rich chemical means to design and synthesize organic small molecules and their oligomers with specific aggregation morphology and excellent optoelectronic prop- erties. Great advances in the field of synthesis, device engineering, and device physics of non-fullerene acceptors have been achieved in the last few years. At present, non-fullerene small molecules based photovoltaic devices achieve the highest efficiency more than 13% and the efficiency gap between fullerenetype and non-fullerene-type photovoltaic devices is gradually narrowing. In this review, we explore recent progress of non-fullerene small molecule electron acceptors that have been developed and led to highefficiency photovoltaic devices and put forward the prospect of development in the future.

Heteroatom substitution-induced asymmetric A–D–A type non-fullerene acceptor for efficient organic solar cells

Research on asymmetric A–D–A structured non-fullerene acceptors has lagged far behind the development of symmetric counterpart.In this contribution,by simply replacing one sulfur atom in indacenodithiophene unit with a selenium atom,an asymmetric building block Se PT and a corresponding asymmetric non-fullerene acceptor Se PT-IN have been developed.Asymmetric Se PT-IN achieved a high efficiency of 10.20% in organic solar cells when blended with PBT1-C,much higher than that of symmetric TPT-IN counterpart(8.91%).Our results demonstrated an effective heteroatom substitution strategy to develop asymmetric A–D–A structured non-fullerene acceptors.

Non-target Screening and Quantitation of Organic Chlorides in Oilfield Chemicals with Comprehensive Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

Advanced analytical methodology based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC-TOFMS) is proposed for investigation of organic chlorides in different oilfield chemicals.The target screening was initially carried out on 8 suspected organic chlorides by evaluating the capability of the enhanced separation and reliable identification at a trace concentration. GC×GC-TOFMS allowed for the fast and automated analysis of organic chlorides at a level of 200 μg/L. This method was subsequently applied for non-target screening of organic chlorides in different oilfield chemicals at various locations across China. 22 organic chlorides were identified and verified by comparison with pure standards in the mixed sample. Finally, this method was used to determine the content of the organic chlorides in individual samples. The result showed that the organic chloride levels in 19 of the 39 tested oilfield chemicals were above the threshold limit of 1.0 mg/L.

Overview of one transistor type of hybrid organic ferroelectric non-volatile memory

Organic ferroelectric memory devices based on field effect transistors that can be configured between two stable states of on and off have been widely researched as the next generation data storage media in recent years.This emerging type of memory devices can lead to a new instrument system as a potential alternative to previous non-volatile memory building blocks in future processing units because of their numerous merits such as cost-effective process,simple structure and freedom in substrate choices.This bi-stable non-volatile memory device of information storage has been investigated using several organic or inorganic semiconductors with organic ferroelectric polymer materials.Recent progresses in this ferroelectric memory field,hybrid system have attracted a lot of attention due to their excellent device performance in comparison with that of all organic systems.In this paper,a general review of this type of ferroelectric non-volatile memory is provided,which include the device structure,organic ferroelectric materials,electrical characteristics and working principles.We also present some snapshots of our previous study on hybrid ferroelectric memories including our recent work based on zinc oxide nanowire channels.

Enhancement of Frster energy transfer from thermally activated delayed fluorophores layer to ultrathin phosphor layer for high color stability in non-doped hybrid white organic light-emitting devices

Fluorescence/phosphorescence hybrid white organic light-emitting devices（WOLEDs） based on double emitting layers（EMLs） with high color stability are fabricated.The simplified EMLs consist of a non-doped blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence（TADF） layer using 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine-diphenylsulfone（DMAC-DPS） and an ultrathin non-doped yellow phosphorescence layer employing bis[2-（4-tertbutylphenyl）benzothiazolato-N,C2＇]iridium（acetylacetonate）（（tbt）_2Ir（acac））.Two kinds of materials of 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline（Bphen） and 1,3,5-tris（2-Nphenylbenzimidazolyl） benzene（TPBi） are selected as the electron transporting layer（ETL）,and the thickness of yellow EML is adjusted to optimize device performance.The device based on a 0.3-nm-thick yellow EML and Bphen exhibits high color stability with a slight Commission International de l＇Eclairage（CIE） coordinates variation of（0.017,0.009） at a luminance ranging from 52 cd/m^2 to 6998 cd/m^2.The TPBi-based device yields a high efficiency with a maximum external quantum efficiency（EQE）,current efficiency,and power efficiency of 10%,21.1 cd/A,and 21.3 lm/W,respectively.The ultrathin yellow EML suppresses hole trapping and short-radius Dexter energy transfer,so that Forster energy transfer（FRET）from DMAC-DPS to（tbt）_2Ir（acac） is dominant,which is beneficial to keep the color stable.The employment of TPBi with higher triplet excited state effectively alleviates the triplet exciton quenching by ETL to improve device efficiency.

The Up-conversion Laser Properties of a Non-polar Organic Dye and the Influence of Solvents and Pumping Wavelengths

A non-polar organic dye, E, E-1, 4-bis[4＇-（N,N-dibutylamino）styryl]-2,5-dimethoxybenzene （DBASDMB）, has been synthesized and characterized, and its structure has been determined. Pumped with a 200fs pulse this dye showed the up-conversion laser properties. The influences of various organic solvents and different pumping wavelength on the laser properties have been demonstrated.

Studies on the growth aspects of organic L-alanine maleate: a promising nonlinear optical crystal

A organic nonlinear optical material, L-alanine maleate (LALM) was synthesized. Bulk Single crystals of LALM have been grown by slow cooling method with a solution pH of 5. The solubility of L-alanine maleate has been deter-mined for various temperatures. Large size sin-gle crystal of 2.0 x 1.2 x 0.8 cm3 has been grown with reasonable growth rate along the three crystallographic directions by optimizing the growth parameters. The structure of LALM crys- tal was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffrac-tion analysis. The presence of functional groups was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The LALM crystal was analysed for its thermal and mechanical behaviours. The grown crystals have also been subjected to linear and non-linear optical property studies. From these studies, it is inferred that the LALM crystals exhibit better thermal and mechanical stabilities with improved optical properties. Thus satisfies the essential requirements for optical device fabrication.

Studies of non-metallic organic disinfectants on inactivation of avian influenza viruses

Six different kinds of non-metallic or organic disinfectants were obtained in this research study including “Neutral Electrolyzed Water”, “M22” organic disinfectant solution, Superoxy Food Wash disinfectant, Hydrogen Peroxide, Clorox Germicidal Bleach and Clidox-S. The effectiveness of these disinfectants was studied against various subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV). The virus-disinfectant mixtures were prepared in serial dilutions of each disinfectant with a constant virus titer and incubated at ambient temperature in different time intervals for virus inactivation. The virus inactivation results were determined by virus recovery in embryonating chicken eggs. Among the six different kinds of nonmetallic disinfectants obtained for this research project, Neutral Electrolyzed Water, “M22” solution, Clorox Germicidal Bleach and Clidox-S were effectively inactivated AIV with appropriate working dilutions and reaction times. Superoxy Food Wash disinfectant and Hydrogen Peroxide were found having limited effect on virus inactivation with extended exposure times of more than 2 hours. These research findings provide scientific data to poultry industry with guidelines to select and use non-metallic organic disinfectants for poultry flock sanitation and disinfection to effectively prevent and control of avian influenza outbreaks.

冲突层级与国际非政府组织参与冲突调停的效力分析

冷战结束后,国内冲突逐步成为世界武装冲突的主要形式之一,而冲突调解是构建冲突国国内和平的关键一环。伴随着和平建构主题的多元性,国际非政府组织逐步成为当今时代各类冲突中活跃的调解主体。然而,国际非政府组织的调停实效始终备受争议。一方面,国际非政府组织宣称可凭借其在中立性、道义性上的优势对国内冲突进行有效调停;另一方面,强制能力的缺乏也使其难以在实施环节有所作为。因此,研究国际非政府组织在调停过程中的成功与失败,界定冲突层级,对于理解国际非政府组织的调解效力至关重要。不同层级的冲突顺应不同的冲突逻辑,不同的冲突逻辑则生发不同的冲突情境与格局。在底层冲突中,碎片化和多元主体并存的冲突格局更适合国际非政府组织的运作;而在顶层冲突中,其强制能力不足的缺点遭到放大。基于这一逻辑,在调解活动中与主权国家展开合作则有望强化其调解效力。通过对非洲和平进程展开的实证研究说明,评价国际非政府组织的调解效果特别是在非洲地区的调解效果需要考虑冲突层级等限定条件,并将其与多元主体的互动纳入考量范围。国际非政府组织在冲突调停中应与主权国家的调停体系进行密切配合,在维护国家主权与国际体系稳定的前提下,整合主权国家、国际非政府组织等多方治理行为体的作用,可有效地提升冲突调停的可能性。

非政府组织在冲突环境下的组织韧性——以“健康扶贫行动”在缅北的生存与发展为例

非政府组织是全球治理中的重要行为体,在冲突环境下的人道主义援助、发展合作乃至建设和平进程中扮演着关键角色。然而,在冲突环境急剧变化、逆境丛生的状况下,为何一些非政府组织呈现出更强的生命力?本文引入“韧性”概念,提出基于“认知—行为—关系”互动的组织韧性进程模型,用以解释一些非政府组织在冲突环境下不仅能够反弹恢复生存,甚至实现改进发展的原因。缅北地区长期遭受战乱,社会发展迟滞,民众流离失所,近年来又成为网络赌博和电信诈骗的“温床”,是名副其实的边缘地带。自20世纪90年代以来,英国非政府组织“健康扶贫行动”云南代表处“致力于一个最贫困与最边缘化的人群享有卫生权利的世界”,进入高风险的缅北地区并持续运营30年,体现出强劲的生存能力和发展势头。无论是在缅甸军政府统治时期,还是在民主化转型时期,抑或是在紧急状态时期,“健康扶贫行动”都能够及时调整自身认知、改变行为模式、构建关系网络,展现出较强的韧性能力,有效应对缅北地区既有的和新出现的各种风险和挑战,实现跨越式发展。其韧性能力也不断进行迭代,最终达到韧性治理的结果。

激励制度在公民逝世后器官捐献中的伦理分析

器官移植在重建健康、挽救生命的卓越成效表明了其重大价值所在,其中器官捐献是促进我国器官移植事业发展的重要组成部分。近年来,我国器官移植取得了重大进展,器官捐献率也逐年上升。尽管如此,我国依然面临捐献器官数量不足的严峻事实,破解这个难题需要医学科学技术和公共卫生政策进一步完善。根据国际经验,实施一定的激励制度可以有效地提高捐献率,但是激励制度本身隐藏的伦理特性似乎与器官捐献事业中的利他精神有着根本性的冲突。因此,本文从激励的性质、器官捐献与激励制度以及激励制度的伦理论证进行综述,以期为我国官捐献和移植事业的进一步发展提供参考。

尿外泌体miR-29c对器官和非器官局限性膀胱尿路上皮癌临床结局的预测价值

目的 探讨尿外泌体微小RNA(miR)-29c对器官和非器官局限性膀胱尿路上皮癌(BUC)临床结局的预测价值。方法 2017年1月~2022年3月,从我院泌尿外科选取152例BUC病人作为验证集。另外,从我院体检中心选择了126例非癌对照。采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测尿外泌体miR-29c表达水平。结果 验证集BUC病人尿外泌体miR-29c水平低于非癌对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而尿外泌体miR-17-5p水平和miR-590-5p水平比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。尿外泌体miR-29c水平诊断BUC的ROC曲线下面积为0.969(95%CI:0.953~0.986),相应的敏感性和特异性分别为92.1%和90.2%。亚型分析中,非器官局限性BUC病人尿外泌体miR-29c水平较器官局限性BUC病人进一步降低(P=0.009)。预后分析中,尿外泌体miR-29c高表达组病人总生存期、无病生存期和疾病特异性生存期均更长(P<0.05)。结论 尿外泌体miR-29c低水平是BUC病人不利的预后因子,有希望作为器官和非器官局限性BUC不良临床结局的预测标志物。

苹果等6种经济林不同时期果实BVOCs成分分析

为探究常见经济林树种不同时期果实在自然状态下释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)组成成分差异,并分析其香气类型,选取苹果、桃、李、梨、山楂和枣6种经济林树种为研究对象,采用动态顶空采集法收集释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行BVOCs分析。结果表明,6种果实膨大期和成熟期均检测出12类BVOCs,组分总数量前者(305)大于后者(275),2个时期果实释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类和醛类BVOCs占比最大;不同时期6种果实有10种共有BVOCs为2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、正十九烷、a-柏木烯、正戊醛、庚醛、辛醛、天然壬醛、癸醛、苯乙酮和庚胺醇;苹果、桃、李和梨随着果实生长发育BVOCs成分数量减少;不同时期6种果实香韵涵盖香型有差异,并随果实生长发育,青草香、果香、檀木香、醛香和柑橘香占比明显增加。表明不同时期6种经济林植物果实释放BVOCs组成成分和相对含量差异明显,在果实成熟期,主要香气BVOCs成分相对含量较高,是果实香精开发的最佳时期。