Translation Strategies of Non-literary Texts

Translator's subjectivity is closely related to the choice of the style of the translated texts and translation strategies.This paper presents an analytical study of translation strategies of non-literary texts. It introduces different non-literary texts, and then generalizes some factors influencing the selection of translation strategies. Take these Influencing factors into account,Translators should adopt different translation

一部挑战翻译理论传统原则的学术新作——读Challenging the Traditional Axioms: Translation into a Non-Mother Tongue一书

翻译研究界一般认为译者只能译为其母语,即译者只能进行直接翻译,而译为非母语即逆向翻译则饱受责难。在Challenging the Traditional Axioms:Translation into a Non-Mother Tongue一书中,作者博康以理论分析、语料分析与问卷调查的方式,挑战了"译者只能译为其母语"的传统观念,指出这种观念所赖以生存的"母语"与"本族语者"两个概念的不客观性与非确定性,梳理了翻译理论中与逆向翻译相关的种种观点。此外,博康运用语料分析与问卷调查的方法,指出翻译界种种传统假定的片面性,并论证了"译为非母语"的可行性。

Non-linguistic Factors and Strategies on the English-Chinese Translation of Humor

The text have an in-depth discussion of the non-linguistic factors on the English-Chinese Translation of humor,and according to different types of humor,summarized the corresponding translation strategies,including the naturalization,replacement and explanation.

Relationship between Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E and Malignant Angiogenesis in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

The relationship between angiogenesis and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E （EIF4E） expression level in non Hodgkin lymphoma （NHL） was studied. Mean microvessel density （MVD） and EIF4E were detected in 52 lymph node samples paraffin sections of patients with newly diagnosed NHL by the way of immunohistochemistry. Antisense EIF4E cDNA was cloned into plasmid pcDNA3.1 （＋） and transfected into Raji cells. A series of angiogenesis related factors,including vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, matrix metalloproteinases 9 （MMP-9） and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 （TIMP-2） proteins were detected by Western blot. The results showed that： （1） The Expression of EIF4E and MVD was higher in aggressive lymphomas than in indolent lymphomas（P〈0.05）and the expression of EIF4E was positively correlated with MVD in lymph node of NHL（r=0. 695, P〈0.01）. （2） Antisense EIF4E eukaryocytic expression vector （pcDNA3. 1-EIF4Eas） was constructed successfully. （3） EIF4E, VEGF and MMP-9 were expressed at high levels in Raji cells as compared to normal human peripheral blood monocular cells （NHPMC）, and blockage of EIF4E expression brought down the expression of VEGF and MMP-9. However, TIMP-2 was undetectable in Rail cells, although a moderate level of TIMP-2 was detected in NHPMC. It was concluded that the increased EIF4E expression was associated with aggressive property of NHL.

The Importance of Pragmatics in Vocational College Non-English Majors' Translation Teaching

In this paper,the author will describe the pragmatics and its development in China,and apply the Equivalent Effect Theory,Relevance Theory and Speech Act Theory in college English translation teaching to stress the importance of pragmatics on translation learning for non-English majors.

Chronic liver disease questionnaire:Translation and validation in Thais

AIM: Quality of life (QOL) is a concept that incorporates many aspects of life beyond 'health' The chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ) was developed to evaluate the impact of chronic liver diseases (CLD) on QOL. The objectives of this study were to translate and validate a liver specific questionnaire, the CLDQ.METHODS: The CLDQ was formally translated from the original version to Thai language with permission. The translation process included forward translation, back translation, cross-cultural adaptation and a pretest. Reliability and validity of the translated version was examined in CLD patients. Enrolled subjects included CLD and normal subjects with age- and sex-matched. Collected data were demography,physical findings and biochemical tests. All subjects were asked to complete the translated versions of CLDQ and SF36, which was previously validated. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest were performed for reliability analysis. One-way Anova or non-parametric method was used to determine discriminant validity. Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess convergent validity. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: A total of 200 subjects were recruited into the study, with 150 CLD and 50 normal subjects. Mean ages(SD) were 47.3(11.7) and 49.1(8.5) years, respectively. The number of chronic hepatitis: cirrhosis was 76:74, and the ratio of cirrhotic patients classified as Child A:B:C was 37(50%): 26(35%): 11(15%). Cronbach's alpha of the overall CLDQ scores was 0.96 and of all domains were higher than 0.93. Item-total correlation was>0.45. Test-retest reliability done at 1 to 4 wk apart was 0.88 for the average CLDQ score and from 0.68 to 0.90 for domain scores. The CLDQ was found to have discriminant validity. The highest scores of CLDQ domains were in the normal group, scores were lower in the compensated group and lowest in the decompensated group. The significant correlation between domains of the CLDQ and SF-36 was found. The average CLDQ score was strongly correlated with the general health domain of SF-36. (P=0.69: P=0.01).CONCLUSION: The translated CLDQ is valid and applicable in Thais with CLD. CLDQ reveals that QOL in these patients is lower than that in normal population. QOL is more impaired in advanced stage of CLD.

The Comparison between English Words and Chinese Ones in Translation

This paper compares English words and Chinese words in translation.It shows the phenomenon of non-equivalence occurs in English and Chinese and discusses the translating means.

The Application of the Interpretive Theory of Translation

The interpretive theory of translation(ITT) is a school of theory originated in the late 1960 s in France,focusing on the discussion of the theory and teaching of interpreting and non-literary translation. ITT believes that what the translator should convey is not the meaning of linguistic notation,but the non-verbal sense. In this paper,the author is going to briefly introduce ITT and analyze several examples to show different situations where ITT is either useful or unsuitable.

中国当代非虚构文学英译全景扫描

中国当代非虚构文学的英译由英文版文学杂志肇始,逐渐发展到以单行本的英语出版为主流方式。随着中国的进步与发展,单行本的英译出版也由过去单一的“译入”模式发展到现在的“译入”与“译出”模式并举,昭示了国际社会了解真实中国的迫切需求,也反映出在中国文化走出去中非虚构文学所承载的独有价值与作用。非虚构文学面向事实,依赖真人真事展开叙事,其英译和传播对构建真实的中国国际形象至关重要。因此,有必要覆盖整个翻译传播链,开展以中国当代非虚构文学英译为专题的理论研究,以强化我国非虚构文学英译的应有价值和功用。

同译同形性对韩国留学生汉语三字组合加工的影响

同译性,即词语搭配在母语和目的语中的翻译具有一致性,对二语词汇加工的影响已经在多种不同语言的习得中得到验证。但是,当母语和目的语同属汉字文化圈时,在翻译同译性的基础上词语之间还存在是否同形的差异。本文通过词汇判断实验,考察在具备同译性条件下,同形性对韩国留学生汉语三字组合加工的影响。结果显示,同译同形性对三字组合加工有影响,具体表现为同译同形组的反应时比同译不同形组更短,二者差异达到显著水平。本研究支持双语词汇通达的非选择性激活。

转化医学视角下针灸治疗原发性痛经的研究现状与思考

针灸是治疗原发性痛经的有效手段。转化医学理念为针灸学传承创新与发展开辟了新的路径,同样为针灸治疗本病带来了新的机遇。基于转化医学视角,对本病的针灸研究成果向临床标准的转化和针灸创新发明向技术产品的转化进行述评,并讨论当前针灸转化医学存在的问题。从组方选穴、针灸时机和针法参数三个方面筛选整合近年文献,期望助力本病针灸标准化操作的优化。从针灸新材料、针灸新设备两个方面对典型专利技术转让产品进行列举,为针灸特色技术产品的创新研发与成果转化提供思路,以期促进针灸转化医学研究,让针灸更好、更快、更直接服务临床和社会。

非编码RNA与间充质干细胞研究的相关计量学分析

背景:非编码RNA作为一类不编码蛋白质的RNA分子,在细胞调控中发挥关键作用。同时,间充质干细胞具有多向分化潜能,对组织修复和再生至关重要。近年来,研究者们对非编码RNA在调控间充质干细胞功能中的作用展开了深入探讨。目的:通过文献计量学分析方法系统地了解非编码RNA与间充质干细胞相关研究的发展趋势与关键领域。方法:从Web of Science核心合集1990年至今的科学引文索引扩展获取非编码RNA与间充质干细胞相关研究的文献数据,运用VOSviewer和Cite Space计量学软件对年份、国家或地区、研究机构、被引文献和关键词进行发文量、聚类、被引频次、突增性和中介中心性进行分析,揭示该研究领域的知识基础及前沿热点。结果与结论:(1)最终纳入5348篇文献,发表在1997-2021年,相关文献呈现明显的增长趋势,尽管在2022年略有减少,其发文量仍保持较高水平,中国在该领域的研究中占据主导地位,其中上海交通大学为最活跃的机构。(2)对被引文献分析发现,高突增性、高中介中心性、高被引的文献主要与微小RNA、细胞外囊泡和骨代谢等内容相关,这些文献构成了非编码RNA与间充质干细胞研究领域的重要知识基础。(3)对关键词进行突增性分析发现,至今保持高突增性的关键词包括外泌体、环状RNA、细胞外囊泡和损伤。(4)对关键词进行聚类演变分析,发文量仍保持增长趋势的关键词聚类包括:肿瘤微环境、骨关节炎、氧化应激和细胞外囊泡,这些关键词反映了目前以及未来该领域的研究热点。(5)文章结果不仅展示了非编码RNA与间充质干细胞研究领域的研究态势,更重要的是有望为研究人员提供潜在的方向和启示。

基于Transformer和多模态对齐的非自回归手语翻译技术研究

为了解决多模态数据的对齐及手语翻译速度较慢的问题,该文提出一个基于自注意力机制模型Transformer的非自回归手语翻译模型(Trans-SLT-NA),同时引入了对比学习损失函数进行多模态数据的对齐,通过学习输入序列(手语视频)和目标序列(文本)的上下文信息和交互信息,实现一次性地将手语翻译为自然语言。该文所提模型在公开数据集PHOENIX-2014T(德语)、CSL(中文)和How2Sign(英文)上进行实验评估,结果表明该文方法相比于自回归模型翻译速度提升11.6~17.6倍,同时在双语评估辅助指标(BLEU-4)、自动摘要评估指标(ROUGE)指标上也接近自回归模型。

为什么要用中国古代思想释译域外世界

本文解释了为什么中国人类学的域外研究应该尝试“以中释外”,即用中国古代思想释译域外世界。从学科特质上看,人类学是一门用自己的知识体系对异己社会进行“文化翻译”的学科,这是人类各文明赓续自身的共同智慧。从社会学研究的特质上看,费孝通先生在“扩展社会学传统界限”的论述中号召学者回到中国古代思想并借鉴全世界各文明的智慧,这正是“以中释外”的愿景。从一般意义的社会科学知识生产上看,多重现代性的世界格局同样说明了现代化道路需要新的解读方式。用中国古代思想释译域外世界,将助力中国社会科学深化对自身现代化进程的“文化自觉”。

非语言语境与翻译偏差——以《小妇人》的两个汉译本为例

依据非语言语境理论,对路易莎·梅·奥尔科特的代表作《小妇人》的两个汉译本——刘春英译本与王之光译本——进行研究分析,发现译文中在情境和文化语境上存在翻译偏差。因此,在翻译过程中应考虑到作品中非语言语境因素,准确传达作者所要传达的语言内涵。

否定非对合剩余格上BF-理想的BF-平移与BF-扩张理想

进一步研究否定非对合剩余格的双极值模糊理想(简称BF-理想)问题,引入BF-理想的BF-平移、BF-扩张理想和BF-乘积等概念并考察它们的性质特征和相互关系,为进一步揭示否定非对合剩余格的结构特征拓展研究思路.

长链非编码RNA在食管鳞状细胞癌中调控转录、翻译及翻译后修饰的相关机制研究进展

食管癌是一种常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,发病率和死亡率均较高,且整体预后较差。食管癌病理类型主要有鳞状细胞癌和腺癌两种,西方国家以腺癌为主,我国与其相反,主要为食管鳞状细胞癌。由于早期症状不典型以及缺乏特异的肿瘤标志物,许多患者在中晚期才确诊,治疗效果欠佳,导致5年生存率仍非常低。长链非编码RNA(longnon-coding RNA,LncRNA)与食管癌的发生发展密不可分,当务之急是需要深入探索LncRNA在食管癌中的作用,开发出更多的治疗靶点以提高其5年生存率。基于此,本文着重阐述了LncRNA在食管鳞状细胞癌中的作用机制,明确其如何调节食管鳞状细胞癌的发生发展,探讨它作为诊断和预后生物标志物的潜在临床价值,为临床治疗提供思路。

论尤金·奈达笔下Science of Translating的翻译

英语Science of Translating译成"翻译科学"违背和颠覆了翻译定义,将尤金·奈达笔下的Science of Translating译成"翻译科学"是误译,是违背和颠覆翻译定义却广为人接受的翻译范例。英语"科学"仅指自然科学,而汉语"科学"指自然科学和人文社会科学。翻译是科学和非科学之争论在中国翻译理论界一直激烈存在,现在依然没有结论。研究发现,争论一是因为不同的定义而引起,二是因为对奈达观点的误解而引起。按英语的"科学"定义,翻译不是科学;按汉语"科学"定义,翻译是科学。然而,中国主流派译论家编写的教科书说,"翻译是科学"的观点是根据奈达的观点而得来。可是,奈达笔下的Science of Translating被理解和译成"翻译科学"是误读和误译,中国人完全根据汉语"科学"的定义说翻译是科学。

《中国文学艺术精华》:“异语书写”与“无本回译”

20世纪70年代末,刘若愚在美国出版了Essentials of Chinese Literary Art(《中国文学艺术精华》)。此书秉持“纯文学观”,采用文体分类的编写体例,全面、概括地介绍了从《诗经》直至20世纪70年代的中国文学(含台湾地区文学),在中国文学史“异语书写”的链条上成为关键的一环。刘若愚在编写中国文学史时,充分考虑西方读者的接受情况,对文学经典的选择与国内同中有异,采用中西文学比较法,达到了向西方读者传播中国文学的目的。中文本译者在“无本回译”时既有得当的处理,也出现了一些错误和遗漏。

玄奘“五不翻”理论范式的传统哲学疏解

“五不翻”理论是中国古代传统译论之一,根植于中国传统文化,它将古代传统哲学思想与翻译理论相结合,相较于前人的佛典译论有了明显的创新发展;其理论不仅只停留于狭义翻译质量的提升,还从读者的可接受性,译文文本的可读性出发,将传统“无为”“和而不同”的哲学思想与佛典译论相结合,寻求梵语与汉语翻译之间的平衡;其所表现的文化特质正是中国传统哲思与翻译理论的有机融合。“五不翻”理论的所蕴含的哲学思想以及翻译思想内涵较之于先前的佛典译论,显然是一种超越,也是对中国传统哲思的一种升华。