Application of open-pit and underground mining technology for residual coal of end slopes

Given the conditions of residual coal from the boundary of a flat dipping open-pit mine,which uses strip areas mining and inner dumping with slope-covering,we propose an open-pit and underground integrated mining technology for residual coal of end slopes.In the proposal a conveyance road and ventilation conveyance near the slope are built,corresponding to the pit mining area and the surface coal mine dump,as well as an interval haulage tunnel and air-inlet tunnel.The outcome shows that such mining method may reduce the effect to slope stability from underground mining,it does not affect the dumping advance and has a high recovery rate of residual coal resources.The working face is timbered by single hydraulic props,transported by a scraper conveyor and supported by coal walls.This method of mining is one of layered top coal caving,with high resource recovery,low production cost where positive economic benefit can be realized.

Thermal recovery process of a backfilled open-pit in permafrost area at the Gulian strip coal mine in Northeast China

Timely and proper backfilling of open-pits in strip coal-mines has been an effective measurement for the recovery of the hydrothermal regimes and ecological environment in permafrost regions. In this study, numerical simulations and statistical regressions were applied for analyzing the recovery processes of the backfill and its major influencing factors for the thermal equilibrium in recently backfilled open pits at the Gulian strip coalmine in Mo'he, Northeast China. Results show that the thermal recovery time of backfilled areas is positively correlated to the backfill depth(BD) of the soils, the backfilled soil temperature(BST), and the mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST); meanwhile, climate warming can impact on thermal regimes of the backfill area. The impact of climate warming on ground temperature of the backfill will show up significantly in about 50 years afterbackfilling(BD at 10.0 and 20.0 m, BST at 20.0°C) under the climate warming scenario(CWS) of 0.025°C·year ^(-1). Grey-relation analyses show that the sensitivity of the backfill recovery time declines in the order of the BD, BST and MAGST. On the basis of the abovementioned studies, the layer-by-layer backfilling in cold seasons is advised for more effective and more rapid recovery of thermal regimes of the backfilled open-pits in cold regions.

Non-Linear Numerical Simulation of Coal and Gas Outburst as a Coupling Instability Problem of Solid-Fluid Biphase Media

Based on the theory of continuum mechanics of multi-pbase media, a mathematical model and non-linear FEM equation of the coupling instability problem of solid-fluid biphase media for coal-methane outburst under finite deformation are established. The critical conditions of the surface instability are presented as the singularity of the total stiffness matrices of the coal body for coal-methaue outburst. That means the deformtion or the coal body emerges bifurcatiou phenomena. The numerical simulation of a typical outburst is made.

Thermal Decomposition Behavior and Kinetic Study of Jamadoba Coal and Its Density Separated Macerals: A Non-Isothermal Approach

This kinetic study focuses on determining the thermal gravimetric profile of a particular grade of Indian sub-bituminous coal. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA-1000) was employed to investigate the thermal behavior and extract the kinetic parameters of Jamadoba coal and its corresponding density separated macerals. The weight loss was measured in air atmosphere. The coal samples used in this study were obtained from Jamadoba mines, Jharkhand. Samples of 35 mg and 200 μm mean size were subjected to synthetic air atmospheres (21% O2). Heating rates of 2, 5 and 7°C/min were applied until the temperature reached 1400°C, which was kept constant until burnout. Low heating rate was preferred so that devolatilization occurs prior to ignition and combustion. Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analysis method was applied to measure the weight changes and rates of weight loss used for calculating the kinetic parameters. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor were obtained from model-free methods by applying non-isothermal thermogravimetry analysis.

Stability analysis of rib pillars in highwall mining under dynamic and static loads in open‑pit coal mine

The retained coal in the end slope of an open-pit mine can be mined by the highwall mining techniques.However,the instability mechanism of the reserved rib pillar under dynamic loads of mining haul trucks and static loads of the overlying strata is not clear,which restricts the safe and efcient application of highwall mining.In this study,the load-bearing model of the rib pillar in highwall mining was established,the cusp catastrophe theory and the safety coefcient of the rib pillar were considered,and the criterion equations of the rib pillar stability were proposed.Based on the limit equilibrium theory,the limit stress of the rib pillar was analyzed,and the calculation equations of plastic zone width of the rib pillar in highwall mining were obtained.Based on the Winkler foundation beam theory,the elastic foundation beam model composed of the rib pillar and roof under the highwall mining was established,and the calculation equations for the compression of the rib pillar under dynamic and static loads were developed.The results showed that with the increase of the rib pillar width,the total compression of the rib pillar under dynamic and static loads decreases nonlinearly,and the compression of the rib pillar caused by static loads of the overlying strata and trucks has a decisive role.Numerical simulation and theoretical calculation were also performed in this study.In the numerical simulation,the coal seam with a buried depth of 122 m and a thickness of 3 m is mined by highwall mining techniques.According to the established rib pillar instability model of the highwall mining system,it is found that when the mining opening width is 3 m,the reasonable width of the rib pillar is at least 1.3 m,and the safety factor of the rib pillar is 1.3.The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the results of theoretical calculation,which verifes the feasibility of the theoretical analysis of the rib pillar stability.This research provides a reference for the stability analysis of rib pillars under highwall mining.

Rheological behaviors of coal slime produced by filter-pressing

It is an effective way to use coal slime as fuel for circulating fluidized bed boilers, which will not only solve its pollution to the environment, but also turn waste to treasure. In order to provide basic technical information for transportation of coal slime from the coal preparation plant to the boiler, this paper experimentally studied the rheological behaviors of coal slime produced by filter-pressing. By using a rotational viscometer, the influences of water content, temperature, and shear time on the rheological behaviors of coal slime were investigated. Experimental results show that the coal slime will behave like Bingham plastics with low water content and like Bingham pseudo-plastics with 37.5% water content,while like pseudo-plastics with 40% water content. This indicates that the water content of coal slime must be controlled in consideration of both transportation resistance and combustion efficiency. Study results also show that, the apparent viscosity of coal slime at 5℃ is about 1.5–1.7 times of that at 40℃ for water contents 32%–37.5%, while the influence of temperature can be neglected when the water content is 40%. With increasing of water content, the influences of shear time on the apparent viscosity of coal slime becomes less. When the water content is more than 30%, the effect of shear time is negligible. It indicates that water content has the most important influence on the rheological behaviors of coal slime. There must be an optimal water content in considering conveying resistance and combustion efficiency. The environmental temperature must also be considered in coal slime transportation.

Characteristics of oxygen consumption of coal at programmed temperatures

Oxygen consumption is an important index of coal oxidation.In order to explore the coal-oxygen reaction,we developed an experimental system of coal spontaneous combustion and tested oxygen consumption of differently ranked coals at programmed temperatures.The size of coal samples ranged from 0.18~0.42 mm and the system heat-rate was 0.8℃/min.The results show that, for high ranked coals,oxygen consumption rises with coal temperature as a piecewise non-linear process.The critical coal temperature is about 50℃.Below this temperature,oxygen consumption decreases with rising coal temperatures and reached a minimum at 50℃,approximately.Subsequently,it begins to increase and the rate of growth clearly increased with temperature.For low ranked coals,this characteristic is inconspicuous or even non-existent.The difference in oxygen consumption at the same temperatures varies for differently ranked coals.The results show the difference in oxygen consumption of the coals tested in our study reached 78.6%at 100℃.Based on the theory of coal-oxygen reaction,these phenomena were analyzed from the point of view of physical and chemical characteristics,as well as the appearance of the coal-oxygen complex.From theoretical analyses and our experiments,we conclude that the oxygen consumption at programmed temperatures reflects the oxidation ability of coals perfectly.

Evolution and analysis of gas sorption-induced coal fracture strain data

Although coal swelling/shrinking during coal seam gas extraction has been studied for decades,its impacts on the evolution of permeability are still not well understood.This has long been recognized,but no satisfactory solutions have been found.In previous studies,it is normally assumed that the matrix swelling/shrinking strain can be split between the fracture and the bulk coal and that the splitting coefficient remains unchanged during gas sorption.In this study,we defined the fracture strain as a function of permeability change ratio and back-calculated the fracture strains at different states.In the equilibrium state,the gas pressure is steady within the coal;in the non-equilibrium state,the gas pressure changes with time.For equilibrium states,the back-calculated fracture strains are extremely large and may be physically impossible in some case.For non-equilibrium states,two experiments were conducted:one for a natural coal sample and the other for a reconstructed one.For the fractured coal,the evolution of permeability is primarily controlled by the transition of coal fracture strain or permeability from local matrix swelling effect to global effect.For the reconstituted coal,the evolution of pore strain or permeability is primarily controlled by the global effect.

大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采理论与技术

大倾角煤层走向长壁采场围岩结构及应力环境异化,工作面不同位置“支架-围岩”系统的构成因素及灾变模式不同,导致工作面安全事故频发、煤炭采出率较低、巷道掘进率高。通过对大倾角采场围岩采动力学行为的分析,提出了大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采技术构想,工作面走向推进过程中沿倾向对采空区下部进行局部充填,充填体既与巷旁支护作用形成沿空巷道,取消区段保护煤柱,实现大倾角煤层无煤柱开采,又增大了工作面倾向下部充填压实区长度,加强了工作面“支架-围岩”系统稳定性。根据大倾角走向长壁采场特点,优选确定了大倾角膏体局部充填工艺,设计了大倾角局部充填回采系统、采充工艺。并采用理论分析、模拟实验、数值计算等相结合的方法,分析了局部充填对大倾角走向长壁采场围岩采动力学行为的调节机制。结果表明:充填体影响基本顶岩梁的变形破坏及采场倾向下侧煤岩体承载特征,基本顶、运输巷顶板变形量及运输巷倾向下侧煤岩体所受约束均随充填长度的增大而减小;为防止采空区未充填区悬顶灾害,充填长度不应超过工作面长度的1/3。局部充填体限制了工作面下部区域顶板破断,降低覆岩关键域形成层位,形成稳定的巷帮,减小沿空留巷围岩变形量;同时工作面倾向下部充填区长度增大,中、上部围岩结构不稳定区域的长度缩小,“支架-围岩”系统稳定性提升。充填体改变了采场围岩应力传递路径,承担了部分覆岩载荷,工作面下侧支承压力及超前支承压力均随充填长度的增大而减小,工作面倾向下部充填区域的超前支承压力降幅最大,沿空巷道及工作面应力状态得到改善。大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采技术具有提高资源采出率、降低掘进率、缓解采掘接替紧张、加强工作面“支架-围岩”系统稳定性等优势。

智能放煤理论与技术研究进展

综放开采技术是厚及特厚煤层开采的有效方法,已成为我国在世界煤炭开采行业的标志性技术。综述了“四要素”放煤理论、顶煤采出率与含矸率关系、基于块度分布的采出率预测模型、煤流瞬时含矸率-累计含矸率关系等智能放煤理论研究进展。分析了智能放煤技术难点,指出含矸率是影响顶煤采出率和煤质的关键因素,放煤过程中含矸率的快速、准确计算是智能放煤技术突破的重点和关键。将智能放煤技术分为非图像识别智能放煤技术和图像识别智能放煤技术2类,对不同技术的研究进展、优缺点及使用条件进行了详细分析。非图像识别智能放煤技术包括记忆放煤技术、声音振动信号识别技术、γ射线探测技术、探地雷达技术、微波照射+红外探测技术、激光扫描放煤量监测技术等,图像识别智能放煤技术包括井下照度环境精准控制、放煤图像去尘算法、含矸率计算精度保障策略、煤岩红外图像识别等。

我国非煤矿山职业健康防控技术研究现状、挑战及展望

矿业是现代工业的粮食,在国民经济发展中发挥着不可替代的作用,但采矿过程伴随众多职业危害因素,给工人职业健康与安全造成极大影响。采用文献查阅、现场调研、访谈交流等方法,并基于团队已有研究积累,对新中国成立以来我国非煤矿山职业健康防控技术研究现状进行了综述,并分析了当前面临的主要挑战。结果表明:我国非煤矿山职业危害主要涉及粉尘、噪声、高温等7类因素,存在“点多、面广、源强”的显著特点,防治难度大;在7类职业危害因素中,粉尘危害最为突出,且爆破粉尘、强疏水性微细粉尘、井下喷浆粉尘与高寒、低气压、超大规模开采粉尘防治是目前面临的主要挑战。在上述分析的基础上,指出我国非煤矿山职业健康防护技术未来发展方向为健全非煤矿山职业危害监管体系、强化职业危害控制科技创新与实践、推行职业危害防控专业化社会服务、坚持职业危害个性化与综合防治、探索职业危害智能化防治技术,逐步形成以监管落实为驱动、科技创新为抓手、社会服务为目标的科学发展模式,切实提高非煤矿山职业危害因素防治效果,保障工人职业健康与安全。

Engineering and Biological Measures of Reclamation for Coal Mining Subsided Land with High Phreatic Level in East China: A Case Study

In east China , a great amount of water-logged land is caused by coal mining subsidence,which results in arduous reclamation tasks. Taking Hanqiao Coal Mine in Xuzhou as an example, this paper introduces a new reclamation method suitable for suhsided land caused by coal mining with high phreatic level in east China. The new method consists of two respects: 1 ) engineering reclamation measure is a non-filled method which mainly applies dredging approach ; 2 ) biological reclamation measure is a high beneficial pattern, which mainly makes use of dikes and ponds. The new engincering and biological measures of reclamation have been used widespreadly in Xuzhou mining area. Considerable economic benefits and social and environmental effects have been obtained.

阳泉市石灰岩矿整合成效分析

阳泉市石灰岩分布广泛,开采时间长,矿山分布多、规模小。结合阳泉市石灰岩矿产资源分布,本文分析非煤矿山整合前后的石灰岩矿采矿权设置,提出整合后矿山建设建议。随着非煤矿山的整合,石灰岩矿数量压减近50%,生产规模大幅提升,基本实现开采规范化、管理流程化与产业集群化。阳泉市石灰岩矿业发展实现量变到质变的提升。

褐煤与水微观相互作用的分子机制:多尺度分子模拟

煤与水的表面相互作用是洁净煤技术领域的重要科学问题之一。然而,褐煤与水的相互作用是一个复杂的物理化学过程,其微观机制在原子尺度和电子结构方面仍不明确。尤其缺乏褐煤中不同官能团与水之间相互作用能量、稳定性结构特征、相互作用本质的系统考察。基于多尺度分子模拟研究了褐煤与水微观相互作用的分子机制。基于量子化学计算重点考察典型褐煤模型结构中不同官能团与单分子水的相互作用,获得水分子在褐煤不同位点吸附的局域极小构象,以及稳定吸附构象的几何结构特征。基于独立梯度模型的直观绘景阐释了褐煤与水分子之间的相互作用形式主要为范德华作用和氢键。借助能量分解分析方法定量描述并确定了静电作用是稳定煤-水相互作用的最主要因素。此外,还基于分子动力学模拟揭示了不同数量褐煤分子与大量水分子相互作用的组装行为和演化特征,阐明了褐煤分子结构在大量水中的团聚现象。分子动力学模拟结果同样印证了褐煤和水分子主要以静电作用结合。

基于差分非平稳Transformer的液压支架立柱压力预测

液压支架立柱压力预测是回采工艺决策的重要依据,也是确保围岩稳定的基础信息之一。然而,液压支架立柱压力虽然具有一定的规律性,却无法用简单的数学模型进行预测;且在回采过程中,支架不接顶、顶板破碎、传感器检测误差等带来大量的随机噪声,使得压力数据劣化为非平稳时间序列,给压力的预测带来的很大的困难。本文在Transformer基础上,提出一种差分非平稳Transformer模型,在Transformer的编码器和解码器中分别引入差分归一化和反归一化操作,以提升序列的平稳性。同时,在Transformer中采用去平稳注意力机制,计算序列元素之间的关联关系,以增强模型的预测能力。在真实的煤矿支架立柱数据集上的对比实验表明,本文提出的差分非平稳Transformer的预测效果达到0.674,表现明显优于LSTM、Transformer和非平稳Transformer模型。

旋转爆轰发动机内煤粉-氢气两相爆轰流场数值研究

旋转爆轰发动机因其较高的热循环效率在航空航天领域备受关注。为了研究气固混合燃料在空气氛围中的旋转爆轰特性,在圆柱坐标系中建立了气固混合相燃料爆轰理论模型,并基于三维守恒元与求解元方法,对圆盘形燃烧室内的爆轰过程进行三维数值模拟。计算获得了气固混合相旋转爆轰波稳定传播时的流场结构,分析了爆轰流场的热力学参数分布特征、化学反应区分布以及旋转爆轰波后的波系分布特点。研究结果表明,微米级煤粉在氢气辅助作用下可快速反应并支持旋转爆轰波的稳定传播,但因盘形燃烧室的扁平结构特征和非预混喷注方式,导致爆轰波波阵面呈现为不规则的曲面。煤粉和氢气射流穿透空气层的能力差异导致气固混合燃料的化学反应区发生分离,最终以双反应区的爆轰组织形式支持旋转爆轰波稳定传播。旋转爆轰波不规则的曲面结构使其在扁平的燃烧室中发生多次反射,进而在爆轰波后有规律地出现多道反射激波。

燃煤机组烟气挥发性有机物排放特征

为了解不同容量燃煤机组烟气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特性和不同尾部空气污染物控制设备(APCDs)对VOCs的控制作用,在福建省国投云顶湄洲湾电力公司400 MW亚临界对冲燃烧机组和1 000 MW超超临界切圆燃烧机组进行在线法和离线法采样测试,获取烟气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃和其他VOCs的全流程浓度。结果表明,1 000 MW机组SCR前的非甲烷总烃质量浓度(24.66 mg/m^(3))低于400 MW机组(33.36 mg/m^(3))。由于1 000 MW机组负荷和炉膛温度高,且煤在切圆燃烧炉内比对冲燃烧停留时间长,故煤燃烧更彻底。两机组SCR系统均能脱除超过70%的非甲烷总烃,400 MW和1 000 MW机组的SCR脱除效果分别为88.43%和74.32%。而在静电除尘过程(ESP)中,高压静电场可能会导致飞灰释放部分VOCs,增加烟气VOCs浓度。经所有APCDs后,400 MW机组和1 000 MW机组的VOCs排放质量浓度分别为8.40和8.47 mg/m^(3),整体脱除率为73.98%和63.02%,几乎未检出甲烷。离线测试结果:印尼煤燃烧后VOCs主要为正己烷、苯系物和苯甲醛。各固体样品(如煤、灰、石膏)有机物浓度分析显示,VOCs种类与机组大小无明显关联。这些发现有助于深入理解燃煤电厂对空气质量影响及优化污染控制设备设计。燃煤电厂实际运营中需依具体情况优化污染控制设备,以达到最大脱除效果,也需考虑机组大小和运行效率,有效控制VOCs排放。

高掺量煤气化渣制备免蒸压加气混凝土

为实现煤气化渣资源化利用,以煤气化渣为主要原料,高盐废水作拌合水,辅以Ca(OH)_(2)和NaOH制备出免蒸压加气混凝土。前期用正交试验和单因素试验方式,制备煤气化渣基胶凝材料。选取强度最高配比作为加气混凝土基体材料配比。主要研究双氧水和硬脂酸钙对加气混凝土物理力学性能及孔结构影响,并用XRD及SEM等微观检测方法分析不同养护温度加气混凝土的水化产物。结果表明:以煤气化渣的质量基准,外掺入占煤气化渣总量10%的NaOH、10%的Ca(OH)_(2),拌合水为高盐废水,煤气化渣基胶凝材料28 d抗压强度最高,达68.8 MPa。此外,向该胶凝材料中掺入双氧水作发气剂、硬脂酸钙作稳泡剂,制备出免蒸压加气混凝土。随双氧水掺量增加,加气混凝的孔径逐渐增大,连通孔增多,故干密度和强度一同降低。加入适量硬脂酸钙后,孔分布更均匀且孔的形态趋于规则的圆形,故强度明显提升。当双氧水和硬脂酸钙的掺量分别为5%、1.5%,养护温度80℃时加气混凝土的抗压强度最高,达2.9 MPa,对应干密度617.2 kg/m^(3)。微观分析表明:高掺量煤气化渣基加气混凝土的水化产物主要为C-S-H凝胶、C-A-H凝胶和沸石。孔壁处主要为相互交错重叠的箔片状C-S-H凝胶,存在少量杂乱交织的细长针棒状C-S-H凝胶。这些水化产物相互交联,使孔壁结构较为密实,利于强度的提高。

非自燃煤矸石粗骨料高性能混凝土耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能

为扩大非自燃煤矸石(NCCG)混凝土应用范围,减少煤矸石堆放对环境造成的污染,将NCCG代替天然碎石制备绿色高性能混凝土,系统地研究不同水胶比、粗骨料取代率、矿物掺合料种类与掺量、硅灰裹浆水灰比对其耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,并借助扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)与X线衍射(XRD)探讨损失机理.结果表明:水胶比越大,各项损伤指标越大;复掺质量分数20%矿渣粉与质量分数10%粉煤灰时耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能最佳;硅灰裹浆NCCG骨料对提高耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能不明显.NCCG取代率越大、水胶比越大生成的钙矾石和石膏等侵蚀产物越多,复掺粉煤灰与矿渣粉时生成的侵蚀产物最少,建议工程中NCCG取代率不宜超过30%,按照矿渣粉与粉煤灰2∶1的质量比复掺使用2种矿物掺合料.

煤气化炉渣免烧陶粒的制备及其在反硝化滤池中的应用

煤气化炉渣是煤气化过程中产生的固体废弃物。大量的炉渣堆积不仅造成了资源的浪费,而且增加了企业的运营成本,对当地环境造成危害。以内蒙古地区的煤气化炉渣为主要原料,加入水泥、生石灰、CaSO_(4)等,通过免烧结的方式制备陶粒。在制气炉渣、水泥、生石灰、CaSO4质量比为70∶30∶2.5∶5的条件下制得的陶粒性能最优越,比表面积可达51.7 m^(2)/g,堆积密度为809 kg/m^(3),颗粒破碎强度为6.61 MPa。将该陶粒用作反硝化生物滤池填料,相比于普通市售陶粒挂膜速度更快;在水力停留时间(HRT)为12 h时,化学需氧量(COD)由300 mg/L下降至60 mg/L以下,COD去除率在80%以上;硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)由60 mg/L下降至2 mg/L以下,NO_(3)^(-)-N去除率在95%以上。利用煤气化炉渣制备免烧结陶粒实现了煤气化炉渣的资源化利用,同时为污水反硝化处理提供了一种新的填料。