When the population, from which the samples are extracted, is not normally distributed, or if the sample size is particularly reduced, become preferable the use of not parametric statistic test. An alternative to the ...When the population, from which the samples are extracted, is not normally distributed, or if the sample size is particularly reduced, become preferable the use of not parametric statistic test. An alternative to the normal model is the permutation or randomization model. The permutation model is nonparametric because no formal assumptions are made about the population parameters of the reference distribution, i.e., the distribution to which an obtained result is compared to determine its probability when the null hypothesis is true. Typically the reference distribution is a sampling distribution for parametric tests and a permutation distribution for many nonparametric tests. Within the regression models, it is possible to use the permutation tests, considering their ownerships of optimality, especially in the multivariate context and the normal distribution of the response variables is not guaranteed. In the literature there are numerous permutation tests applicable to the estimation of the regression models. The purpose of this study is to examine different kinds of permutation tests applied to linear models, focused our attention on the specific test statistic on which they are based. In this paper we focused our attention on permutation test of the independent variables, proposed by Oja, and other methods to effect the inference in non parametric way, in a regression model. Moreover, we show the recent advances in this context and try to compare them.展开更多
The non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of LiClO4 in flow N2 atmosphere was studied. TG-DTA curves show that the decomposition proceeded through two well-defined steps below 900℃, and the mass loss was in agreement...The non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of LiClO4 in flow N2 atmosphere was studied. TG-DTA curves show that the decomposition proceeded through two well-defined steps below 900℃, and the mass loss was in agreement with the theoretical value. XRD profile demonstrates that the product of the thermal decomposition at 500℃ is LiCI. For the decomposition kinetics study, the activation energies calculated with the Friedman method were considered as the initial values for non-linear regression and were used for verifying the correctness of the fired models. The decomposition process was fitted by a two-step consecutive reaction： extended Prout-Tompkins equation[Bna, f（α） is （1-α）^nα^α] followed by a lth order reaction（F1）. The activation energies were （215.6±0.2） and （251.6±3.6） kJ/mol, respectively. The exponentials n and a for Bna reaction were （0.25±0.05） and （0.795±0.005）, respectively. The reaction types and activation energies were in agreement with those obtained from the isothermal method, but the exponentials were optimized for better firing and prediction.展开更多
Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration （EMC） which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources （NPSs）. Pollutant loads could also be calcu...Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration （EMC） which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources （NPSs）. Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression （MLR） to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.展开更多
在快速城市化的长江三角洲地区,植被覆盖状况变化问题已经引起公众的关注并且成为科学研究的热点。植被指数作为监测植被和生态环境变化的有效指标而得到广泛应用。基于2000—2011年的Terra Modis NDVI植被指数数据集,从时间尺度和空间...在快速城市化的长江三角洲地区,植被覆盖状况变化问题已经引起公众的关注并且成为科学研究的热点。植被指数作为监测植被和生态环境变化的有效指标而得到广泛应用。基于2000—2011年的Terra Modis NDVI植被指数数据集,从时间尺度和空间变化上分析长江三角洲地区植被变化特征,应用一元线性回归趋势分析方法和更适合研究非正态分布数据的Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对长江三角洲地区的植被覆盖状况进行研究。研究结果表明,(1)利用Terra Modis NDVI数据可以很好地从宏观上监测长江三角洲地区植被覆盖的时空变化。(2)植被覆盖的时空变化是自然和人类活动共同作用的结果,特别是在快速城市化的长江三角洲地区,人类活动对植被覆盖的影响更为剧烈,并且植被覆盖变化对人类活动做出积极的响应。12年来,长江三角洲地区植被覆盖总体呈下降趋势,尤其是研究区中的城市及周边地区则以显著下降趋势为主,说明长江三角洲地区随着城市化进程的加速,植被覆盖状况正面临着恶化。(3)一元线性回归趋势分析方法和Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对植被变化趋势的检测总体上趋于一致,两者可以相互印证,但局部有差异。因此,当进行局部区域植被覆盖变化的深入研究及驱动力分析时,需要较高分辨率的数据作为辅助数据。研究揭示了快速城市化背景下长江三角洲地区植被覆盖变化的规律,从而为长江三角洲地区生态保护和植被恢复提供有利的依据和借鉴。展开更多
文摘When the population, from which the samples are extracted, is not normally distributed, or if the sample size is particularly reduced, become preferable the use of not parametric statistic test. An alternative to the normal model is the permutation or randomization model. The permutation model is nonparametric because no formal assumptions are made about the population parameters of the reference distribution, i.e., the distribution to which an obtained result is compared to determine its probability when the null hypothesis is true. Typically the reference distribution is a sampling distribution for parametric tests and a permutation distribution for many nonparametric tests. Within the regression models, it is possible to use the permutation tests, considering their ownerships of optimality, especially in the multivariate context and the normal distribution of the response variables is not guaranteed. In the literature there are numerous permutation tests applicable to the estimation of the regression models. The purpose of this study is to examine different kinds of permutation tests applied to linear models, focused our attention on the specific test statistic on which they are based. In this paper we focused our attention on permutation test of the independent variables, proposed by Oja, and other methods to effect the inference in non parametric way, in a regression model. Moreover, we show the recent advances in this context and try to compare them.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20071026)
文摘The non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of LiClO4 in flow N2 atmosphere was studied. TG-DTA curves show that the decomposition proceeded through two well-defined steps below 900℃, and the mass loss was in agreement with the theoretical value. XRD profile demonstrates that the product of the thermal decomposition at 500℃ is LiCI. For the decomposition kinetics study, the activation energies calculated with the Friedman method were considered as the initial values for non-linear regression and were used for verifying the correctness of the fired models. The decomposition process was fitted by a two-step consecutive reaction： extended Prout-Tompkins equation[Bna, f（α） is （1-α）^nα^α] followed by a lth order reaction（F1）. The activation energies were （215.6±0.2） and （251.6±3.6） kJ/mol, respectively. The exponentials n and a for Bna reaction were （0.25±0.05） and （0.795±0.005）, respectively. The reaction types and activation energies were in agreement with those obtained from the isothermal method, but the exponentials were optimized for better firing and prediction.
基金provided by the Korean Ministry of Environment and Eco Star Project
文摘Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration （EMC） which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources （NPSs）. Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression （MLR） to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.
文摘在快速城市化的长江三角洲地区,植被覆盖状况变化问题已经引起公众的关注并且成为科学研究的热点。植被指数作为监测植被和生态环境变化的有效指标而得到广泛应用。基于2000—2011年的Terra Modis NDVI植被指数数据集,从时间尺度和空间变化上分析长江三角洲地区植被变化特征,应用一元线性回归趋势分析方法和更适合研究非正态分布数据的Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对长江三角洲地区的植被覆盖状况进行研究。研究结果表明,(1)利用Terra Modis NDVI数据可以很好地从宏观上监测长江三角洲地区植被覆盖的时空变化。(2)植被覆盖的时空变化是自然和人类活动共同作用的结果,特别是在快速城市化的长江三角洲地区,人类活动对植被覆盖的影响更为剧烈,并且植被覆盖变化对人类活动做出积极的响应。12年来,长江三角洲地区植被覆盖总体呈下降趋势,尤其是研究区中的城市及周边地区则以显著下降趋势为主,说明长江三角洲地区随着城市化进程的加速,植被覆盖状况正面临着恶化。(3)一元线性回归趋势分析方法和Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对植被变化趋势的检测总体上趋于一致,两者可以相互印证,但局部有差异。因此,当进行局部区域植被覆盖变化的深入研究及驱动力分析时,需要较高分辨率的数据作为辅助数据。研究揭示了快速城市化背景下长江三角洲地区植被覆盖变化的规律,从而为长江三角洲地区生态保护和植被恢复提供有利的依据和借鉴。
