Non-Intrusive Load Identification Model Based on 3D Spatial Feature and Convolutional Neural Network

Load identification method is one of the major technical difficulties of non-intrusive composite monitoring. Binary V-I trajectory image can reflect the original V-I trajectory characteristics to a large extent, so it is widely used in load identification. However, using single binary V-I trajectory feature for load identification has certain limitations. In order to improve the accuracy of load identification, the power feature is added on the basis of the binary V-I trajectory feature in this paper. We change the initial binary V-I trajectory into a new 3D feature by mapping the power feature to the third dimension. In order to reduce the impact of imbalance samples on load identification, the SVM SMOTE algorithm is used to balance the samples. Based on the deep learning method, the convolutional neural network model is used to extract the newly produced 3D feature to achieve load identification in this paper. The results indicate the new 3D feature has better observability and the proposed model has higher identification performance compared with other classification models on the public data set PLAID.

Uncertainty Analysis of the Residual Strength of Non-Uniformly Loaded Casingsin Deep Wells

An uncertainty analysis method is proposed for the assessment of the residual strength of a casing subjected to wear and non-uniform load in a deep well.The influence of casing residual stress,out-of-roundness and non-uniform load is considered.The distribution of multi-source parameters related to the residual anti extrusion strength and residual anti internal pressure strength of the casing after wear are determined using the probability theory.Considering the technical casing of X101 well in Xinjiang Oilfield as an example,it is shown that the randomness of casing wear depth,formation elastic modulus and formation Poisson’s ratio are the main factors that affect the uncertainty of residual strength.The wider the confidence interval is,the greater the uncertainty range is.Compared with the calculations resulting from the proposed uncertainty analysis method,the residual strength obtained by means of traditional single value calculation method is either larger or smaller,which leads to the conclusion that the residual strength should be considered in terms of a range of probabilities rather than a single value.

Non-intrusive hybrid interval method for uncertain nonlinear systems using derivative information

This paper proposes a new non-intrusive hybrid interval method using derivative information for the dynamic response analysis of nonlinear systems with uncertain-but- bounded parameters and/or initial conditions. This method provides tighter solution ranges compared to the existing polynomial approximation interval methods. Interval arith- metic using the Chebyshev basis and interval arithmetic using the general form modified affine basis for polynomials are developed to obtain tighter bounds for interval computation. To further reduce the overestimation caused by the ＂wrap- ping effect＂ of interval arithmetic, the derivative information of dynamic responses is used to achieve exact solutions when the dynamic responses are monotonic with respect to all the uncertain variables. Finally, two typical numerical examples with nonlinearity are applied to demonstrate the effective- ness of the proposed hybrid interval method, in particular, its ability to effectively control the overestimation for specific timepoints.

Performance and Challenges in Utilizing Non-Intrusive Sensors for Traffic Data Collection

Extensive field tests of non-intrusive sensors for traffic volume, speed and classification detection were conducted under a variety of traffic composition and road width conditions. The accuracy challenges of utilizing non-intrusive sensors for traffic data collection were studied. Both fixed and portable sensors with infrared, microwave and image recognition technologies were tested. Most sensors obtained accurate or fairly accurate measurements of volume and speed, but vehicle classification counts were problematic even when classes were reduced to 3 to 5 compared to FHWA’s 13-class standard scheme.

Non-Intrusive Objective Speech Quality Measurement Based on Fuzzy GMM and SVR for Narrowband Speech

Based on fuzzy Gaussian mixture model （FGMM） and support vector regression （SVR）,an improved version of non-intrusive objective measurement for assessing quality of output speech without inputting clean speech is proposed for narrowband speech.Its perceptual linear predictive （PLP） features extracted from clean speech and clustered by FGMM are used as an artificial reference model.Input speech is separated into three classes,for each a consistency parameter between each feature pair from test speech signals and its counterpart in the pre-trained FGMM reference model is calculated and mapped to an objective speech quality score using SVR method.The correlation degree between subjective mean opinion score （MOS） and objective MOS is analyzed.Experimental results show that the proposed method offers an effective technique and can give better performances than the ITU-T P.563 method under most of the test conditions for narrowband speech.

Design, Implementation and Simulation of Non-Intrusive Sensor for On-Line Condition Monitoring of MV Electrical Components

Non-intrusive measurement technology is of great interest for the electrical utilities in order to avoid an interruption in the normal operation of the supply network during diagnostics measurements and inspections. Inductively coupled electromagnetic sensing provides a possibility of non-intrusive measurements for online condition monitoring of the electrical components in a Medium Voltage (MV) distribution network. This is accomplished by employing Partial Discharge (PD) activity monitoring, one of the successful methods to assess the working condition of MV components but often requires specialized equipment for carrying out the measurements. In this paper, Rogowski coil sensor is presented as a robust solution for non-intrusive measurements of PD signals. A high frequency prototype of Rogowski coil is designed in the laboratory. Step-by-step approach of constructing the sensor system is presented and performance of its components (coil head, damping component, integrator and data acquisition system) is evaluated using practical and simulated environments. Alternative Transient Program-Electromagnetic Transient Program (ATP-EMTP) is used to analyze the designed model of the Rogowski coil. Real and simulated models of the coil are used to investigate the behavior of Rogowski coil sensor at its different stages of development from a transducer coil to a complete measuring device. Both models are compared to evaluate their accuracy for PD applications. Due to simple design, flexible hardware, and low cost of Rogowski coil, it can be considered as an efficient current measuring device for integrated monitoring applications where a large number of sensors are required to develop an automated online condition monitoring system for a distribution network.

Non Intrusive U Value Metering

The significance of U values in buildings’ shell energy performance is well known in the scientific community as well as in the construction sector. In addition, conducting a validation of the energy performance of a building often requires the knowledge of real U value figures, since their theoretical peers may deviate considerably from the real ones. The theoretical U value of a shell element may be calculated using complex material and surface related information, while its practical validation is conducted usually by equipment that requires tedious installation and constant contact with the examined element. Aim of this paper is to introduce an easily deployed, plug and play, contact less technology, able to provide a reasonable approximation of the building element U value and its variation with external air speed as well as an accurate estimation of the U value change in case of a shell (wall or window) retrofit.

Analysis on the Pollution Load of Non-point Source Pollution and Surface Runoff of A Typical Village in Baiyangdian Lake Basin

[Objective] The characteristic of non-point source pollution of a typical village in Baiyangdian Lake basin was studied.[Method] The discharge of domestic sewage and solid wastes of the typical village was investigated,and both pollutant and nutrient element content were monitored,as well as the water quality and quantity of rainfall runoff.[Result] The non-point source pollution of livestock manure was far more serious than the sum of domestic sewage and domestic waste in this village,and the annual emission of total organic carbon(TOC),total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) was 37 794.0,4 102.9 and 1 923.7 kg,respectively.The event mean concentration(EMC)of chemical oxygen demand COD,TN and TP in rainfall runoff was 44.5,78.8,1.3 mg/L,respectively,and annual pollution load was 7.6,13.4 and 0.2 kg/hm2,respectively,while the annual pollution load of COD accounted for 5.1% of standard farmland,and that of TN and TP occupied 4.5% and 0.49% of slope farmland.[Conclusion] Livestock manure was the main source of non-point source pollution in the village and the annual pollution load of non-point source pollution was obtained.

Effects of water intrusion and loading rate on mechanical properties of and crack propagation in coal–rock combinations

Tackling the problems of underground water storage in collieries in arid regions requires knowledge of the effect of water intrusion and loading rate on the mechanical properties of and crack development in coal–rock combinations. Fifty-four coal–rock combinations were prepared and split equally into groups containing different moisture contents(dry, natural moisture and saturated) to conduct acoustic emission testing under uniaxial compression with loading rates ranging from 0.1 mm/min to 0.6 mm/min. The results show that the peak stress and strength-softening modulus, elastic modulus, strain-softening modulus, and post-peak modulus partly decrease with increasing moisture content and loading rate. In contrast, peak strain increases with increasing moisture content and fluctuates with rising loading rate. More significantly, the relationship between stiffness and stress, combined with accumulated counts of acoustic emission, can be used to precisely predict all phases of crack propagation. This is helpful in studying the impact of moisture content and loading rate on crack propagation and accurately calculating mechanical properties. We also determined that the stress thresholds of crack closure, crack initiation, and crack damage do not vary with changes of moisture content and loading rate, constituting 15.22%, 32.20%, and 80.98% of peak stress, respectively. These outcomes assist in developing approaches to water storage in coal mines, determining the necessary width of waterproof coal–rock pillars, and methods of supporting water-enriched roadways, while also advances understanding the mechanical properties of coal–rock combinations and laws of crack propagation.

A Distributed Intrusion Detection Model via Nondestructive Partitioning and Balanced Allocation for Big Data

There are two key issues in distributed intrusion detection system,that is,maintaining load balance of system and protecting data integrity.To address these issues,this paper proposes a new distributed intrusion detection model for big data based on nondestructive partitioning and balanced allocation.A data allocation strategy based on capacity and workload is introduced to achieve local load balance,and a dynamic load adjustment strategy is adopted to maintain global load balance of cluster.Moreover,data integrity is protected by using session reassemble and session partitioning.The simulation results show that the new model enjoys favorable advantages such as good load balance,higher detection rate and detection efficiency.

Design of Non-contact On-load Automatic Regulating Voltage Transformer

At present, an automatic-mechanic contact tap-changer is widely used in power system, but it can not frequently operate. In addition, arc will occur when the switch changes. In order to solve these two problems, this paper presented an automatic on-load voltage-regulating distributing transformer which employed non-contact solid-state relay as tap-changer, and mainly introduced its structure, basic principal, design method of each key link and experimental results. Laboratory simulation experiments informed that the scheme was feasible. It was a smooth and effective experiment device, which was practical in application.

Concept of Bed Roughness Boundary Layer and Its Application to Bed Load Transport in Flow with Non-Submerged Vegetation

Ecosystem conservation has become one of the purposes in river management as well as flood mitigation and water resources management, and understanding of river flow and morphology in a stream with vegetation becomes important. Recently 2D depth averaged analysis is familiar even in a stream with vegetation by taking account of form drag due to vegetation. However, the shear stress in vegetated area is not properly described because the resistance law due to bed roughness is not reasonably modified in vegetated area. In this study, we discussed the bed roughness boundary layer in flow with non-submerged vegetation to deduce a reasonable relation between U and u* in vegetated area toward improving the analysis of sediment transport. The results show that the modification of resistance law using by thickness, velocity distribution in that layer was found to bring significant improvement of accurate estimation of shear velocity and subsequently the sediment transport. The proposed modification is improved by 2D depth averaged analysis based on this concept, and its application is certificated through flume experiment.

NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THERMOELASTIC CIRCULAR PLATE WITH VARYING THICKNESS SUBJECTED TO NONCONSERVATIVE LOADING

The non-linear dynamic behaviors of thermoelastic circular plate with varying thickness subjected to radially uniformly distributed follower forces are considered. Two coupled non-linear differential equations of motion for this problem are derived in terms of the transverse deflection and radial displacement component of the mid-plane of the plate. Using the Kantorovich averaging method, the differential equation of mode shape of the plate is derived, and the eigenvalue problem is solved by using shooting method. The eigencurves for frequencies and critical loads of the circular plate with unmovable simply supported edge and clamped edge are obtained. The effects of the variation of thickness and temperature on the frequencies and critical loads of the thermoelastic circular plate subjected to radially uniformly distributed follower forces are then discussed.

Load Frequency Control of Small Hydropower Plants Using One-Input Fuzzy PI Controller with Linear and Non-Linear Plant Model

This study presents an intelligent approach for load frequency control (LFC) of small hydropower plants (SHPs). The approach which is based on fuzzy logic (FL), takes into account the non-linearity of SHPs—something which is not possible using traditional controllers. Most intelligent methods use two- input fuzzy controllers, but because such controllers are expensive, there is economic interest in the relatively cheaper single-input controllers. A non- linear control model based on one-input fuzzy logic PI (FLPI) controller was developed and applied to control the non-linear SHP. Using MATLAB/Si- mulink SimScape, the SHP was simulated with linear and non-linear plant models. The performance of the FLPI controller was investigated and compared with that of the conventional PI/PID controller. Results show that the settling time for the FLPI controller is about 8 times shorter;while the overshoot is about 15 times smaller compared to the conventional PI/PID controller. Therefore, the FLPI controller performs better than the conventional PI/PID controller not only in meeting the LFC control objective but also in ensuring increased dynamic stability of SHPs.

Large deflections of non-prismatic nonlinearly elastic cantilever beams subjected to non-uniform continuous load and a concentrated load at the free end

This work studies large deflections of slen- der, non-prismatic cantilever beams subjected to a combined loading which consists of a non-uniformly distributed con- tinuous load and a concentrated load at the free end of the beam. The material of the cantilever is assumed to be non- linearly elastic. Different nonlinear relations between stress and strain in tensile and compressive domain are considered. The accuracy of numerical solutions is evaluated by com- paring them with results from previous studies and with a laboratory experiment.

Non-Newtonian Effect of Temperature on Load Carrying Capacity of Thrust Bearings

The influeuce of temperature on rheological characteristics of lubricants is analyzed. The constitutive equation, which describes the non-Newtonian properties of lubricants caused by thermal effect, is founded and coupled with equations or continuity and momentum of fluid to calculate the load carrying capacity of thrust bearings. The results or numerical solution show that lubricants have ultimate shear strength as a result or nou-Newtonian effect of temperature, and the thermal effect plays an.important role in load carrying capacity of thrust bearings The mechanism of film failure in thrust bearings is investigated initially’ Theoretlcal bases for predicting the lubrication situatlon and improving the design of thrust bearings are provided in this paper.

Finding the buckling load of non-uniform columns using the iteration perturbation method

The aim of this study is to calculate the critical load of variable inertia columns. The example studied in this paper can be used as a paradigm for other non-uniform columns. The wavelength of equivalent vibratory system is used to calculate the critical load of the trigonometrically varied inertia column. In doing so, the equilibrium equation of the column is theoretically studied using the perturbation method. Accuracy of the calculated results is evaluated by comparing the solution with numerical results. Effect of improving the initial guess on the solution accuracy is investigated. Effects of varying parameters of the trigonometrically varied inertia and the uniformly tapered columns on their stability behavior are studied. Finally, using the so-called ＂perfectibility＂ parameter, two design goals, i.e., being lightweight and being strong, are studied for the discussed columns.

Generation of electromotive force in igneous rocks subjected to non-uniform loading

When one end of an air-dry igneous rock block was uniaxially loaded in laboratory, there appeared an electromotive force that made electric currents flow from the stressed volume to the unstressed volume. Quartz-free rocks such as gabbro also generated this force, stronger than quartz-bearing rocks such as granite. This indicates that the piezoelectric effect of quartz and the electrokinetic effect of pore water do not make a large contribution toward generating the electromotive force. We focus on peroxy bond that is one of the abundant lattice defects in igneous rock-forming minerals. When mechanical loading deforms the lattice structure around this defect and breaks its bond, its energy levels change and act like an accepter. As an electron is trapped at this defect from a neighbor 02- site, a positive hole is activated there. They attempt to diffuse toward the unstressed volume through the valence band and are simultaneously affected by the attractive electric force with the electrons trapped in peroxy bonds. This leads to a polarization in the stressed volume and the generation of electromotive force between the stressed and unstressed volumes. Similar electromotive force may be generated in the Earth＇s crust where inhomogeneous stress/strain is changing.

LOADING CAPACITY ANALYSIS OF THE MISALIGNED CONICAL-CYLINDRICAL BEARING WITH NON NEWTONIAN LUBRICANTS

A novel numerical method to lubricate a conventional finite diameterconical-cylindrical bearing with a non-Newtonian lubricant, while adhering to the power-law model,is presented. The elastic deformation of bearing and varied viscosity of lubrication due to thepressure distribution of film thickness are also considered. Simulation results indicate that thenormal load carrying capacity is more pronounced for higher values of flow behavior index n, highereccentricity ratios and larger misalignment factors. It is found that the viscosity-pressure to theeffect of lubricant viscosity is significant.

EFFECT OF NON-PROPORTIONAL OVERLOADING ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The effect of proportional and non-proportional overloading on mode l fatigue crack growth have been studied,and the influences of crack tip plastic zone,crack tip blunting as well as crack closure were discussed.Proportional(model I)overloading may cause more serious crack growth retardation than non-proportional(mixed mode)overloading.Therefore,for estimating the fatigue life of engineering structures to simplify a real overload which may of- ten be non-proportional as a proportional one is not always safe.