General approach for atomically dispersed precious metal catalysts toward hydrogen reaction

As a carbon-free energy carrier,hydrogen has become the pivot for future clean energy,while efficient hydrogen production and combustion still require precious metal-based catalysts.Single-atom catalysts(SACs)with high atomic utilization open up a desirable perspective for the scale applications of precious metals,but the general and facile preparation of various precious metal-based SACs remains challenging.Herein,a general movable printing method has been developed to synthesize various precious metal-based SACs,such as Pd,Pt,Rh,Ir,and Ru,and the features of highly dispersed single atoms with nitrogen coordination have been identified by comprehensive characterizations.More importantly,the synthesized Pt-and Ru-based SACs exhibit much higher activities than their corresponding nanoparticle counterparts for hydrogen oxidation reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).In addition,the Pd-based SAC delivers an excellent activity for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.Especially for the superior mass activity of Ru-based SACs toward HER,density functional theory calculations confirmed that the adsorption of the hydrogen atom has a significant effect on the spin state and electronic structure of the catalysts.

Manufacture of Precious Metal Products： Advancement and Prospect

A survey about OJSC "SIC Supermetal'" as a processor of secondary precious metal raw materials and a manufacturer of precious metal products for technical purposes,has been presented.Brief information has been given about the basic technologies and materials used in production,including dispersion strengthened materials on the basis of platinum alloys and laminar composites.

RuO_(2)/CoMO_(2)O_(x) Catalyst with Low Ruthenium Loading for Long-Term Acidic Oxygen Evolution

We must urgently synthesize highly efficient and stable oxygen-evolution reaction(OER) catalysts for acidic media. Herein, we constructed a series of Ti mesh(TM)-supported RuO_(2)/CoMo_(y)O_(x) catalysts(RuO_(2)/CoMo_(y)O_(x)/TM) with heterogeneous structures. By optimizing the ratio of Co to Mo, RuO_(2)/CoMO_(2)O_(x)/TM with low Ru loading(0.079 mg/cm^(2)) achieves remarkable OER performance(η = 243 mV at 10 mA/cm^(2)) and high stability(300 h @ 10 mA/cm^(2)) in 0.5 mol/L H_(2)SO_(4) electrolyte. The activity of RuO_(2)/CoMo_yO_x/TM can be maintained for 50 h at 100 mA/cm^(2), and a water electrolyzer with RuO_(2)/CoMO_(2)O_(x)/TM as anode can operate for 40 h at 100 mA/cm~2, suggesting the remarkable OER durability of RuO_(2)/CoMo__(y)O__(x)/TM in acidic electrolyte. Owing to the heterogeneous interface between CoMO_(2)O_(x) and RuO_(2), the electronic structure of Ru atoms was optimized and electron-rich Ru was formed. With modulated electronic properties, the dissociation energy of H_(2)O is weakened, and the OER barrier is lowered. This study provides the design of low-cost noble metal catalysts with long-term stability in an acidic environment.

Solar-assisted selective separation and recovery of precious group metals from deactivated air purification catalysts

The mitigation of environmental and energy crises could be advanced by reclaiming platinum group precious metals(PGMs) from decommissioned air purification catalysts. However, the complexity of catalyst composition and the high chemical inertness of PGMs significantly impede this process. Consequently,recovering PGMs from used industrial catalysts is crucial and challenging. This study delves into an environmentally friendly approach to selectively recover PGMs from commercial air purifiers using photocatalytic redox technology. Our investigation focuses on devising a comprehensive strategy for treating three-way catalysts employed in automotive exhaust treatment. By meticulously pretreating and modifying reaction conditions, we achieved noteworthy results, completely dissolving and separating rhodium(Rh), palladium(Pd), and platinum(Pt) within a 12-h time frame. Importantly, the solubility selectivity persists despite the remarkably similar physicochemical properties of Rh, Pd, and Pt. To bolster the environmental sustainability of our method, we harness sunlight as the energy source to activate the photocatalysts, facilitating the complete dissolution of precious metals under natural light irradiation. This ecofriendly recovery approach demonstrated on commercial air purifiers, exhibits promise for broader application to a diverse range of deactivated air purification catalysts, potentially enabling implementation on a large scale.

Earth-abundant amorphous catalysts for electrolysis of water

The generation of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water has attracted attention as a promising way to produce and store energy using renewable energy sources.In this process,a catalyst is very important to achieve a high‐energy conversion efficiency for the electrolysis of water.A good catalyst for water electrolysis should exhibit high catalytic activity,good stability,low cost and good scalability.Much research has been devoted to developing efficient catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Traditionally,it has been accepted that a material with high crystallinity is important to serve as a good catalyst for HER and/or OER.Recently,catalysts for HER and/or OER in the electrolysis of water splitting based on amorphous materials have received much interest in the scientific community owing to the abundant unsaturated active sites on the amorphous surface,which form catalytic centers for the reaction of the electrolysis of water.We summarize the recent advances of amorphous catalysts for HER,OER and overall water splitting by electrolysis and the related fundamental chemical reactions involved in the electrolysis of water.The current challenges confronting the electrolysis of water and the development of more efficient amorphous catalysts are also discussed.

Fe,N,S-doped porous carbon as oxygen reduction reaction catalyst in acidic medium with high activity and durability synthesized using CaCl_2 as template

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells suffer from the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and the high cost of Pt catalysts.In the present work,a high‐performance ORR catalystbased on Fe,N,S‐doped porous carbon(FeNS‐PC)was synthesized using melamine formaldehyderesin as C and N precursors,Fe(SCN)3as Fe and S precursors,and CaCl2as a template via a two‐stepheat treatment without a harsh template removal step.The results show that the catalyst treated at900℃(FeNS‐PC‐900)had a high surface area of775m2/g,a high mass activity of10.2A/g in anacidic medium,and excellent durability;the half‐wave potential decreased by only20mV after10000potential cycles.The FeNS‐PC‐900catalyst was used as the cathode in a proton exchangemembrane fuel cell and delivered a peak power density of0.49W/cm2.FeNS‐PC‐900therefore hasgood potential for use in practical applications.

Influence of Ce_(0.35)Zr_(0.55)Y_(0.10) Solid Solution on Performance of Pt-Rh Three-Way Catalysts

Ce0.35Zr0.55Y0. 10 solid solution was prepared by co-precipitation technique and characterized by specific surface area measurements （BET） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. Ce0.35Zr0.55Y0.10 was used to prepare low Pt-Rh threeway catalyst （TWC）, and its influence on the performance of TWC was investigated. The results revealed that Ce0.35 Zr0.55Y0.10 had a cubic structure similar to Ce0.50Zr0.50O2 and its specific surface area can maintain higher than Ce0.50 Zr0.50O2 after 1000 ℃ calcination for 5 h. Being hydrothermal aged at 1000 ℃ for 5 h, the catalyst containing Ce0.35 Zr0.55Y0.10 still exhibited higher conversion of C3H8, CO and NO and lower light-off temperature in comparison with Ce0.50Zr0.50O2 TWC.

Stability and activity of carbon nanofiber-supported catalysts in the aqueous phase reforming of ethylene glycol

Nickel, cobalt, copper and platinum nanoparticles supported on carbon nano-fibers were evaluated with respect to their stability, catalytic activity and selectivity in the aqueous phase reforming of ethylene glycol （230 ℃, autogenous pressure, batch reactor）. The initial surface-specific activities for ethylene glycol reforming were in a similar range but decreased in the order of Pt （15.5 h-1 ） 〉Co（13.0 h 1 ） 〉Ni（5.2 h-1） while the Cu catalyst only showed low dehydrogenation activity. The hydrogen molar selectivity decreased in the order of Pt （53%）〉Co（21%）〉Ni （15%） as a result of the production of methane over the latter two catalysts. Over the Co catalyst acids were formed in the liquid phase while alcohols were formed over Ni and Pt. Due to the low pH of the reaction mixture, especially in the case of Co （as a result of the formed acids）, significant cobalt leaching occurs which resulted in a rapid deactivation of this catalyst. Investigations of the spent catalysts with various techniques showed that metal particle growth is responsible for the deactivation of the Pt and Ni catalysts. In addition, coking might also contribute to the deactivation of the Ni catalyst.

Preparation and characterization of the TiO_2-V_2O_5 photocatalyst with visible-light activity

Visible-light responsive TiO2-V2O5 catalyst was prepared using a binary sol-gel and in-situ intercalation method. The TiO2 sol and V2O5 sol were mixed to disperse the V2O5 species in the TiO2 phase at molecular level. The binary sol was then intercalated into interspaces of polyaniline （PANI） by means of in-situ polymerization of aniline. Conglomeration of the TiO2-V2O5 dusters during the calcination process was avoided because of the wrap of polyaniline. The surface mor- phology, the crystal phases, the structure, and the absorption spectra of （PANI）,/TiO2-V2O5 and the composite catalyst were studied using SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and UV-Vis. The photoactivity of the prepared catalyst under UV and visible light irradiation were evaluated by decolorization of methylene blue （MB） solution. The results showed that the composite catalyst displayed a homogeneous anatase phase, and the vanadium pentoxide species was highly dispersed in the TiO2 phase. The composite catalyst responded to visible light because of the narrowed band gap. In this study, the catalyst with the sol volume ratio of TiO2： V2O5 = 10：1 presented the best photocatalytic activity.

A Low-Cost and Easily Prepared Manganese Carbonate as an Effi cient Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Diformylfuran

A low-cost and easily prepared manganese carbonate(Mn CO_3) has been synthesized for catalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran(DFF). The properties and morphology of the manganese carbonate were measured by SEM,XRD,TGA,BET and XPS. In this method,no harsh reaction conditions were required,and it was a simple and green process for the oxidation of 5-HMF into DFF. To achieve an optimum DFF yield,different reaction conditions,including reaction temperature,reaction time,catalyst amount,and solvents were investigated. Results from the experiments indicated that the highest DFF yield of 86.9% was obtained at 120 °C under atmospheric oxygen pressure after 6h. Finally,Mn CO_3 could be used at least five times with considerable stability.

Role of local coordination in bimetallic sites for oxygen reduction: A theoretical analysis

Understanding of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)mechanism for single atom catalysts is pivotal for the rational design of non-precious metal cathode materials and the commercialization of fuel cells.Herein,a series of non-precious metal electrocatalysts based on nitrogen-doped bimetallic(Fe and Co)carbide were modeled by density functional theory calculations to predict the corresponding reaction pathways.The study elucidated prior oxygen adsorption on the Fe atom in the dual site and the modifier role of Co atoms to tune the electronic structures of Fe.The reaction activity was highly correlated with the bimetallic center and the coordination environment of the adjacent nitrogen.Interestingly,the preadsorption of*OH resulted in the apparent change of metal atoms'electronic states with the d-band center shifting toward the Fermi level,thereby boosting reaction activity.The result should help promote the fundamental understanding of active sites in ORR catalysts and provide an effective approach to the design of highly efficient ORR catalysts on an atomic scale.

A non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction prepared by heat-treating a mechanical mixture of carbon black,melamine and cobalt chloride

A non-precious metal catalyst CoMe]C for the oxygen reduction reaction is prepared by heat-treating a mechanical mixture of carbon black, melamine and cobalt chloride at 600 under nitrogen atmosphere for 2 h. The catalytic activity of CoMe/C is characterized by the electrochemical linear sweep voltammetry technique. The onset reduction potential of the catalyst is 0.55 V （vs. SCE） at a scanning rate of 5 mV/s in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The formation of the ORR activity sites of CoMe/C is facilitated by metallic β- cobalt.

Manufacture of Catalyst Systems for Ammonia Conversion

Platinum catalyst gauzes have been in use since the moment of development of the process of catalyst oxidation of ammonia for production of nitric acid or hydrocyanic acid.Catalyst gauzes are usually made of platinum or its alloys with rhodium and palladium.These precious metals have remarkable properties that make them ideal catalysts for acceleration of the ammonia/oxygen reaction.In 2008,OJSC "SIC 'Supermetal'" and Umicore AG&Co.KG launched a production line for Pt-alloy-based catalyst systems to be used for ammonia oxidation in the production of weak nitric acid.Catalyst systems consist of a pack of catalyst gauzes and a pack of catchment gauzes,which are made using flat-bed knitting machines and wire-cloth looms.Today,up-to-date catalyst systems MKSprecise TM are being manufactured,the basic advantages of which are an individual structure of gauzes and composition of the material,which allows to define precisely the position of each gauze in the catalyst pack,a high activity of the catalyst pack,direct catching of platinum and rhodium in the catalyst system,and a reasonable combination of single-and multilayer types of gauzes.This makes it possible to vary the configuration of the catalyst and select an optimum composition of the system to ensure the maximum efficiency of the ammonia oxidation process.We also produce the catchment systems that allow to find the best decision from the economic point view for each individual case.

聚酯合成催化技术的研究进展

聚酯工业的进步离不开先进的催化技术。本文对聚酯合成催化体系的研究进展进行了评述。着眼于目前占主导的金属催化剂,对锑、钛、锡、锗、铝等催化剂在活性、副反应等方面所开展的金属复合、配体改性、载体负载等工作进行了总结,介绍了有机物、离子液体、酶等非金属催化体系的研究进展,并对促进聚酯合成的电、光、微波等催化辅助技术进行了评述。催化能力强、副反应少、聚合条件温和催化体系的开发有助于聚酯品质的提升,将先进的表征手段、模型研究以及聚酯构效关系规律探索结合到催化体系的研究中,可加速高效聚酯催化技术的研发。

氨分解催化剂研究进展

氢能作为清洁环保的可再生能源受到全世界的关注。但氢极低的体积能量密度及易燃易爆的特点,给氢气的大规模储运带来困难和危险。氨是一种无碳的氢载体,不仅具有较高的体积和质量能量密度,还有较成熟的储存和运输技术。氨的现场制氢可以解决氢气储存和运输问题,所以氨气储氢正受到人们的广泛关注。氨分解最高效的催化剂是Ru基催化剂,但由于其高昂的价格无法实现大规模应用。在非贵金属基催化剂中,Ni基催化剂的活性最高,且其成本相对较低,被认为十分具有应用潜力。然而,Ru基和Ni基催化体系在活性和稳定性等方面仍存在一些挑战。本文综述了氨分解催化剂的最新研究进展,包括Ru基催化剂、非贵金属Fe基和Ni基催化剂及双金属催化剂等,并对目前文献中的反应机理进行了梳理。

负载型Fe-Ni纳米合金的制备及其催化丁二烯选择性加氢性能

采用尿素沉积-沉淀法制备了负载型Fe-Ni纳米合金催化剂,通过调变Fe/Ni摩尔比,研究了金属组分对其还原温度、合金结构及催化丁二烯选择性加氢性能的影响。结果表明:Fe-Ni复合能有效降低Fe、Ni单金属催化剂的还原温度;随着Fe摩尔分数由0增加至100%,金属相结构逐渐由面心立方向体心立方结构转变;在催化加氢过程中,Fe的引入降低了Ni基催化剂活性,但丁烯选择性得到大幅提高;当Fe/Ni摩尔比为25/75时,Fe_(25)Ni_(75)/TiO_(2)-R催化剂中富Ni的Ni3Fe相在丁二烯催化活性(完全转化温度T_(100%)约95℃)和单烯烃选择性(>93%)最佳。

燃料电池非铂基催化剂的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)所用的催化剂以铂基催化剂为主,然而铂的价格高,储量少,研究可替代的非铂基材料催化剂具有商业化前景。非铂基催化剂可分为两大类:非贵金属催化剂和非金属催化剂。总结近年来非铂基催化剂在燃料电池中的研究进展,对活性位点和催化机理进行简述,着重介绍过渡金属氮碳化物的研究成果,为非铂基催化剂的研究和发展提供指导和参考。

LY-2008B/LY-2005C复合床镍基加氢催化剂在吉林石化碳五加氢装置的工业应用

针对吉林石化裂解碳五加氢的原料特点(高烯烃)和工艺条件,研发了2种非贵金属镍基加氢催化剂LY-2008B和LY-2005C,将两者按一定比例进行级配并进行了工业应用。2021年9月,在吉林石化的碳五加氢装置实现首次工业应用,一次开车成功,目前装置运行平稳,加氢产品溴价集中在10~14 g(Br)·(100 g)^(-1),运行至今床层压差没有明显变化,表明催化剂具有较好的活性和稳定性。

ZIFs材料对Fe/N/C催化剂氧还原性能的影响

过渡金属/氮/碳(M/N/C)催化剂是替代铂基催化剂用于氧还原反应(ORR)的理想材料。沸石咪唑骨架(ZIFs)材料结合了无机沸石的高稳定性和MOFs材料的高比表面积、高孔隙率及可调孔结构等特点,是制备M/N/C催化剂的优良前驱体。本工作以FeSO4·7H2O为铁源,1,10-菲啰啉为氮源,探究不同ZIFs材料对FeN/C-Zx催化剂ORR性能的影响。通过X射线衍射、比表面积和孔径分布测试、透射电子显微镜等对催化剂进行结构表征,使用线性扫描伏安法对催化剂ORR催化活性进行测试。结果表明:FeN/C-Z8催化剂表现出最佳的ORR活性,具有较小的Tafel斜率(64.98 mV/dec)且反应过程是近四电子过程;在经过25000次循环后,FeN/C-Z8催化剂的半波电位仅有20 mV的负移,表现出良好的稳定性。FeN/C-Z8催化剂中存在的Fe3C化合物可有效提高催化剂的催化性能;Zn2+在碳化过程中挥发使FeN/C-Z8催化剂具有较高比表面积(550.09 m2/g)、孔体积(1.36 cm3/g)及丰富的微孔、介孔结构,并促进了过渡金属在ZIFs材料上的均匀分布,使FeN/C-Z8催化剂颗粒较小、分散均匀,这是该催化剂表现出较好的ORR催化性能的可能原因。

甲基丙烯醛选择性氧化制甲基丙烯酸催化剂的研究进展

甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)是一种重要的大宗化学品,用于生产有机玻璃、功能高分子材料、涂料等。基于石油化工和煤化工原料的C3/C4法被认为是生产MMA的绿色工艺,其中甲基丙烯醛(MAL)氧化为甲基丙烯酸(MAA)是该工艺的关键步骤。对催化该反应所使用的催化剂进行了总结和分析,介绍了目前工业上所用的以Keggin结构磷钼钒酸盐为基础的催化剂,对催化剂的活性物种、不同组分的作用、负载型催化剂目前存在的问题进行了总结并提出了相应的解决方案,介绍了可催化该反应的非金属碳催化剂的研究进展。对于非金属碳催化剂,指出未来应从2个方面展开研究:1)设计制备高活性和稳定性的碳催化剂;2)利用表征手段构建催化剂的结构模型,探究碳催化机理。