Physical exercise reverses immuno-cold tumor microenvironment via inhibiting SQLE in non-small cell lung cancer

Dear Editor,Physical exercise has been shown to be associated with reduced cancer incidence and cancer-associated mortality[1,2],but the underlying mechanisms are obscure.Immunometabolic regulation has emerged as one of the most prominent mechanisms explaining the effects of exercise on cancer[1,2].Physical exercise primarily lowers blood cholesterol and triglycerides,and protects against cardiovascular diseases[3].However,whether physical exercise can modulate cholesterol metabolism in tumor cells is currently unknown.

Stage Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer with multiple metastases to the small intestine leading to intussusception: A case report

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal tract metastasis from lung cancer is rare and compared to small cell lung cancer(SCLC),non-SCLC(NSCLC)is even less likely to metastasize in this manner.Additionally,small intestinal tumors can also present with diverse complications,some of which require urgent intervention.CASE SUMMARY In this report,we detail a unique case of stage IV lung cancer,where the presence of small intestine tumors led to intussusception.Subsequent to a small intestine resection,pathology confirmed that all three tumors within the small intestine were metastases from adenocarcinoma of the lung.The postoperative follow-up period extended beyond 14 mo.CONCLUSION In patients with stage IV NSCLC,local tumor control can be achieved with various treatments.However,if small intestinal metastasis occurs,surgical intervention remains necessary,as it may improve survival.

Analysis and Review of Downregulated Actin Cytoskeletal Proteins in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Actin, a highly conserved protein, plays a dominant role in Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Late diagnosis and the aggressive nature of NSCLC pose a significant threat. Studying the clinic pathological properties of NSCLC proteins is a potential alternative for developing treatment strategies. Towards this, 35 downregulated actin cytoskeletal proteins on NSCLC prognosis and treatment were studied by examining their protein-protein interactions, gene ontology enrichment terms, and signaling pathways. Using PubMed, various proteins in NSCLC were identified. The protein-protein interactions and functional associations of these proteins were examined using the STRING database. The focal adhesion signaling pathway was selected from all available KEGG and Wiki pathways because of its role in regulating gene expression, facilitating cell movement and reproduction, and significantly impacting NSCLC. The protein-protein interaction network of the 35 downregulated actin cytoskeleton proteins revealed that ACTG1, ACTR2, ACTR3, ANXA2, ARPC4, FLNA, TLN1, CALD1, MYL6, MYH9, MYH10, TPM1, TPM3, TPM4, PFN1, IQGAP1, MSN, and ZXY exhibited the highest number of interactions. Whereas HSPB1, CTNNA1, KRT17, KRT7, FLNB, SEPT2, and TUBA1B displayed medium interactions, while UTRN, TUBA1B, and DUSP23 had relatively fewer interactions. It was discovered that focal adhesions are critical in connecting membrane receptors with the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, protein kinases, phosphatases, and adapter proteins were identified as key signaling molecules in this process, greatly influencing cell shape, motility, and gene expression. Our analysis shows that the focal adhesion pathway plays a crucial role in NSCLC and is essential for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Efficacy and Safety of Primary Radiotherapy in Combination with EGFR-TKIs for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring EGFR Mutation

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of EGFR-TKI with the radiotherapy in EGFR mutant metastatic NSCLC. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 72 patients with stage IV lung cancer with EGFR-sensitive mutation. Patients in the A group were treated with the first-generation EGFR-TKI (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor) combined with radiotherapy for primary tumors (34 cases). The B group was treated with the first-generation EGFR-TKI alone until the disease progressed (38 cases). PFS, OS, pulmonary infection and hematological toxicity during treatment were commented in both groups. Results: The objective remission rate was 47.1% (16/34) in the A group and 21.1% (8/38) in the B group. There was a significant difference between the two groups. There was no significant difference in hematological toxicity between the A group and the B group. There were 10 patients (29.4%) with degree II pulmonary infection in the A group and 3 patients (7.9%) in the B group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant, suggesting that the incidence of pneumonia in the A group was higher than that in the B group. The median PFS (Progression-Free Survival)) and OS (Overall Survival) of the A group were significantly longer than those of the B group (16.5 months vs 9 months) and the median OS (36 months vs 19 months). The PFS and OS in the A group were significantly longer than those in the B group. Conclusion: EGFR-TKI combined with primary radiotherapy can significantly prolong the drug resistance time of EGFR mutant metastatic NSCLC.

Chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab for small cell lung cancer with brain metastases:A case report

BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is a common and aggressive subtype of lung cancer.It is characterized by rapid growth and a high mortality rate.Approximately 10%of patients with SCLC present with brain metastases at the time of diagnosis,which is associated with a median survival of 5 mo.This study aimed to summarize the effect of bevacizumab on the progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival of patients with brain metastasis of SCLC.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man was referred to our hospital in February 2023 because of dizziness and numbness of the right lower extremity without headache or fever for more than four weeks.The patient was diagnosed with limited-stage SCLC.He received 8 cycles of chemotherapy combined with maintenance bevacizumab therapy and achieved a PFS of over 7 mo.CONCLUSION The combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan effectively alleviated brain metastasis in SCLC and prolonged PFS.

Immunotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a poorly differentiated, highly malignant neuroendocrine tumor characterized by rapid growth, aggressiveness, and easy recurrence. It is usually found in late clinical stage and the opportunity for surgery is lost. Therefore, surgery is often not used in clinical treatment. Although it is sensitive to chemoradiotherapy, it has a high recurrence rate and lacks effective treatment methods at present. Following chemotherapy and radiotherapy, immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer has become the mainstream research direction. Immunotherapy is profoundly changing the approach to cancer treatment due to its tolerable safety profile, sustained treatment response due to the production of immune memory, and effectiveness in a broad patient population. Immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer is one of the effective treatment methods for small cell lung cancer, and relevant studies are not rare, but there are still shortcomings such as intolerance of side effects and inaccurate evaluation of treatment timing. This article reviews the history of immunotherapy, the mechanism of action of immunodrugs, and the current immunodrugs used in the first-line treatment of extensive small cell lung cancer.

Biological insights in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung oncogenesis relies on intracellular cysteine to overcome oxidative stress.Several tumor types,including non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),upregulate the system x-c cystine/glutamate antiporter(xCT)through overexpression of the cystine transporter SLC7A11,thus sustaining intracellular cysteine levels to support glutathione synthesis.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)serves as a master regulator of oxidative stress resistance by regulating SLC7A11,whereas Kelch-like ECH-associated protein(KEAP1)acts as a cytoplasmic repressor of the oxidative responsive transcription factor NRF2.Mutations in KEAP1/NRF2 and p53 induce SLC7A11 activation in NSCLC.Extracellular cystine is crucial in supplying the intracellular cysteine levels necessary to combat oxidative stress.Disruptions in cystine availability lead to iron-dependent lipid peroxidation,thus resulting in a type of cell death called ferroptosis.Pharmacologic inhibitors of xCT(either SLC7A11 or GPX4)induce ferroptosis of NSCLC cells and other tumor types.When cystine uptake is impaired,the intracellular cysteine pool can be sustained by the transsulfuration pathway,which is catalyzed by cystathionine-B-synthase(CBS)and cystathionine g-lyase(CSE).The involvement of exogenous cysteine/cystine and the transsulfuration pathway in the cysteine pool and downstream metabolites results in compromised CD8^(+)T cell function and evasion of immunotherapy,diminishing immune response and potentially reducing the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic interventions.Pyroptosis is a previously unrecognized form of regulated cell death.In NSCLCs driven by EGFR,ALK,or KRAS,selective inhibitors induce pyroptotic cell death as well as apoptosis.After targeted therapy,the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated,thus leading to the cleavage and activation of caspase-3.Consequently,gasdermin E is activated,thus leading to permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell-lytic pyroptosis(indicated by characteristic cell membrane ballooning).Breakthroughs in KRAS G12C allele-specific inhibitors and potential mechanisms of resistance are also discussed herein.

Gastric metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma:Three case reports and review of literature

BACKGROUND Small cell lung carcinoma(SCLC)is highly susceptible to metastasis in the early stages of the disease.However,the stomach is an uncommon site of metastasis in SCLC,and only a few cases of this type of metastasis have been reported.Therefore,SCLC gastric metastases have not been systematically characterized and are easily missed and misdiagnosed.CASE SUMMARY We report three cases of gastric metastasis from SCLC in this article.The first patient presented primarily with cough,hemoptysis,and epigastric fullness.The other two patients presented primarily with abdominal discomfort,epigastric distension,and pain.All patients underwent gastroscopy and imaging examinations.Meanwhile,the immunohistochemical results of the lesions in three patients were suggestive of small cell carcinoma.Finally,the three patients were diagnosed with gastric metastasis of SCLC through a comprehensive analysis.The three patients did not receive appropriate treatment and died within a short time.CONCLUSION Here,we focused on summarizing the characteristics of gastric metastasis of SCLC to enhance clinicians'understanding of this disease.

Piperlongumine in combination with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of lung cancer cells

Objectives:EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR-TKI)therapies such as erlotinib and gefitinib are approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).However,the high incidence of acquired resistance to these EGFR-TKIs may preclude their effectiveness.Piperlongumine(PPL),an extract from the long pepper fruit(Piper longum),has been shown to possess anticancer properties.The purpose of the study was to investigate piperlongumine as an anticancer agent and to study a combination treatment approach with EGFR-TKIs against lung cancer cells.Methods:Anticancer efficacy of PPL,erlotinib(ERL),gefitinib(GEF),and cisplatin(CIS)were investigated in H1299 and H1975 cell lines.Cells were treated with PPL,ERL,GEF,and CIS alone,and in combination,cell viability was determined after 72 h.The mechanism of PPL-induced cytotoxicity was investigated via reactive oxygen species(ROS)induction,and apoptosis induction using acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry.The effect of treatment on EGFR-mediated oncogenic signaling was investigated by immunoblotting for mitogenic and apoptotic markers.Results:PPL exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect in H1299 and H1975 cells compared to ERL,GEF,and CIS.Combination treatments of PPL with GEF and ERL showed significant reductions in cancer cells compared to control in both cell lines,which were associated with apoptotic induction,but without significant ROS induction.Compared to control,PPL with GEF significantly increased apoptotic cell death in H1975as confirmed with flow cytometry.Treatment with PPL alone and in combination induced anti-mitogenic and apoptotic responses at the molecular level.Conclusion:PPL sensitized lung cancer cells to EGFR-TKI and induced potent cytotoxic effects at low concentrations.

Small cell lung carcinoma with KIF5B-RET fusion partially responded to the 4^(th)-line therapy with anlotinib:A case report

BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)exhibits a pronounced tendency for metastasis and relapse,and the acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy,leading to complexity in treatment outcomes.It is crucial to tackle these challenges by advancing targeted therapeutic approaches in ongoing research endeavors.Variant RET fusions have been reported in several solid tumors,but are rarely reported in SCLC.CASE SUMMARY We present the first case of a KIF5B-RET fusion in a 65-year-old male patient with SCLC.To date,the patient has received the 4th line chemotherapy with anlotinib for one year and has shown a sustained favorable partial response.According to the results of next generation sequencing,this SCLC patient harbors the KIF5BRET fusion,suggesting that RET fusion could serve as a promising molecular target for SCLC treatment.Next-generation sequencing(NGS)plays a critical rolein comprehensively assessing the genotype and phenotype of cancer.CONCLUSION NGS can provide SCLC patients with personalized and targeted therapy options,thereby improving their likelihood of survival.

Gastric metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma:A rare but noteworthy entity to consider

Small cell lung carcinoma(SCLC)is an aggressive malignancy known for its propensity for early and extensive metastatic spread.Gastric metastasis,where cancer cells disseminate from the lung to the stomach,is a rare but increasingly recognized complication of SCLC.This review provides a comprehensive overview of gastric metastasis in SCLC,addressing its clinical significance,diagnostic challenges,management strategies,and prognosis.Additionally,it examines the broader metastatic patterns of SCLC and compares them with other malignancies known for gastric metastasis.Gastric metastasis in SCLC,though infrequent,is clinically significant and often indicates advanced disease with a poor prognosis.SCLC typically metastasizes to the liver,brain,bones,and adrenal glands,with the stomach being an unusual site.The incidence of gastric meta-stasis ranges from 1%to 5%in autopsy studies,although this may be underes-timated due to diagnostic difficulties and asymptomatic early lesions.Diagnosing gastric metastasis presents several challenges,including the asymptomatic nature of many cases,limitations of conventional imaging techniques,and difficulties in distinguishing metastatic lesions from primary gastric cancer via endoscopy.Histopathological diagnosis requires careful examination to identify SCLC cells through their characteristic small cell morphology and neuroendocrine markers.Management of gastric metastasis in SCLC typically involves a multidisciplinary approach.Systemic therapy,pri-marily chemotherapy,remains the cornerstone of treatment,with palliative care addressing symptoms and complications.Surgical intervention is usually reserved for specific cases requiring symptomatic relief.The prognosis for patients with gastric metastasis from SCLC is generally poor,reflecting the advanced stage of the disease.Median survival is significantly re-duced compared to patients without gastric metastasis.This review emphasizes the need for enhanced awareness and early detection to improve patient outcomes and highlights the importance of ongoing research into better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Clinical Biomarkers and Prognosis in Taiwan Residents Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide with poor survival rates. However, the prognostic factors for survival of patients with lung cancer are not well-established. In this study, we examined the impact of routine laboratory biomarkers and traditional factors on survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Method: Secondary data analysis was conducted from a retrospective study of 404 patients with newly diag-nosed lung cancer in 2005-2007 in Taiwan. There were eight routine laboratory biomarkers and eight traditional factors investigated in the analyses. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the hazard ratios for the association between risk factors and patient overall survival. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare survival curves for each prognostic indicator. Results: High WBC counts (HR = 1.798, 95%CI: 1.225 - 2.639), low Hgb level (HR = 1.437, 95%CI: 1.085 - 1.903), and low serum albumin level (HR = 2.049, 95%CI: 1.376 - 3.052) were significant laboratory prognostic biomarkers for poor NSCLC survival. Additionally we confirmed the traditional prognostic factors for poor overall survival among NSCLC patients, including older age, comorbidity conditions, advanced cancer stage, and non-surgical treatment. Conclusions: This study identified three available laboratory biomarkers, high WBC counts, low Hgb level, and low serum albumin level, to be significant prognostic factors for poorer overall survival in NSCLC patients. Further prognostic evaluation studies are warranted to compare different ethnic groups on the prognostic values of these clinical parameters in NSCLC survival outcomes. These identified prognostic biomarkers should be included in early risk screening of hospitalized lung cancer patient population.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of MAGE-A3 gene and its clinical implications in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)

Background： Available study revealed advanced tumors have a higher expression rate of MAGE-A3 gene which has a lot of single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） loci with polymorphisms. This study aimed to analyze the allele frequency of SNP loci in MAGE-A3 gene and investigate the relationship between MAGE-A3 gene polymorphisms and clinical factors.Methods： Tumor samples of a cohort of 191 NSCLC patients were collected. EGFR m RNA expression were detected by q RT-PCR. SNPs in whole length of MAGE-A3 gene were detected by direct sequencing. Frequencies of the SNPs were correlated to gene expression, mutation status of EGFR and clinical factors.Results： Sequencing analysis confirmed that allele frequencies of genotypes on SNP loci rs5970360, rs5925210, rs5970361, rs5925211 and rs35123853 were CC（0.681）/CT（0.319）, CC（0.660）/CG（0.340）, CC（0.681）/CA（0.319）, AA（0.984）/AT（0.016） and GG（1.000）/GA（0.000）, respectively, which were different from the frequencies and genotypes of MAGE-A3 in SNP database. Chi-square tests showed the EGFR mR NA expression level had significant correlation with the genotypes of SNP loci rs5970360 and rs5925210. But all frequencies of each MAGE-A3 SNPs were not found significantly different between EGFR mutant and wild type patients. MAGE-A3 gene polymorphisms had no significant effects on survival of NSCLC patients.Conclusions： Chinese patients with NSCLC had different SNP patterns of MAGE-A3 in comparison with those in international SNP database. These MAGE-A3 SNP loci might have not prognostic significance. MAGE-A3 SNP loci rs5970360 and rs5925210 might be predictive for EGFR m RNA expression levels and helpful to the selection of patients for epidermal growth factor receptor（EGFR） targeted immunotherapy.

Envafolimab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of combined small cell lung cancer: A case report

BACKGROUND Combined small cell lung cancer(C-SCLC) is a special subtype of small cell lung cancer that is relatively rare, aggressive, and prone to early metastasis and has a poor prognosis. Currently, there are limited studies on C-SCLC, and there is no uniform standard treatment, especially for extensive C-SCLC, which still faces great challenges. In recent years, the development and progress of immunotherapy have provided more possibilities for the treatment of C-SCLC. We used immunotherapy combined with first-line chemotherapy to treat extensive-stage C-SCLC to explore its antitumor activity and safety.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of C-SCLC that presented early with adrenal, rib, and mediastinal lymph node metastases. The patient received carboplatin and etoposide with concurrent initiation of envafolimab. After 6 cycles of chemotherapy, the lung lesion was significantly reduced, and the comprehensive efficacy evaluation showed a partial response. No serious drug-related adverse events occurred during the treatment, and the drug regimen was well tolerated.CONCLUSION Envafolimab combined with carboplatin and etoposide in the treatment of extensive-stage C-SCLC has preliminary antitumor activity and good safety and tolerability.

Non-platinum doublets versus single agents in non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） patients with elderly age and/or poor performance status： a meta-analysis

Objective： The aim of the study was to compare the efficacies and toxicities of non-platinum doublets （doublets group） with a non-platinum single agent （single-agent group） in previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） patients with elderly age and/or poor performance status （PS）. Methods： The PubMed database was screened. Subsequently, the hazard ratios （HRs） for overall survival （OS） and progression-free survival （PFS）, relative risks （RRs） for overall response rate （ORR） and one-year survival, and odds ratios （ORs） for the different types of toxicities were pooled using the Review Manager 5.0 package. Results： This study comprised of 1427 patients enrolled in four randomized controlled trials. The pooled HR showed that the doublet group could increase ORR （P = 0.002） with no heterogeneity （P = 0.64）, and might improve OS （P = 0.01 / P = 0.06） with heterogeneity （P 0.001）. There was no significant difference in PFS （P = 0.16） and one-year survival （P = 0.25） between two treatment groups. The doublet group led to more grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia than the single-agent group （P = 0.02 and P = 0.000, respectively）. The incidences of grade 3/4 anemia, vomiting, mucositis, constipation, diarrhea, neurotoxicity, allergy, and fatigue between the two treatment groups were insignificant. Conclusion： Except for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, the non-platinum doublets could increase ORR, and might improve OS for NSCLC patients with elderly age and/or poor PS without addition of more side effects; however, the doublets showed an increased rate of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The addition of doublets may not improve PFS and one-year survival.

Expressions and significance of Survivin,MDR1 and MRP in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Objective： To investigate the expressions and significance of Survivin, MDR1 and MRP in non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. Methods： Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of Survivin, MDR1 and MRP. The correlation between the results was assessed and the impact of Survivin on prognoses was also examined. Results： Survivin was expressed in 78% tissues from NSCLC patients but not found in tissues from control patients （P 〈 0.05）. The expression of Survivin was related to the tissue differentiation stage and lymph nodes metastasis of lung cancer. The mean survival time was shorter in patients with Survivin-expression than those who not. There was a significant correlation between MDR1 and Survivin （P 〈 0.05）, whereas no close correlation was found between MRP and Survivin. Conclusion： （1） Survivin is of critical importance in the development of NSCLC, thus may provide an novel therapeutic target for lung cancer; （2） MDR1 and MRP present in tissues from lung cancer synergistically with Survivin, which might be involved in turnout resistance.

Impact of Cardiac Dose on Overall Survival in Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Compared to Conventionally Fractionated Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (LA-NSCLC)

Purpose: To examine possible association between heart irradiation and Overall Survival (OS) in lung SBRT patients and to compare observed associations with cardiac toxicity models previously derived in LA-NSCLC patient studies. Materials and Methods: 197 Patients treated with lung SBRT at Mayo Clinic Arizona were selected for this IRB-approved study. Multivariate Cox model with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to select patient specific covariates associated with OS. Heart dosimetry was represented by VD indices, which is a percentage of volume exposed to dose D or greater. Multivariate Cox models with patient specific covariates and single VD index per model was used to find a range of doses which were predictive for OS. A digital subdivision of the heart was further used to determine the spatial distribution of doses which were predictive for OS. A coarse subdivision divided heart into 4 segments, while the fine subdivision divided heart into 64 segments. Knowledge constrained Fused Lasso operator was used to derive a more complete model which correlated heart dosimetry with OS. Results of statistical analysis were compared to predictions of a model of cardiac toxicity in LA-NSCLC patients. Results: Higher age (p < 0.001), higher stage (p < 0.001) and squamous cell histology (p = 0.001) were associated with reduced OS. Whole heart DVH analysis did not reveal associations between heart irradiation and reduced OS. Coarse subdivision of the heart into four segments revealed that the irradiation of two inferior segments of the heart with low doses was associated with reduced OS, V2Gy in the right-inferior segment (HR = 1.012/1%, p = 0.02), and V1Gy in the left-inferior segment (HR = 1.01/1%, p = 0.04). Maximum dose in the right-inferior segment of the heart was also associated with reduced OS (HR = 1.02/Gy, p = 0.02). Fine subdivision of the heart into 64 segments revealed that approximately 25% of heart volume in the inferior part of the heart (15/64 segments), when irradiated to doses in the 1 Gy - 5 Gy range, were predictive for reduced OS (HR = 1.01/1%, p = 0.01). A previously derived model of cardiac toxicity in LA-NSCLC patients did not predict a reduction of OS due to heart irradiation in lung SBRT patients, because of relatively low doses to the heart in most lung SBRT patients. Conclusions: Doses lower than 5 Gy in the inferior segments of the heart may be associated with reduced overall survival in patients treated for lung lesions with SBRT. Stage and histology of the disease, as well as patients’ age, were also associated with overall survival. Comparisons of cardiac toxicity patterns in LA-NSCLC patients and lung SBRT patients suggest different etiology of cardiac toxicity in the two groups.

Synchronous multiple lung cancers with hilar lymph node metastasis of small cell carcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Synchronous multiple lung cancers are rare and refer to the simultaneous presence of two or more primary lung tumors,which present significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of multiple synchronous lung cancers with hilar lymph node metastasis of small cell carcinoma of unknown origin in a 73-year-old man.Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma.Although enlargement of lymph node 12u was detected,no distant metastases were observed.The patient was preoperatively diagnosed with T1cN0M0 and underwent thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy with nodal dissection(ND2a).Based on histopathological findings,the primary lesion was squamous cell carcinoma.A microinvasive adenocarcinoma was also observed on the cranial side of the primary lesion.Tumors were detected in two resected lymph nodes(#12u and#11s).Both tumors were pathologically diagnosed as small cell carcinomas.The primary lesion of the small cell carcinoma could not be identified even by whole-body imaging;however,chemotherapy was initiated for hilar lymph node metastasis of the small cell carcinoma of unknown origin.CONCLUSION Multiple synchronous lung cancers can be accompanied by hilar lymph node metastasis of small cell carcinomas of unknown origin.

^(18)F-FETNIM PET/CT hypoxia imaging in non-small cell lung cancer:preliminary clinical observation

Objective:The aims of this study were to evaluate potential side effects of 18F-fluoroerythronitroimidazole (18F-FETNIM) as a new-type hypoxia-imaging agent and to investigate the feasibility of 18F-FETNIM PET imaging in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and the correlations of hypoxia extent with tumor volume or pathological type. Methods: Twenty-six NSCLC patients were prospectively included in the study. PET/CT scans were performed 2 h after intravenous injection of 18F-FETNIM in all 26 patients. A pixel-by-pixel calculation of tumor to blood (T/B) activity ratio for all image planes was calculated. The number of pixels in the tumor volume with a T/B ratio≥ 1.5,indicating significant hypoxia,was determined and converted to mL units to measure the hypoxia volume (HV). Results: The images were clearly identified after 2 h post-injection of 18F-FETNIM. The tumors in 4 cases were not distinguished from background,while the remaining 22 displayed local 18F-FETNIM uptake in thoracic lesions moderately to markedly higher than background. There was no correlation between 18F-FETNIM uptake with pathological type. There were significant correlations of HV and also the T/B ratio with tumor volume. Conclusion:18F-FETNIM is a promising hypoxia-imaging agent which clinical use is safe and satisfactory. The preliminary study provides valuable methods and experience to its further research.

A Review of the Impact of PD-L1 Expression on the Prognosis of Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small cell lung cancer is an invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma with early metastasis potential. It tends to grow rapidly and metastasize early, with the majority of patients diagnosed as advanced stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Systemic treatment consisting of platinum drugs and etoposide chemotherapy is the main treatment method, although the objective effective rate of this combination is 60% - 80%. However, most SCLC patients experience disease progression shortly after initial treatment, with a median overall survival of 10 months. There are few second-line treatment drugs available, and immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors has completely changed the treatment of many cancer types. Adding immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) to conventional chemotherapy as first-line treatment can improve the survival rate of widespread small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), but so far, there are no definitive factors to determine patients who are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy. This review summarizes the results of immunotherapy trials for small cell lung cancer. And a review was conducted on the predictive factors of these trials, with special emphasis on the expression of PD-L1 in small cell lung cancer to determine its clinical value.