Non-agricultural Population, Employment and Land:An Econometric Study in an Integrated Framework

Abstract： his paper explored the relationships among nonagricultural population, employment and land in an integrated framework, taking account of rural-urban land conversion into Carlino-Mills＇s model on the regional growth. Two-stage-leastsquares and ordinary-least-squares were employed. Recent data for district （grade） cities in China （from 1999 to 2005） were used. Our results showed that： first, urban population influenced non-agricultural employment, and vice versa, but the evidence that non-agricultural employment influenced urban population was stronger than the evidence that urban population influenced non-agricultural employment; second, urban population and non-agricultural employment both influenced ruralurban land conversion, but the evidence that urban population influenced rural urban land conversion was more stronger than the evidence that non-agricultural employment did. We also found that： first, the employment from the secondary industry influenced urban population in a positive way, and vice versa, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced urban population in a negative way, and vice versa; second, the employment from the secondary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a positive way, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a negative way. We can conclude that the key of urbanization is to speed up the process of non-agricultural employment, especially the employment from the tertiary industry, which might promote non-agricultural population, employment and land harmoniously.

Spatial Pattern of Female Non-agricultural Employment and Its Driving Forces in Guangdong Province,China:A Perspective of Individual and Family-level

Promoting women’s employment is not only the need of social and economic development,but also the historical mission of liberating women.This paper uses data from the 1%Population Sample Survey,taken in Guangdong Province in 2015,to explore how women’s marital status,education,and family environment affect the female non-agricultural employment rate(FNAER)on a county scale using a spatial-lag model.The results show that:1)The female non-agricultural employment rate in counties of Guangdong Province is low,with more than three-quarters of counties having female non-agricultural employment rate less than 50%.Moreover,the spatial distribution of FNAER is uneven,with the high-value areas concentrated in the southeast and the low-value areas mainly distributed in the central and western parts of Guangdong Province.2)From the perspective of industry,there are significant spatial differences among women.In the southeast,women are mainly engaged in the secondary industry,while in the central and western regions,women are mainly engaged in the tertiary industry.3)Women having better skills and more effective support from the elderly can improve the FNAER.Women having lower skills,smaller-scale families,a higher fertility rate,and households with two or more elderly members have a negative effect on the FNAER.4)Public policies suggest that improving women’s education and their family environment,building social welfare facilities,and repairing the family environment will increase the FNAER.

Relationship between Farmland Use Right Circulation and Non-agricultural Employment——Based on Survey Data from Eastern and Western China

Relationship between Chinese rural non-agricultural employment and farmland use circulation has always been a hot research topic without final conclusions.This paper uses survey data of"China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)"covering 1,549 households of 95 villages in Zhejiang and Gansu Province in 2008.According to the data analysis,Zhejiang Province has a higher ratio of rural households leasing out their farmland than Gansu Province has,while the latter has a higher ratio of rural residents going out for earning a living.In both provinces,non-agricultural employment and farmland use circulation show significant positive correlation,but in Gansu,non-agricultural employment of farmers shows no significant positive correlation with rural households leasing out their farmland.The factor shows that for peasants in underdeveloped regions of west China,they rely more on land because of its social security functions,so they are not willing to lease out their land even when they go to cities for earning a living.For local government,it is not appropriate to promote farmland use circulation by depending on the transfer of rural labor forces,fundamental needs of peasants must be taken into consideration.

Mixed Expectations in the Recruitment Settlement during COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences of Newly Employed Nurses in Oman

Introduction: Hospital nurses’ recruitment during the COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for the hospital, the staff themselves and for their families & relatives. Although the world has undergone different pandemics and disasters, the literature has shown that the new nurses still face uncertainty in dealing with health emergencies and disasters that impose significant stress on their performance at work. The situation in Oman is not different and little is known about the newly employed nurses’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The qualitative study was designed to include face to face interviews of the newly employed nurses between May and December 2020 at the biggest tertiary hospital in Muscat, the capital of Oman to explore their experiences and how they confronted the COVID-19 pandemic challenges during their internship period. Result: The data was analyzed through qualitative manifest content analysis and disclosed different experiences which were framed into four contexts: Introductory Nurses Plan, Hospital Environment, Nurses Characters and Nurses Families & Relatives. The negative experiences were mainly related to the intense internship requirements, non-availability of the preceptors, hospital environment and COVID-19 circumstances. On the other hand, the positive experiences were mainly related to their self-motivation, recruitment satisfaction, and family encouragement and support. Conclusion: Clear nurses’ lack of knowledge towards COVID-19 pandemic was disclosed and associated with mixed emotional insights towards themselves, their families and relatives, their preceptors and towards the hospital environment including their preparatory plan. The study identified the nurses’ stressors and motivators that could be addressed with a clear need for preparatory adjustments to support newly employed nurses in future appointments with a lot of involvements shared responsibilities and implications.

离散选择实验在卫生人力资源领域的应用进展

背景运用离散选择实验(DCE)对卫生人员工作选择倾向性进行研究,可以为制定农村及偏远地区吸引和留用卫生人员相关政策提供科学且有效的依据。目的对DCE应用于卫生人力资源领域的研究进行梳理、总结和归纳,以期为将来的相关研究提供参考。方法于2022年2—4月,系统检索Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网中与DCE应用于卫生人力资源领域相关的文献。提取纳入文献的研究对象、分析模型、选择项设置及研究结果等。结果最终纳入44篇文献,文献发表时间为2000—2020年。研究对象主要为在职卫生工作者、学生;纳入文献中,6篇是标签式,其余为一般式;属性数量为4~8个;水平数量以2~4个居多(88.6%,39/44)。高收入国家的研究中将全科医生团队合作、工作量作为工作属性;中低收入国家的研究中工作属性选择最多的是住房(21次),其次是设施、药物等的配备(19次)、学习/培训机会(16次)。各文献的工作属性均纳入了收入(工资)。形成的工作属性框架包含4个层面:社会层面,包括医院规模、社会支持/尊重、身份确认(编制或成为永久员工);工作层面,包括工作地点、工作条件、工作量、工作(管理)氛围、团队合作、上级指导(针对基层卫生工作者);职业发展层面,包括晋升年限、培训(继续教育)机会、学术和研究机会;生活层面,包括收入、住房、交通、子女教育。分析模型运用最多的是Mixed Logit Model(19次),其次是Conditional Logit Model(9次)、Generalized Multinomial Logit Model(3次)。结论该领域研究结果的异质性较大,难以得出统一结论。而且DCE在卫生人力资源领域的应用仍需进一步在全球范围内推广,相关研究十分有限,得到的证据尚需进一步研究的证实。

数字经济对农业生产性服务业的影响——基于非农就业和要素供给视角

基于2003—2019年213个地级市面板数据,将智慧城市试点作为一项衡量数字经济发展的准自然实验,构建多时点双重差分模型,实证检验数字经济对农业生产性服务业的影响效应和作用机制。研究表明:(1)数字经济显著促进了农业生产性服务业发展,且这一结论在经过平行趋势、安慰剂等多种方法检验后依然稳健。(2)“需求-供给”两端分析表明,促进非农就业和资本、技术和信息等要素供给是数字经济推动农业生产性服务业发展的重要路径。(3)数字经济对农业生产性服务业的促进作用,在东部地区以及传统基础设施和规模化种植较为完善的城市更明显。(4)城镇化在数字经济与农业生产性服务业之间具有显著“单一”门槛效应,只有在人口、产业和土地城镇化达到一定水平时,数字经济才能发挥出对农业生产性服务业发展的促进作用。

高校学生实习经历与就业质量的关系

为探讨高校学生实习经历与就业质量之间的关系,采用问卷调查法进行研究,对实习质量、实习影响、实习体验及就业质量4个维度进行分析。由信度检验可知,问卷具有非常良好的信度,可以可靠评估高校学生实习经历与就业质量之间的关系。通过描述性统计分析发现,在实习质量、实习影响、实习体验及就业质量4个维度上大部分受访者都表现出较高水平且分布相对集中,反映了高校学生实习经历与就业质量之间的关系在样本中具有一定的稳定性和一致性。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,实习质量、实习影响、实习体验及就业质量4个维度在0.01的显著性水平上呈现出相关性。线性回归分析结果显示,实习质量和实习体验2个维度在0.01的显著性水平上对受访者的就业质量有重要影响,表明样本中的实习质量维度和实习体验维度与就业质量维度间存在着统计学上显著的线性关系。

新时代强化就业优先政策的经验和未来取向

就业优先政策是新时代积极就业政策和就业优先战略的具体结合,是推动经济高质量发展的重要举措。新时代以来,我国从促进积极就业、实现充分就业、推动高质量就业等多个方面对就业优先政策进行系统化和全方位的调整优化,实现了就业数量攀升和就业市场稳定,证明了坚持以人民为中心的发展理念、深化就业优先服务供给侧改革、推动经济高质量发展与就业促进良性互动、坚持政府引导与市场调节协同运行等有益经验的正确性。本文基于促进高质量充分就业的发展目标,建议通过继续坚持强化就业优先政策、加大对高质量就业培训的投入、发展数字经济开辟就业新空间、开展就业质量监测工作等途径来助推就业优先战略的实施,巩固就业水平这一基本民生保障。

大学生就业路径下教育背景、实习经历与职业发展的关联性

通过问卷调查法了解大学生就业路径下教育背景、实习经历与职业发展的关联性。由描述性统计结果可知,教育背景、实习经历、职业发展与综合评价维度之间存在密切联系,良好的教育背景和实习经历可为大学生的职业发展提供良好基础,进而影响其综合评价。问卷的折半系数为0.959,意味着问卷具有非常好的信度,进一步强化了描述性统计结果的可靠性。大学生就业路径中的教育背景、实习经历、职业发展及综合评价维度间在0.01的显著性水平上存在显著相关性。为此,大学生应注重提升自身教育背景,积极参与各类实习,全面提升自身综合评价水平,培养自己的自信心和抗压能力,以更好地应对职业发展中的各种挑战。

How farmers’non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China?

To clarify the impact of non-agricultural employment on rural land circulation in China,we built logit models using the Chinese Household Income Project 2013 dataset,which includes 18,948 household samples over 15 provinces,126 cities and 234 counties of China in 2013.We use the proportion of non-agricultural income,the proportion of non-agricultural laborers and non-agricultural fixed operating assets to reflect the degree of the households’dependence on agriculture,the degree of the households’laborers committed to non-agricultural employment and the stability of non-agricultural employment,respectively.The results show that the stability of non-agricultural employment is an important reason for farmers to transfer out their land,and an increase in non-agricultural income is the fundamental reason.The proportion of non-agricultural assets has the greatest impact on the decision to transfer land,followed by the proportion of non-agricultural income.Per unit increase in the non-agricultural income ratio has a stronger effect on the transfer-out decision than it does on the transfer-in decision,which is a 0.09 increase of the probability of transfer-out the land and a 0.07 decrease of the probability of transfer-in the land.In terms of regional differences,when considering the impact of non-agricultural employment on the land transfer-out decision,the impacts of non-agricultural income and labor force are the greatest in the Central region.The impact of non-agricultural assets is the greatest in the Eastern region.For the Eastern region,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets and the non-agricultural labor force,and the decision to transfer in land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets.In the Central and Western regions,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural income and the non-agricultural labor force,in that order.The decision to transfer in land in the Central region is not significantly affected by non-agricultural employment.The decision to transfer in land in the Western region is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural labor force and non-agricultural income,in that order.We note that non-agricultural assets have a prominent impact on land transfer,which shows that the stability of non-agricultural employment has an important impact on land transfer decision-making.Vocational training for rural labor forces may be an effective means to promote stable non-agricultural employment and simultaneously facilitate rural land circulation,especially in Central and Western China.

Hospitality and Tourism International Internships and Perceived Employability

This paper investigates the experiences of UK undergraduate students who have undertaken a one year paid internship abroad within the hotel sector by using a phenomenological approach.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 final year undergraduate students.The findings shed light on the alignment of key elements of the constructs of positive psychological capital and cosmopolitan human capital,along with strong self-belief in employability as a consequence of the experience.A theoretical model of international experience and positive psych-social development is postulated and contributes to improved practice in internship and employability mentoring and policy decision-making with respect to current internationalisation and employability agendas in the UK’s higher education system.

脱贫地区妇女本地就业与儿童营养--来自帮扶车间的经验证据

儿童时期的营养健康状况是持续影响个人成长、家庭发展和地区人力资本积累的重要因素。在夫妻双方合作议价的儿童营养决定作用框架下,基于脱贫地区帮扶车间中妇女本地就业的准实验设计和湖南、河北、广西三省的微观调查数据,实证分析妇女(母亲)本地就业对儿童营养摄取的影响及其作用机制,发现:妇女本地就业对儿童的日均能量和蛋白质摄入均具有显著的正向影响,但对儿童能量摄入改善更大;妇女本地就业分别对儿童在幼儿阶段的能量摄入和在小学阶段的蛋白质摄入改善更明显,而且营养改善效应并不存在明显的性别差异;从作用机制来看,妇女收入对儿童能量和蛋白质摄入存在显著的正向中介效应,家庭议价能力仅对儿童蛋白质摄入存在显著的正向中介效应,而时间照料的中介效应均不显著。脱贫地区在承接产业转移中应统筹考虑妇女劳动力就业与产业项目选择,在新型城镇化建设中逐步建立健全妇女就业市场,创造更多适合农村妇女工作的就业机会,提高妇女本地就业的能力和可行性,从而扩大妇女本地就业的正外部影响,从妇女就业帮扶的角度促进家庭能力建设。

基于离散选择实验的山东省医学院校本科生基层就业偏好研究

目的针对基层医疗机构人力资源不足的困境,探究医学院校本科生基层就业的倾向和因素偏好,为基层医疗机构的人才队伍建设提供参考。方法基于离散选择实验方法,利用文献分析和专家咨询法确定工作属性及水平设计,采用部分析因设计得到18种工作机会,对山东省四所医学院校本科生进行问卷调查,利用Stata 15.1构建条件logit模型分析偏好结果。结果共调查1070名本科生,研究发现,医学院校本科生对基层卫生工作属性的偏好程度从大到小依次为月收入、人员编制、晋升时间、设施性福利、工作条件和工作地点六项(P<0.05)。本科生在基层就业选择时,不仅考虑经济因素,还会考虑非经济因素。农村和城镇地区生源的医学院校本科生其工作偏好略有不同,前者更偏好月收入、编制、设施性福利、晋升时间和工作条件因素,但工作地点对其偏好没有影响;后者对六个属性均有显著偏好。结论政策制定者可以将基层医疗机构统一整合规划,从提高收入、缩短晋升时间、完善福利设施、提供编制、完善工作条件等方面改革基层人力资源政策,并且吸引农村生源本科生扎根农村基层卫生建设,促进整体基层医疗人才队伍建设。

新生代农民工高质量就业:政策演化、理论逻辑与国际经验

保障新生代农民工群体的高质量就业是推进农民市民化和共同富裕的重要内容之一。新冠疫情发生以来,新生代农民的就业质量出现了诸多问题,备受关注。本文在梳理中国新生代农民工城市就业历史政策演化的基础上,给出保障新生代农民工高质量就业的内在理论逻辑,利用CMDS2018数据分析新生代农民工的就业现况与特征,选择美国、巴西、日本、印度等典型代表性国家进行国际经验总结。研究结果表明:①新生代农民工进城务工就业政策演化经历了“完善就业保障→推进职业培训→强化乐业融入”的过程。②保障新生代农民工高质量就业的内在理论逻辑是实现职业技能、收入水平提升和农民市民化的本质要求。③职业技能和受教育水平反映的人力资本质量偏低是影响新生代农民工高质量就业的主要内因,就业稳定性差、就业行业面窄和区域性跨度大是新生代农民就业的重要特征。④总结出美国措施、巴西方案、日本模式、印度经验等国际经验,各国都注重农民工的教育培训、社会保障和公共服务均等。基于此,本文提出保障中国新生代农民工高质量就业的几点措施:加强新生代农民工新职业新技术培训,提高就业质量;完善新生代农民工的社会保障体系,稳定就业时限;逐步提升新生代农民工理论素养,增加就业潜力。

职业教育提升农民就业创业能力:国际经验与政策启示

职业教育提升农民就业创业能力,对全面推进乡村振兴、扎实推进共同富裕具有重要意义。本文剖析了农民职业教育的起源和发展,梳理了北美洲、欧洲、亚洲等地区的发达国家在职业教育发展过程中的主要经验,并结合中国实践提出相应政策启示。研究结果表明,农民职业教育主要经历了技术推广、技能培育、素质教育三个阶段,国际先进的共性经验主要包括立体化的职业教育体系、双元制的职业教育模式,并辅以健全的法律基础和充足的经费来源为根本保障。结合中国历史实践与基本国情,提出以提升学历教育为基础,培养高素质农民;以健全法律体系为保障,培养法制化农民;以创新科技手段为动力,培养现代化农民;以壮大师资队伍为根本,培养职业化农民。

党的十八大以来中国共产党就业政策的历史脉络与经验启示

就业政策牵系国计民生,是中国共产党执政为民、推进治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要组成内容。党始终秉承着以人民为中心的发展理念,一以贯之地坚持并加强对就业工作的领导,踏实践行为人民谋就业的使命责任。党的十八大以来,党围绕扩大就业、稳定就业和促成高质量充分就业的重心不断完善就业政策,形成了以鼓励创业带动就业拉动就业增长、以保障重点群体就业推动就业优先、以发展产业促进就业扩大就业需求、以保量提质优化就业促进就业发展的历史经验,为开拓新时代就业发展之路指明了方向。

农村劳动力就业空间行为研究——以江苏、山东、安徽三个样本村为例

中国农村劳动力就业行为的特殊性与复杂性引起国内外学者的广泛关注。农村劳动力流动特征、流动原因、产生的影响等是目前研究的传统思路。从行为地理学视角,以就业感知行为、就业决策行为、就业行为、就业体验行为为基本内容,建立了农村劳动力就业空间行为研究的分析框架。以江苏、山东、安徽的三个样本村为典型案例地,通过实地调研、问卷访谈和统计分析后,认为现阶段中国农村劳动力就业空间行为类型主要有本地农业就业型、本地非农就业型、外地流动就业型三种类型,分析了各就业类型的空间行为特征:农村劳动力在就业前对预期就业的环境感知都不强,感知强度与距离和生活环境关联密切;经济因素是影响农村劳动力就业的主要因素,但对不同空间类型劳动力的影响程度不同;我国农村劳动力就业普遍存在兼业现象,且从事的行业、部门也在不断变化;农村劳动力就业满意度以本地非农就业型为最高,其它两类满意度都较低。

日本促进女性就业的经验对我国的借鉴

女性就业,不仅是一个经济问题,更是一个社会问题。日本促进女性就业的经验值得我们借鉴。建立完善的法律和政策能使女性拥有公平的就业起点;调整产业结构,促使经济稳定发展,是保证女性就业的基础和前提;实行弹性工作制,能够使更多的女性实现就业;加强就业指导和培训,推进社会环境建设,有助于失业女性自我谋业和自主创业。

英国高校提升大学生就业力的经验探讨

提升大学生就业力是解决高校毕业生与社会之间的"就业鸿沟"、促进大学生就业的重要途径。英国高校重视学生就业力的培养与提升,在具体实践中采取了吸收雇主参与课程设计、将就业力嵌入课程、重视学生实际工作经验的获得、重视创业教育以及进一步完善就业指导服务等措施,有效地促进了大学生的充分就业。本文拟对这些措施和经验展开详细的阐述,以期为我国高校大学生就业工作提供有益的启示与借鉴。

大学毕业生的就业压力体验与应对调查

本研究以具有良好信度和效度的自编问卷对四所不同类别高校的415位大学毕业生的就业心理进行调查,发现毕业生的就业压力体验呈现出复杂多样与动态发展的趋势特征;毕业生的就业应对以务实型为主,其次是理想型。不同性别、不同专业、不同毕业去向学生表现出不容忽视的差异性。最后,压力体验与应对方式之间存在一定相关。