From "Migrant Workers Boom" to "Migrant Workers Scarcity"——Analysis of Institutional Bottleneck of Rural Surplus Labors Transfer in China

Through description of three-steps characteristic of dual economic theory and its practical significance to the process of industrialization and urbanization in China,and making comparative analysis between important criterion of "Lewis turning point" and current situation of rural surplus labors market in China,we can find that there exists a great deal of surplus labors in rural areas in our country,improvement of peasant income is the result of external interference of government,and demographic dividend in our country hasn't finished.These phenomena go against the theory of "Lewis turning point".So it can prove that "Lewis turning point" in China hasn't come yet.The paper points out the major factors of coexistence of "migrant workers scarcity" and labors redundancy in our country.The first one is structure contradiction of labors market;the second one is law of supply-demand of labors market;the third one is institutional barrier which hinders labors in free flow of census register and social guarantee.Therefore,if we want to realize successful transfer of rural surplus labors and the goal of industrialization and urbanization,we must promote upgrading of industrial structure,change the style of economic growth and realize harmonious development of regional economy in macrocosmic level;And in microcosmic level,we should eliminate institutional barrier which hinders transfer of rural surplus labors.

Chinese Rural labors Transfer under the Coordination of Urban-Rural Development

The strategic significance of Chinese rural labor transfer is expounded.It is conducive to solving the three agricultural problems concerning agriculture,rural areas,and farmers and coordinating the urban and rural development;promoting the rational distribution of human resources and realizing the growth of national economy;restructuring industrial structure and improving Chinese market competitiveness.The problems in the transfer of Chinese rural labors are analyzed,which include the low overall cultural level of rural labors;imperfect organization developmental;weak management mechanism and imperfect supporting measures.The rational paths for Chinese rural labor transfer are pointed out,including break the urban and rural dual structure and realize the free move of rural labors;strengthen the organization construction to provide high-quality socialized service for rural labor transfer;perfect security system to foster favorable social environment for rural labor transfer;establish scientific management mechanism to realize the sustainable rural labor transfer.

Approaches and countermeasures of the transfer of rural surplus labors in China

The transfer of rural surplus labors concerns the development of agriculture and the national economy in China. On the pivotal period of transforming economy and society, whether the transfer can be accomplished successfully will play an important role in the social stabilization and the sustainable development of economy. In this paper, the authors bring out the characteristics and the main impediment of transfer. At the same time, countermeasures which are more effective have been put forward.

The New Changes in Rural Labor Transfer Mode under New Urbanization: Based on the Survey of 10 Villages in Guizhou Province

With the full-speed development of economy,the new urbanization has been accelerated in Guizhou Province in order to make the people reach a well-off standard of living by 2020. From the whole society,the key point is the development of the rural economy,and the development of the rural economy depends on the economic development of rural households. The income from rural labor force transfer has become the main income source and accounts for more than half of rural household income,which will play a major role in survival and development of rural households.

Problems in the Transfer of Rural Surplus Labor Force in Chengdu Plain——A Empirical Analysis of Xiyu Village,Gexianshan Town,China

Under the new situation of the coordination of rural and urban development,the employment and transfer of surplus labor force have become the major social problems in China.Based on the field investigation on Xiyu Village of Gexianshan Town in Pengzhou City,the surplus labor force and the absorptive capacity of non-agricultural industries are estimated by using per capita cultivated method and output value absorption method.Based on this,the transfer pattern of surplus labor force is generalized and the corresponding suggestions for transfer are put forward.

Impact of Labor Transfer on Agricultural Land Use Conversion at Rural Household Level Based on Logit Model

Since land and labor force are primary resources to be used and controlled by rural households, the allocation of labor forces will influence land uses, and further lead to land use conversion. The present study used the Binary Logit model to investigate the influence of labor force transfer, characteristics of rural households, location, and land market on agricultural land use conversion at rural household level. This study was conducted based on 329 valid questionnaires, which were obtained in Changshu, Rudong, and Tongshan counties, respectively representing the southern, middle and northern areas of Jiangsu Province. The results showed that land market participation, location, zonal difference and labor transfer had strong influences on agricultural land use conversion. The participation of land market had a strong positive effect on land use conversion, especially for the farmland converted to the fishpond. The nearer to the county seat, the more conversion of land use occurred. Particularly, the labor force transfer caused by wage employment decreased this conversion probability, while the labor transfer caused by self-employment led to more conversion; and the increasing of income from labor transfer increased the conversion. Moreover, land use con- versions demonstrated zonal difference, which were more in Rudong and Changshu counties than in Tongshan County, and the factors influencing this conversion were different in the three regions.

The relationship between rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and income gap

Based on the time series data of Shandong province from 2001 to 2018,a VAR model consisting of three variables,namely,rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,was constructed,and the interaction among the three variables and their characteristics were empirically analyzed.The results show that urbanization and rural surplus labor transfer are Granger causation to each other,and there is a positive correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force in long-term equilibrium,while there is a negative correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to fully recognize the relationship between the transfer of rural surplus labor,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the rural surplus labor to gather in cities,and gradually narrow the urban-rural income gap.

Sense of Happiness of Left-behind Elderly People in the Context of Rural Labor Transfer——A Case Study of Guizhou Province

Through questionnaires and interviews,this paper surveyed and studied the sense of happiness of 187 left-behind elderly people in Guizhou. The results show that in the context of the rural labor transfer,the sense of happiness of left-behind elderly people is generally low.There are many influencing factors and complex causes. Through analysis,it is found that transfer of family labor has a great impact on the sense of happiness of left-behind elderly people. Finally,it came up with some pertinent recommendations for raising the sense of happiness of left-behind elderly people.

Economic Effect of Rural Labor Transfer in China

With the continuous development of China’s economy and the acceleration of urbanization,more and more rural labor force is gradually transferred to cities and non-agricultural industries.Although the transfer of rural labor force can increase farmers’income,improve farmers’quality of life,and accelerate the process of urbanization and agricultural modernization in China,the unreasonable transfer of rural labor force has also brought some problems to China’s agricultural development.This paper mainly through the method of combining theoretical derivation and empirical analysis,using the data from 2010 to 2015 to analyze,study the influence of rural labor transfer on agricultural production,explore the relationship between rural labor transfer and agricultural development and provide relevant policy suggestions.

社会保障参与有助于农村土地流转吗?——基于劳动力转移的中介效应

随着我国城乡社会保障制度逐步完善,农民对土地的依赖得到缓解,农村劳动力非农就业比例提高,农村土地流转供给不断增加。基于中国家庭追踪调查2012—2018年数据,构建了双重固定效应模型,旨在考察社会保障参与对农村土地流转的影响,同时分析了劳动力转移的中介效应。研究结果表明:参与新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出具有显著影响;参与新型农村合作医疗保险对于农村土地转出的影响并不显著,但是显著抑制农村土地转入;劳动力转移在新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出的影响中发挥着中介作用,在新型农村合作医疗对农村土地流转影响中发挥的中介效应不明显。

老年照料对农村劳动力转移空间距离影响研究

基于劳动力流动理论,以家庭成员整体利益最大化为前提假设,运用有序probit模型,采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,考量老年照料对农村劳动力转移空间距离的影响。结果显示:老年照料对县乡村内短距离转移有促进效应,对县外市内、市外省内、省外转移有牵制效应且距离越远牵制效应越明显。异质性研究表明,老年照料对男性劳动力转移兼具促进效应与牵制效应,已婚女性因偏好于近距离转移影响不明显;“夹心层”家庭子女牵制效应显著。鉴于此,应凝聚“依亲而居”社会合力,挖掘本地非农就业潜力,构建老年照料服务多元供给体系,缓解老年照料压力。

普惠保险对城乡收入差距的影响——基于农村劳动力转移机制

缩小城乡收入差距是实现社会主义现代化必须实现的目标,而普惠保险作为影响城乡收入差距的重要因素,讨论其如何缩小城乡差距是一个值得研究的命题。构建理论分析框架,系统分析普惠保险对城乡收入差距的影响机制,利用省级面板数据与中介效应模型,实证分析普惠保险对城乡收入差距的作用机制及影响效果。研究表明:普惠保险在缩小城乡收入差距的过程中存在农村劳动力转移的中介效应;普惠保险缩小城乡收入差距的效果会因农村劳动力转移的水平不同表现出明显差异。进一步扩展研究发现,普惠保险对城乡收入差距的影响效果具有农业地位异质性和农村劳动力转移水平异质性。在农业大省,普惠保险能够缩小城乡收入差距,但在非农业大省,普惠保险对城乡收入差距的作用效果不显著。在农村劳动力转移水平低的地区,普惠保险对城乡收入差距的系数绝对值更大,即普惠保险对缩小城乡收入差距的效果更明显。

教育投入对农村劳动力永久性转移影响机理探析——基于省级面板数据的考察

有序推动农村劳动力永久性转移事关中国乡村振兴战略实施的成败。以社会收入最大化为前提、以救助模型为基础构建农村人口永久性转移动态分析模型,探究教育投入对我国农村劳动力永久性转移的影响机理,结果发现:教育投入对农村劳动力转移存在显著正向影响;由户籍政策驱动的永久性转移可能导致无效城镇化;加强教育投入力度尤其是农村教育投入力度是新型城镇化背景下农村劳动力永久性转移的有效途径。因此,应通过增加公共教育投入、改革高等教育录取政策、抑制城镇通货膨胀、发展城镇第二三产业等措施,积极促进农村劳动力的永久性转移。

土地流转、农户创业和农村劳动力就近转移

推进农村劳动力就近转移能够在保障农民工群体就业、促进经济发展的基础上,有效缓解异地转移给农村带来的负面影响。为厘清土地流转对于农村劳动力就近转移的影响机制,基于2016、2018和2020年3期中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),采用Tobit模型、倾向得分匹配法(PSM)、中介效应和调节效应模型探讨土地流转对农村劳动力就近转移的影响机制,研究表明:土地流转能够显著促进农村劳动力就近转移,该结果经过数据缩尾、替换变量、筛选样本的稳健性检验和消除自选择引起的内生性偏误后依旧保持可靠;农户创业在土地流转对农村劳动力就近转移影响的过程中起到了部分中介效应,发挥了“创业带动就业”的作用;农户人情支出对土地流转对农村劳动力就近转移的作用路径起到显著正向调节作用。因此,应当健全农村土地流转制度,鼓励和扶持农户就近创新创业,正向引导农村社会关系网络并且完善农村正规市场建设。

考虑非农转移异质性的二元经济增长模型——对中国“迁移谜题”的再解释

传统二元经济模型没有考虑非农转移的异质性,因而无法解释中国“迁移谜题”。文章通过构建一个考虑非农转移异质性的二元经济增长模型,将永久性转移和非永久性转移同时纳入理论分析,对中国农村劳动力转移与城乡收入差距扩大并存的现象进行再解释,并增强二元经济增长模型对中国和其他发展中国家的适用性。分析结果表明,缩小农业部门和非农部门劳均产出差距要求农业部门保持较高的劳均土地增长率,如果能够加快农村劳动力由非永久性转移演变为永久性转移,农业部门劳均土地和劳均产出的增长就有可能进一步加快,城乡收入差距也有可能进一步缩小。进一步,农村劳动力的非农转移对两部门均衡发展也会产生一定影响。在长期中,“迁移谜题”可能会因非农部门的发展和非农就业机会的增加而消失,因为农村劳动力可以逐步在城镇寻求充分就业而完成永久性转移。最后,本文提供了与农村劳动力非农转移相关的若干特征事实以及政策建议。

城镇化进程中农村劳动力转移就业的困境及对策

在乡村振兴战略背景下,加快新型城镇化建设,吸引劳动力回乡就业,成为党和国家关注的重要课题。本研究探讨了城镇化推进对农村劳动力转移产生的影响,并深入分析了当前新型城镇化建设中影响劳动力转移的原因,最后从推动产业融合、开发人力资本、拓展就业渠道等方面,就做好农村劳动力就业提出了几点对策和建议。

农村劳动力转移对县域劳动生产率的影响

县域经济增长的关键在于生产要素的积累及其效率提升。农村劳动力的乡县转移会促进劳动要素在各部门重新配置,有助于转变发展方式和调整经济结构,是县域要素生产率提升的重要推手。分析了农村劳动力转移对县域劳动生产率的影响,并利用粤东西北县区的统计数据,建立计量模型对其进行了实证检验。结果表明:农村劳动力转移对县域劳动生产率具有显著的积极影响,且对非农部门劳动生产率的影响程度大于农业部门,同时根据县级市和非县级市进行分组检验的结果依然稳健。为进一步促进县域经济发展,从增强县域经济发展动能、积极推进农业转型发展、持续提高要素生产效率等方面给出了具体建议。

产业集聚与城乡收入差距——基于动态空间杜宾模型的实证分析

文章基于全国31个省级面板数据,通过动态空间杜宾模型分析产业集聚对城乡收入差距的影响。研究表明:现阶段产业集聚在总体上缩小了城乡收入差距;产业集聚对城乡收入差距的影响存在空间溢出效应;城乡收入差距的变动存在空间集聚和路径依赖现象;从区域角度看,东中部、中西部和西部地区产业集聚对城乡收入差距的缩小均作用显著。基于以上结论,本文建议科学调整和优化产业结构,统筹城乡和区域产业协同发展;加大农业技术投入,推进农业产业优化升级;增加农村人力资本投入,优化农村劳动力职业转移路径。

农村劳动力转移与职业阶层流动——基于非认知能力视角分析

促进农村转移劳动力职业阶层流动,是防止社会阶层固化与实现共同富裕的重要前提。本文从非认知能力视角出发,探讨横向层面的农村劳动力转移如何促进纵向层面职业阶层流动的理论机制,发现能力因素是关键。基于2010年、2016年和2020年三期中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS)进行实证分析,结果显示:农村劳动力转移能够显著促进个体职业阶层向上流动,主要通过增强“亲和性”和“尽责性”等非认知能力发挥作用。进一步进行调节检验发现,出生年份靠前、男性、低技能个体,将更加有利于农村劳动力转移促进职业阶层向上流动。本文研究结论将为进一步完善我国农村劳动力转移机制提供启示。

农业绿色全要素生产率对城乡收入差距的影响——基于劳动力转移中介效应视角

基于2011-2021年省际面板数据,实证研究农业绿色全要素生产率(AGTFP)对城乡收入差距的影响,并借助中介效应模型考察劳动力转移在此过程中的中介作用。研究发现:(1)AGTFP对城乡收入差距产生先缩小后扩大的“U”形影响,其“U”形拐点值为0.786,且该影响效应逐渐减弱。异质性分析发现AGTFP对城乡收入差距的影响效应在东部不显著,而在中部、西部和东北部具有明显的“U”形影响特征,且该特征效应表现为“西部>中部>东北部”。(2)劳动力转移能够抑制城乡收入差距扩大,而AGTFP对劳动力转移具有先促进后抑制的倒“U”形影响。此外,财政支出水平、经济发展水平、社会保障支出与科技投入可能导致城乡收入差距扩大,而城镇化水平具有收敛作用。(3)AGTFP可通过劳动力转移对城乡收入差距产生先缩小后扩大的“U”形影响。为此,加强绿色科技研发、优化农业要素配置与城乡劳动力转移结构,并制定差异化农业绿色发展政策,以缩小城乡收入差距,切实有效推进共同富裕进程。