Low Cost Process for Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon). Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

Phenolic compounds are naturally extracted molecules used nowadays for several industrial applications such as food preservatives and neutraciticals;thus industrial needs are in constant growth. Optimization of phenolic compounds (PC) and monomeric anthocyanins (MA) extraction from grape berries using response surface methodology was here achieved. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) are a rich source of anti-radical phe- nols, extractable as dietary supplements. However, efficiency of extraction strongly depends on specific experimental conditions. In this work, the comparison between two extraction mixtures, Acetone/Water (A/W) and Methanol/Water (M/W) and the effects of three critical variables—Extraction Time (between 8 and 88 h), Extraction Temperature (between 1?C and 35?C) and Solvent Content (between 63% and 97%)—on Phenolic Compounds Yield (PCY) and Monomeric Anthocyanins Yield (MAY) were studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Process conditions maximizing the PCY were found to be 87% A/W solvent content, after 88 h incubation at 26?C, and those of the MAY were found to be 97% M/W solvent content, after 8 h incubation at 1?C. In addition, chromatographic profiles of extracts showed very different affinities of the phenolic compounds families to the experimental conditions employed. This process advantages are: low percentage of organic solvent used, high quality of extracted molecules thanks to low temperature treatment, very low energy consumption and low cost of needed machinery. At industrial scale, it may be used as promising technique for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant or byproduct material such as from wine or grape juice industries.

赤霞珠脱水过程中多酚和挥发性风味物质的变化

为提高酿酒葡萄原料品质,该研究对赤霞珠葡萄进行室内脱水处理,检测脱水过程中(0、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d)葡萄基本理化指标、葡萄皮酚类物质及葡萄汁挥发性化合物含量的变化,为选择适宜的脱水时间提供参考依据。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄脱水过程中,可溶性固形物、还原糖及总酚含量均显著高于新鲜葡萄(P<0.05),脱水28 d时含量最高,分别为34.70°Bx、327.50 g/L、36.11 mg/g。滴定酸含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,pH值则相反。与新鲜葡萄果皮相比,脱水葡萄果皮花色苷总含量显著降低(P<0.05),而其中聚合花色苷含量显著增加(P<0.05),脱水28 d时增加91.30%;单体酚总含量升高,其中羟基肉桂酸、黄烷醇和黄酮醇含量增加,尤其是槲皮素和山奈酚,而羟基苯甲酸含量下降。从葡萄汁中共检出18种挥发性风味物质,新鲜葡萄汁中共检出10种,脱水葡萄汁中共检出18种,六个碳原子以上的长链醇和乙酸酯含量在脱水7 d时达到最高。综上,脱水处理改善了葡萄原料的糖酸和总酚特性。从理化指标及酚类物质方面考虑,最佳脱水时间为28 d;而酿造果香馥郁的新酒应选择脱水处理7 d。

辅色素对单体花色苷辅色效果的研究

比较模拟酒体系下,六种辅色素(槲皮素,quercetin;槲皮苷,quercetin 3-rhamnoside;表儿茶素,epicatechin;表焙儿茶素,epigallocatechin;咖啡酸,caffeic acid;丁香酸,syringic acid)与三种单体花色苷储存过程中辅色效果与颜色变化,旨在研究不同结构辅色素与花色苷对辅色作用的影响。结果表明,槲皮素、槲皮苷以及咖啡酸与花色苷形成较好的辅色作用,但在储存后期槲皮素出现大幅减弱;六种辅色素对于花色苷二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(malvidin-3-O-glucoside,Mv-3-Glu)和二甲花翠素乙酰葡萄糖苷(malvidin-3-O-acetylglucoside,Mv-acet-Glu)的辅色大小明显高于对花色苷花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(delphinidin-3-O-glucoside,Dp-3-Glu)的辅色大小。辅色素与花色苷的不同对颜色的保持程度也不同,槲皮苷和咖啡酸对花色苷颜色起到较好的保持作用,且对Mv-3-Glu、Mv-acet-Glu的保持程度高于对Dp-3-Glu的保持程度。研究证明:辅色素与花色苷的结构差异都会导致辅色作用的差异。

3种产量水平下酿酒甜葡萄果实品质的差异

以湖南省怀化市刺葡萄品系中的甜葡萄(Vitis davidii Foex.cv.Tianputao)品种为试材,设置3个产量水平,分别为1300 kg/667 m^(2)(L1)、1900 kg/667 m^(2)(L2)、2500 kg/667 m^(2)(L3),分别测定各产量水平下葡萄的总酸、还原糖、单体花色苷和非花色苷单体酚类物质等主要品质指标,并对果实品质进行主成分分析。结果表明:两年的甜葡萄总酸含量随产量增大而增加,还原糖含量则随产量增大而降低;2014年花色苷总量表现为L1含量最高,2015年则为L2含量较高,其中基本花色苷总量均表现为L3处理的葡萄含量最低;从两年的非花色苷单体酚类物质总量和黄酮醇类物质含量看,L2葡萄含量最高,其次是L1,L3的葡萄含量最低。结论:主成分分析可看出两年间3种产量下的甜葡萄分布趋势一致且品质具有差异性,结合两年酚类物质含量看,1900 kg/667 m^(2)产量下的甜葡萄含量较高。

Antioxidants from Syrah Grapes (<i>Vitis vinifera L</i>.<i>cv</i>. <i>Syrah</i>). Extraction Process through Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

In this work, optimization of phenolic compounds (PC) and monomeric anthocyanins (MA) extraction from Syrah (Sy) wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah) using response surface methodology was conducted. The comparisons between two extraction mixtures, Acetone/Water (A/W) as well as Methanol/Water (M/W) and the effects of three critical variables, Extraction Time (between 8 and 88 h), Extraction Temperature (between 1℃ and 35℃) and Solvent Content (between 63% and 97%), on Phenolic Compounds Yield (PCY), Monomeric Anthocyanins Yield (MAY) and the DPPH Free Radical Inhibition Potential (DFRIP) were studied. The highest PCY was obtained in 63% A/W solvent content after 88 h incubation at 35℃. The highest MAY was acquired in 97% M/W solvent content after 8 h incubation at 17℃. The highest DFRIP of the extract was attained using 97% A/W solvent content after 16 h incubation at 35℃. The low cost of this process, on economic and environmental levels, could lead to interesting applications on an industrial scale. It could be used to obtain bioactive phytochemicals from direct material or byproducts for either therapeutic or nutritional purposes.