Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Cryptospirifer Fauna(Middle Permian Brachiopods) in the Tethyan Realm and Its Paleogeographic Implications

The middle Permian Cryptospirifer fauna （brachiopod） has hitherto been found in more than 30 localities in the Yangtze Platform, South China. Examination of data from various localities shows that it occurs stratigraphically in three intervals in the range from the upper Kungurian to Wordian. In the Baoshan block in western Yunnan the fauna occurs in the basal part of the Daaozi Formation and is of possibly an early Wordian age. Outside China the Cryptospirifer fauna has been reported from central and northwest Iran and central Turkey, where the fauna may have an age around the Wordian／Capitanian boundary. Rapid global warming since the late Early Permian and possession of other suitable environmental factors such as proper substrate, clastic input and water depth enabled the Gondwana-derived Baoshan Block and related tectono-stratigraphic units in Iran and Turkey to host the Cryptospirifer fauna, a fauna evolved in the Yangtze Platform that is a type area of the Cathaysian province.

Jurassic Brachiopods and Paleogeography of North Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

This paper deals with Jurassic brachiopods from North Tibet and South Qinghai and the stratigraphical subdivision there. Based on faunas and strata,a general outline of the palaeogeographical evolution has been traced out along the line of plate-tectonic movements . In this paper , 10 species of 8 genera are described , among which the species Lacunosella rhombica , Rntithyris vulgaris , Tanyothyris appositus , Apatecosia navicularis and Flabellothyris sp . nov . have been recognized as new .

Mechanism on bipolar distribution of Permian brachiopods

By reasearch on geographic distribution, nine genera in bipolar distribution are selected from Permian brachiopods. These taxa originated from middle-high latitude areas in the boreal realm, of which five genera were derived from Late Carboniferous, and other four genera originated from Permian. They were all in bipolar distribution during some different stages in Permian. Specific diversity for each genus was high in the boreal realm, whereas in the Gondwana realm was very low. Perdurability was long in the boreal realm, and short in the Gondwana realm. It was the time when these nine genera came to their maximum diversity that these genera appeared in the Gondwana and formed bipolar distribution; while they also migrated to the low latitude from high latitude. This shows very close relationship between several main cooling events in Permian and the migration of genera from the boreal realm to the Gondwana reahn through the Tethys. Therefore, the cooling events might be the main drive which caused these cold-water-type brachiopods migrated to the Gondwana realm and being bipolar distribution. In this process, the planula tolerance to warm water would be another important factor.

Coevolution of Brachiopod Paleobiogeography and Tectonopaleogeography during the Early–Middle Permian

A comprehensive compilation and systematic analysis of known early and middle Permian brachiopod faunas shows that the early Permian brachiopod faunas comprise three realms, six regions, and eleven provinces, while those of the middle Permian comprise three realms, four regions, and eight provinces. A comparison and analysis of brachiopod faunal patterns reveal a coevolution between global brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography during the early-middle Permian. Although temperature/latitude is the main factor controlling the formation of three realms, tectonopaleogeographic factors determine the temperature/latitude in which the continents were located. The ＇continental barrier＇ of Pangea, as a ＇central axis＇ continent, divided the three realms into six regions, which indicates that the formation of biogeographic regions was controlled mainly by the tectonopaleogeographic factors. The evolution of tectonopaleogeography was sometimes a long-term process, so that the biogeographic regions（or provinces） controlled by tectonopaleogeography displayed relative stability. Shifts in the nature of biogeographic provinces（e.g., from cool water to warm water, and vice versa）, extensions or narrowing of geographical ranges, and recombinations of some provinces were all related to regional tectonic evolution. The study of the coevolution between brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography not only accounts for the formation mechanisms of brachiopod paleobiogeographic patterns during the early-middle Permian, but also provides evidences for the locations and configurations of oceans and plates（blocks） during this period.

The Bivalve Yangtzedonta is not the Brachiopod Xianfengella

Abstract The alleged ＂holotype＂of the bivalve Yangtzedonta primitiva Yu.1985 figured by Qian （2001） is a broken and distorted specimen of the brachiopod Xianfengella prima He and Yang, 1982 and not the holotype of Y. primitiva. Qian contends that the oldest recognized monoplacophoran, Maikhanella pristinis （Jiang, 1980）, is neither a monoplacophoran nor the oldest molluscan fossil in the Meishucunian Stage of China. Furthermore, he considers that the oldest bivalve Xianfengoconcha eUiptica Zhang, 1980 is an inarticulate brachiopod, not a mollusc. WatsoneUa yunnanensis （He and Yang, 1982）, is associated with Yangtzedonta primitiva Yu but indicates no evolutionary relationship between the Classes Rostroconchia and Bivalvia in the Lower Cambrian Zhongyicun Member of the Yuhucun Formation. Qian＇s confusion in using non-molluscan fossils to discuss the early evolution of shelled molluscs also confuses the basic concepts of the respective groups.

Paleocommunity Replacements of Benthic Brachiopod in the Middle-Upper Devonian in the Longmenshan Area,Southwestern China:Responses to Sea Level Fluctuations

Twelve paleocommunities dominated by benthic brachiopod are recognized in the Givetian-Frasnian stages of the Devonian in the Longmenshan area, southwestern China, in which two kinds of brachiopod community replacement are classified. One is the abrupt replacement, represented by abrupt alternation between the Leiorhynchus community and Zhonghuacoelia-Striatopugnax community in the Frasnian Tuqiaozi Formation. The other is the gradual one, developed in the Givetian Guanwushan Formation, which had been completed by the shift of the Independatrypa lemma-Uncinulus heterocostellis-Emanuella takwanensis community via the Sinospongophyllum irregulare-Pseudomicroplasma fongi community to the Clathrocoilona spissa-Hexagonaria composite reef community. According to analyses of the paleocommunities, either the abrupt or gradual paleocommunity replacement of the Middle-Upper Devonian in the Longmenshan area is suggested as a response to the 5th-order sea level fluctuation due to the replacements of the paleocommunities in a tracts-system of depositional sequence. It is supposed that changes of paleocommunity diversity, one of the results of paleocommunity replacement, are depended on the range and magnitude of sea level fluctuation, but there is not a linear relationship between them. Furthermore, a suggestion is proposed that the concept of paleocommunity succession seem to be abandoned in the paleocommunity analysis because it almost never be practiced to recover the information of community succession in the geological record at present.

Biogeographic characteristics of Zhesi brachiopod fauna and reconstruction of tectonopaleogeography of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block

The Kungurian-Capitanian （Permian） Zhesi branchiopod fauna is mainly composed of cold-water typed taxa with high diversity and abundance. This fauna is similar with the coeval brachiopod faunas from Ti- man-Pechora, Svalbard, and Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Boreal Realm, with no real ＂warm-water＂ species. Zhesi brachiopod fauna is a cold-water fauna and should be assigned to the Boreal Realm. Considering the paleogeographic characteristics of this fauna and the basic rationale of paleobiogeographie provinces being controlled by latitude-temperate, and that the above areas were located at 50°N -70°N in the global paleoclimate reconstruction map compiled by Boucot et al. , the paleo-latitude of the southern margin of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block, where developed the Zhesi brachiopod fauna, is suggested ranging from 40°N to 60°N. Zhesi brachiopod fauna is an endemic fauna, containing more than 75% endemic species and self-grouped as a biogeographic province, termed Inner Mongolia Province. These characteristics indicate that this area was closed or semiclosed at that time. On the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block, the Herlen-Jiamusi Old-land as an obvious ＂continental barrier＂ hindered the northward migration of the Zhesi brachiopod fauna and the immigration of brachiopod species from other areas. The Tarim plate has collided with the Kazakhstan plate and the western part of South Tianshan-Beishan-Xar Moron Ocean has been closed. At the same time, the western margin of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block was joined with the Tarim plate. The Xar Moron Ocean in south of Jiamusi-Mongolia Block was wide e- nough and the ocean temperature rose gradually southward, so that it is not suitable for the cold-water brachiopods to survive and thrive on the northern margin of the North China plate. Thus, the ocean with large width and high temperature formed another natural barrier for the southward migration of the cold-water brachiopods.

First Record of Brachiopod Species in Myanmar

The Paleozoic rocks are well exposed in the Taungnyo area and the main purpose of classification is taxonomic status of the invertebrate fossils and describing the systematic paleontology of brachiopod fossils from Taungnyo Formation. Mainly distributed clastic sedimentary rocks of Taungnyo Formation (Early Carboniferous) and carbonate rocks of Moulmein Limestone Group (Permian to Middle Triassic) are well exposed in the Taungnyo area. In this study, mainly, a total of five species are recognized in the clastic sediments of Taungnyo Formation. Most brachiopods are generally found abundant and well preserved in the mudstone unit. Among them, most of the taxa have not been recorded previously. The brachiopods include: Fimbrispirifer venustus, Ovetensispirifer ovetensium, Aullacella sp., Kayserellae emanuelensis, and Chonopectus sp. All of the species are first recorded in Myanmar.

寒武纪腕足动物起源及冠轮动物谱系演化

寒武纪大爆发是地球动物门类爆发性出现和地球生态系统演化发生转折的重要时期。自此,地球海洋生态系统从前寒武纪菌藻类支撑的2极食物链生态系统转变为动物消费驱动的3极食物链生态系统,成为地球隐生宙和显生宙的分水岭,是研究和探索显生宙地球宜居性演化的关键。寒武纪大爆发以地球海洋突然大量、快速出现的两侧动物和矿化壳体为标志。这些帽状、管状的壳体化石,除了少量蜕皮类,大多数属于不明亲缘关系的冠轮动物。因此,寒武纪早期冠轮动物的起源与谱系演化是古生物学乃至现代生物学颇具争议的热门研究课题之一。腕足动物是地质历史上化石保存最为丰富、地史延限最长的冠轮动物重要分支类群,是寒武纪演化动物群的核心代表,其研究对于了解古生态学、古地理学和地球生物宏演化具有十分重要的意义。目前对于腕足动物起源存在多种假说,主要包括帚虫状祖先起源、蛤氏虫起源、托莫特壳起源和胶结质椎管状触手冠动物起源等假说。该文以寒武纪腕足动物起源为主线,以化石系统实证或证伪国内外腕足动物起源假说为目的,全面总结了寒武纪腕足动物化石生物学的重要发现和认识,探讨了地球已知最早的内肛动物、笼头虫和分节的威瓦西虫,以及胶结质椎管状腕足动物玉玕囊形贝发现对揭示寒武纪腕足动物起源和冠轮动物多样性及其谱系演化的重要意义。然而,寒武纪大爆发与腕足动物起源的诸多研究问题远未解决,因此在后续研究中,结合多种埋藏相(包括特异型化石库和碳酸盐岩赋存的壳体化石),对于多门类冠轮动物化石开展综合解剖学和壳体显微结构对比研究,尤其是动物壳体矿化类型和显微结构的精细研究,是解决腕足动物乃至冠轮动物超门起源与演化问题的关键。

龙门山中上泥盆统腕足动物的附生生物及其生态响应

结壳生物和宿主以及它们的相互关系构成了海洋硬底群落的一个特殊的生态系统,能够为地史时期的关键事件提供古生态学证据。中晚泥盆世发生了一系列的生物演化和环境事件,其过程和机制仍有许多不明之处。从四川龙门山地区吉维特期—法门期地层中采集了大量被附生的腕足动物宿主,其中的3 067枚腕足动物标本中,筛选具有附生生物的腕足类宿主618枚,鉴定为7种,归入7属。附生生物为6个类群,包括横板珊瑚、四射珊瑚、多毛类、疑源类、变口目苔藓虫以及无铰纲腕足类。本文对腕足类宿主壳体上不同分区附生生物的多样性及丰度进行统计分析。结果显示,腕足动物宿主的壳体,近喙部与主端的分区附生生物丰度都较低,原因可能是其直立底栖时喙部和主端后部靠近底质,附生生物难以附着。附生生物在宿主背壳与腹壳上丰度大小主要与腕足动物的生活方式有关,除成年后仍直立生活的Cyrtiopsis sp.,Cyrtospirifer sp.外,其他腕足类由于成年期躺卧生活,因此背壳上的附生生物明显多于腹壳。而附生生物在各分区的丰度和生长方向则与附生生物的生活类型直接相关,寄生类型生长过程中表现出明显的方向性,而伴生类型则无明显方向性。此外,腕足类的埋藏特征、与附生生物的关系等对沉积环境也具有一定的指示作用。

内蒙古锡林浩特宝力根地区哲斯腕足动物群的发现及其生物古地理分区

内蒙古锡林浩特宝力根苏木乌勒吉图剖面哲斯组灰岩中发现大量腕足化石,共计18属23种。该腕足群落以长身贝目、石燕目为主,化石组合面貌具有典型的哲斯动物群特征。可将其由下至上划分为2个组合:ⅠYakovlevia mammata-Anidanthus rugousa组合;ⅡAnidanthus ussuricus-Rhombospirifer zhesiensis组合。其中,组合Ⅰ地质年代为Kungurian期—Roadian期,组合Ⅱ地质年代为Wordian期。通过对腕足冷暖属性特征研究,发现组合Ⅰ属于凉水型-分异型,组合Ⅱ属于凉水型-微渗型。对比其他地区的哲斯腕足动物群可以看出,Kungurian期—Wordian期哲斯腕足动物群由单一的凉水型向混生型演化,造成该变化的原因可能是西伯利亚板块和华北板块间的构造运动和晚古生代冰期作用。

四川江油吉安村养马坝组古生物化石特征及其环境探讨

四川江油吉安村一带养马坝组保存有丰富的古生物化石,主要包括腕足、头足、珊瑚和棘皮动物化石,尤以腕足化石数量最多,化石时代均指向早—中泥盆世。腕足化石大部分介壳保存完整,沉积状态均为平卧稳定状态沉积,无明显搬动迹象,属于原地埋藏或近原地埋藏。吉安村一带岩性组合具有典型陆源碎屑和碳酸盐在同一沉积体系或背景下混积沉积特征,结合地层中保存的化石组合特征和化石埋藏特征,初步分析吉安村腕足化石沉积环境为碎屑混积陆棚沉积环境。

西藏申扎地区晚石炭世—早二叠世冈瓦纳相腕足类动物群再研究

西藏申扎地区德日昂玛-下拉剖面永珠组中上部和昂杰组的腕足类动物群可以与国内、外冈瓦纳相和亲冈瓦纳相地区的腕足类动物群进行对比,但又显示出其独特的一面。将其自下而上划分为4个组合,永珠组中上部为Reedoconcha xizangensis-Spinomartinia xainzaensis组合、Cimmeriella mucronata-Reedoconcha excellens组合和Trigonotreta magnifica-Bandoproductus in-termedia组合,昂杰组为Aulosteges ingens-Punctocyrtella nagmargensis组合。按照国内、外冈瓦纳相、亲冈瓦纳相地区及华夏特提斯地区腕足类的时代意见,永珠组中部腕足类组合的时代为晚石炭世巴斯基尔期,上部2个腕足类组合分别为早二叠世萨克马尔早期—萨克马尔晚期,昂杰组的腕足类组合的时代为早二叠世亚丁斯克期。

川东南兴文地区长兴期腕足动物及其群落结构

通过川东南兴文地区长兴期腕足动物地层的研究 ,总结了腕足动物群的性质 ,指出了本区长兴期腕足动物群不同于灰岩相类群 ,也不同于硅质岩相类群 ,而属于灰岩、砂页岩混合相类群。文章重点研究了本区腕足动物群落结构 ,并提出了生态类群这一新观点 ,指出生态类群是以生态学而不是以纯分类学标准进行分类的 ,这有助于群落生态研究中简化群落内物种间的复杂关系。

长江源各拉丹冬地区晚二叠世乌丽群的腕足类生物组合

在长江源区各拉丹冬-带晚二叠世地层中建立了2个腕足类生物组合,下部为Spinomarginifera cf.kueichowensis-Tschernyschewia cf.sinensis-Tyloplecta cf.yangtzeensis组合,见于乌丽群下部的那益雄组;上部为Leptodus nobilis-Perigeyerellacostellata-Enteletes subequivalis组合,见于乌丽群上部的拉卜查日组。两个组合生物群属于特提斯动物群,均可与华南地区同期地层中的生物群相对比。

华南奥陶、志留纪腕足动物群的更替兼论奥陶纪末冰川活动的影响

地史时期大规模的生物群更替与全球大环境的灾难性变化密切相关 ,尽管这种更替在性质、延续时间及等级上各个时期不尽相同。奥陶、志留纪腕足动物群的更替提供了一个重要的实例。全球广布的晚奥陶世较深水叶月贝动物群 ( Foliomena Fauna)和其后浅、凉水的赫南特贝动物群 ( H irnantia Fauna)的灭绝 ,均受控于当时的冈瓦纳大陆冰川活动及其影响效应。志留纪早期 ,以正形贝目和扭月贝目占主导地位的晚奥陶世动物群被一大批新类型 (如无洞贝目、五房贝亚目和石燕目 )所替代 ,组成典型的志留纪动物群。

西藏申扎和改则地区早石炭世地层及腕足类研究

西藏申扎和改则地区早石炭世地层发育,腕足类及珊瑚类化石丰富。腕足类化石计有34属45种,共建立3个组合;申扎大塘阶下部巴日阿郎寨组Ovatia-Unispirifer组合;大塘阶上部永珠组Balakhonia-Productus组合;改则大塘阶上部Latiproductus-Striatifera组合。本文系统讨论了各腕足类组合的时代及与国内外同期地层的对比,将西藏境内早石炭世的沉积物及生物群划分为3个类型。根据生物群及沉积物在空间上的分布特点,笔者认为在早石炭世时,班公湖至怒江断裂南北生物群及沉积物具有明显的差异,即南部申扎和珠峰地区生物群及沉积物特征与冈瓦纳大陆相似,而北部改则地区与扬子地台的生物群及沉积物特征相同,其间可能有宽阔的海域隔离。

贵州台江早、中寒武世凯里组的腕足动物

描述贵州台江下、中寒武统凯里组的腕足动物化石６属１０种，其中包括１新种，２比较种和２未定种。该腕足动物组合带有波希米亚及哈萨克斯坦的色彩，对于我国寒武纪腕足动物的分类、演化、古生物地理研究及查清凯里动物群的组成、凯里组的时代，均有重要的意义。

华北地台石炭二叠纪腕足动物群及生物地理研究

通过对华北地台早石炭世晚期至早二叠世腕足动物群的全面系统研究 ,认为全区腕足动物群的发展演化具有一致性和阶段性 ,可清楚地分为 5个阶段 ,即田师傅期 (C13 —C21) [1] 、本溪期 (C22 )、太原期早期 (C23 )、太原期晚期 (P11)和山西期 (P12 )。在此基础上 ,进行了国内外同期腕足动物群的对比和腕足动物生物古地理分析 ,确立了华北地台东北部田师傅期腕足动物的生物地理归属 ,命名为天山—辽吉腕足动物生物地理分区 。

吉林—延吉—朝鲜咸北地区晚古生代沉积特征及其构造演化意义

中国吉林东部与朝鲜半岛北部地区对比研究,无疑对揭示朝鲜半岛的地质属性、中朝板块北缘东延及演化有着重要的贡献。针对中国吉林东部延边地区和朝鲜咸北地区的晚古生代地层进行化石组合、沉积特征、基底性质以及岩浆序列等方面的对比研究认为:朝鲜二叠纪鸡笼山腕足动物群与中国北方二叠纪哲斯腕足动物群有明显差异,与吉林地区范家屯组,尤其是延边地区庙岭组有较强的可对比性;中国吉林—延吉褶皱带和朝鲜咸北地块均以元古宇为基底,没有太古宙岩石出露;在晚古生代期间,中国吉林东部—延边地区和朝鲜咸北地区沉积环境、岩浆活动相似;朝鲜咸北地块和狼林地块的边界断裂——输城川断裂带应与华北地块和吉黑造山带之间缝合线的东端—古洞河断裂相连接,吉黑造山带东部地块和朝鲜咸北地块在晚古生代时期应处于同一个大地构造单元。