Experimental Performance of Moderate and High Temperature Heat Pump Charged with Refrigerant Mixture BY-3

Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture BY-3 was conducted based on a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system. The water-water heat pump system used BY-3 to produce hot water when the low temperature was 20 ℃. The following results were obtained: the highest temperature at the condenser outlet reached about 85 ℃; when the difference between the water temperatures at the condenser outlet and the evaporator inlet was less than 40 ℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) was larger than 4; when the difference reached 55 ℃, the COP still kept 3; the discharge temperature of BY-3 was lower than 100 ℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure kept lower than 1.8 MPa. When the water temperature at the condenser outlet reached over 85 ℃, nearly a 5 ℃ superheating temperature was maintained.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPOSITIONS FOR CFC ALTERNATIVE MIXTURE REFRIGERANTS

In this work,eight commonly used and recently developed cubic EOSs have beenextensively tested for the calculation of thermodynamic properties,including vapor pressure,vaporand liquid densities and heat of vaporization for 26 pure CFCs and their alternatives.The modifiedDu-Guo EOS is recommended for the vapor-liquid equilibria calculations of mixtures for its goodaccuracy.A method for the development of the optimized mixture compositions of CFC alternativeshas been proposed by using minimization of deviations between the vapor pressures of CFC and thealternative mixtures of interest.As examples,two binary mixtures R22-R142b and R22-R152a,and aternary R22-R142b-R152a have been tested.The results show that the vapor pressure of R12 can bewell duplicated by a mixture refrigerant with the optimized composition.On the other hand,thedeviations between the heat of vaporization are somewhat apparent within 10 percent.Moreover,allthe mixtures discussed here are of the characteristics of being near azeotropic。

A 2D numerical study on the condensation characteristics of three non-azeotropic binary hydrocarbon vapor mixtures on a vertical plate

To improve the transportation efficiency and reduce the supply cost,the liquefaction becomes an important technology to store and transport the natural gas.During the liquefaction,the various components(e.g.propane,ethane,methane etc.)undergo fractional condensation phenomenon due to their different boiling points.This means that when one component condenses,others play a role of non-condensable gas(NCG).In order to reveal the influence mechanism of NCG on this condensation process,a numerical method was employed in this paper to study the condensation characteristics of three non-azeotropic binary hydrocarbon vapor mixtures,namely the propane/methane(80%–95%),ethane/methane(65%–85%)and methane/nitrogen(2%–13%)mixtures,on a vertical plate.The model was proposed based on the diffusion layer model,and the finite volume method was used to solve the governing equations.A user defined function was developed by cell iterative method to obtain the source terms in the condensation process.The numerical results show that the gas phase boundary layer formed by the NCG becomes the main resistance to the reduction of heat transfer coefficient.And for the above three mixtures,there is a negative correlation between the NCG concentration and the heat transfer coefficient.Meanwhile,the results show a good agreement with the experimental data,meaning that the proposed model is reliable.Three mixtures within same non-condensable mole fraction of 20%were also investigated,indicating that the mixtures with a higher binary hydrocarbon molecular ratio have a lower heat transfer coefficient.As a result,the presence of the lighter NCG contributes to a thicker boundary layer.

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics and Delayed Dry-Out Ability of Non-Azeotropic Mixtures R245fa/R134a in Microchannels

Microchannel flow boiling heat transfer has the advantages of strong heat dissipation capacity,good temperature uniformity,and compact structure.It is an excellent way to thermally manage electronic devices,but when the heat flux exceeds CHF(Critical Heat Flux),the heat transfer performance deteriorates as the working fluid dries out.Non-azeotropic mixtures have the potential to effectively delay or avoid dry-out during the boiling process due to their temperature slide characteristics which causes the mass transfer resistance.To understand the influence of non-azeotropic mixtures on microchannel flow boiling,using the phase-change microchannel heat sink as the research object,the experiments on the flow boiling heat transfer performance of R245fa/R134a mixtures under different working conditions were carried out,and the characteristics of flow boiling heat transfer were obtained under the different working conditions,and comparison was developed with those of pure substance R245fa.The results demonstrated that a small amount of low-boiling-point components in the high-boiling-point working fluid inhibited boiling heat transfer to some extent,and lowered the average heat transfer coefficient under the non-dryout condition slightly lower than that of the pure substance;however,it also effectively delayed the onset of local dry-out and prevented significant deterioration in thermal transfer performance under the lower mass flow rate and higher heat flux,which could enhance the heat sink's stability.

Evaluation of non-azeotropic mixtures containing HFOs as potential refrigerants in refrigeration and high-temperature heat pump systems

With the increasing environmental concern on global warming, hydrofluoro-olefin (HFOs), possessing low GWP, has attracted great attention of many researchers recently. In this study, non-azeotropic mixtures composed of HFOs (HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(z), HFO-1234ze(e) and HFO-1234zf) are developed to substitute for HFC-134a and CFC-114 in air-conditioning and high-temperature heat pump systems, respectively. The cycle performances were evaluated by an improved theoretical cy-cle evaluation methodology. The results showed that all the mixtures proposed herein were favorable refrigerants with excel-lent thermodynamic cycle performances. M1A presented lower discharge temperature and pressure ratio and higher COPc than that of HFC-134a. The volumetric cooling capacity was similar to HFC-134a. It can be served as a good environmentally friendly alternative to replace HFC-134a. M3H delivered similar discharge temperature as CFC-114 did. And the COPh was 3% higher. It exhibits excellent cycle performance in high-temperature heat pump and is a promising refrigerant to substitute for CFC-114. And the gliding temperature differences enable them to exhibit better coefficient of performance by matching the sink/source temperature in practice. Because the toxicity, flammability and other properties are not investigated in detail, ex-tensive toxicity and flammability testing needs to be conducted before they are used in a particular application.

自复叠制冷系统及其组分分离、迁移与调控研究进展

自复叠制冷技术因具有较宽的制冷温区、结构简单且运行可靠等优势,在普冷及深冷领域具有广阔的应用前景。对自复叠制冷循环的新流程构建与混合工质多元化的研究已较为广泛,但如何主动调控系统内混合工质的组分质量分数进而提升系统性能一直是技术瓶颈和研究难点。首先综述了国内外关于自复叠制冷系统的总体研究现状,阐述了其循环流程构建的发展历程。然后,总结了影响系统效率的组分分离与组分偏移特性两方面的研究进展。文中从制冷循环改进与关键元件—气液分离器性能讨论了组分分离方面的研究,并总结了组分迁移的原因、组分迁移特性的研究现状及相积存的理论计算模型。在此基础上,介绍了现有研究中对于自复叠制冷系统工质组分质量分数调控的方法。通过总结自复叠制冷技术在以上4方面的研究现状,提出未来领域内应重点关注的研究方向——组分优化调控,为进一步提升自复叠制冷系统性能提供借鉴与参考。

R600a/R32用于自复叠低温冰箱的实验研究

设计搭建了一套小型低温冰箱自复叠制冷系统,实验对比分析了R600a/R32和R600a/R290两种制冷剂组合的系统循环性能,结果表明R600a/R32组合更符合-50℃低温冰箱的工况要求。通过实验进一步对比了R600a/R32在不同充注比例下的系统循环特性,得到R600a/R32最佳充注比例为0.61/0.39。此配比下,环境温度为25℃时,该系统冷冻室温度可以达到-51.8℃。由于小型制冷装置的空间限制,部分运行参数无法测得,对此提出一种制冷运行数据的分析模型,利用回热器换热平衡和气液分离器质量守恒计算出关键数据,并得到混合工质总运行浓度比例,以便进行系统性能的分析。

Cycle performance studies on a new HFC-161/125/143a mixture as an alternative refrigerant to R404

In this paper, a new ternary non-azeotropic mixture of HFC-161/125/143a （0.15/0.45/0.40 in mass fraction）, as a promising mixed refrigerant to R404A, is presented. The ozone depletion potential （ODP） of the new refrigerant is zero and its basic thermodynamic properties are similar to those of R404A, but its global warming potential （GWP） is much smaller than those of R507A and R404A. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations show that, under the working condition 1 （the average evaporation temperature： -23℃, the average condensing temperature： 43℃, the superheat temperature： 28℃, the subcooling temperature： 5 ℃）, the volumetric refrigerating effect and specific refrigerating effect of the new mixture are 2.33% and 15.48% higher, re- spectively, than those of R404A. The coefficient of performance （COP） of the new mixture is 5.19% higher than that of R404A and the pressure ratio of the new mixture is 0.82% lower than that of R404A. Equally, under the working condition II （the average evaporation temperature： -40℃, the average condensing temperature： 35℃, the superheating temperature： 30 ~C, the subcooling temperature： 5℃）, the volumetric refrigerating effect and specific refrigerating effect of the new mixture are 2.24% and 20.58% higher, respectively, than those of R404A. The COP of the new mixture is 4.60% higher than that of R404A and the pressure ratio of the new mixture is similar to that of R404A. The performances of the new mixture and R404A are compared in a vapor compressor refrigeration apparatus originally designed for R404A under several working conditions （condensing temperatures： 35-45℃, evaporation temperatures： -40--20℃）. Experimental results show that the new mixture can obtain a higher COP, by 6.3% to 12.1%, and a lower pressure ratio, by 1.8% to 6.6%, compared to R404A; although the discharge temperature of the new mixture is slightly higher than that of R404A. The advantages of the new mixture will be further verified in the actual system.

Prediction of saturated liquid enthalpy of refrigerant mixtures

New corresponding temperature and corresponding enthalpy of refrigerant mix- tures were defined. The relationship between saturated liquid corresponding en- thalpy and corresponding temperature of refrigerant mixtures accorded with that of pure components. The characteristic parameters of saturated liquid enthalpy dif- ference of refrigerant mixtures were calculated by three methods according to the different application conditions. The generalized equation of saturated liquid en- thalpy of refrigerant mixtures was presented. The calculated values were compared with the values in literature for five ternary and binary refrigerant mixtures, namely R404A, R407A, R407B, R32/R134a, and R410A. The overall average absolute devia- tion was less than 1.0%.

R744混合工质热泵热水器系统性能研究

为了寻找用于热泵热水器的低GWP替代工质,构建了基于EES软件的热泵热水器系统性能预测模型,并对其可靠性进行了验证。通过对比分析循环性能,理论评价了6组R744环保混合工质在直热式热泵热水器中替代R22的可行性。结果表明:工质浓度对R744混合工质热泵热水器的循环性能具有显著的影响,且所有R744混合工质均存在最优质量浓度使其系统分别获得最大COP_(th);相比于R22系统,R744/R290和R744/R1270系统在最优质量浓度14/86下均获得了显著提升的COP_(th)和制热量以及较低的排气温度,因此R744/R290(14/86)和R744/R1270(14/86)在直热式热泵热水器中均具有显著的替代优势;其余4组混合工质均不适宜在直热式热泵热水器中作为替代工质。本研究拓宽了热泵热水器用环保工质的选择范围,并为其工质替代提供参考依据。

机床低温气液组合冷却系统的设计与试验

在提倡绿色制造的背景下,设计一款减少液体冷却用量,增强气体冷却效果,提高冷却效率的低温组合冷却系统,实现机加工过程中减少零件变形和提高刀具寿命的要求。文中根据加工冷却要求,通过动态感知现场状态,用PID控制算法,由单片机系统实时操控冷却系统,分别以干式、半干式(气液组合)两种冷却模式实现对加工区域冷却作业。冷却系统由气冷、液冷和气液组合冷却组成,提供小于5℃低于0.5 Mpa的持续低温气体和15℃以下可调输出量的冷却液体,实现多种冷却方式。系统以车床加工长轴为研究对象,分别以无冷却、液体冷却、低温气液组合冷却三种模式进行实验,记录加工过程实时温度,分析数据表明,低温气液组合冷却模式冷却效果最好,液体使用量最少,约为纯常温液体冷却用量的40%左右,达到了设计的要求,具有一定的工程应用价值。

含油制冷剂在吸气管内的滞油量预测研究

目前没有适用于各类工质的滞油量预测方法.对压缩机吸气管内的滞油特性展开研究,建立了通用的滞油量预测方法.根据公开文献建立了吸气管滞油量的实验值数据库,在分析了各个影响因素之后,对数据库中的滞油体积比进行了拟合.根据拟合所得关联式以及吸气管进口工质的状态可以对滞油量进行预测.此外,以R32/PVE VG68为工质进行吸气管滞油量测试实验.比较实验结果与关联式计算结果,可得:对于R32/PVE VG68在吸气管内的流动,该计算方法能准确地呈现滞油量随各因素的变化趋势,且能较精确地预测各工况下的滞油量.

基于替代R410A的新型低GWP混合制冷剂的性能研究

对比分析在空调系统中替代R410A的新型低GWP混合制冷剂(R446A,R447A,R447B,R452B,R454B和R466A)的热物理性质,理论分析相同工况下6种新型低GWP混合制冷剂的循环性能。结果表明:在-20~60℃范围内,温度相同时,HFC/HFO混合制冷剂(R446A,R447A,R447B,R452B和R454B)的热物理性质相近;在空调系统设计不变的情况下,常温25℃时,HFC/HFO混合制冷剂的理论充注量比R410A低5.10%~7.15%;当蒸发温度为8℃,冷凝温度为50℃,过热度和过冷度均为5℃,制冷量为2 800 W时,R454B压缩机功耗最小,COP值最大;使用上述6种混合制冷剂的空调系统的排气温度较R410A高5.84~7.92℃。

He-H_2 mixture and Er_3NiH_χ packing for the refrigeration enhancement of pulse tube refrigerator

The computation with the theory of modified Brayton Cycle indicates that higher cooling power and coefficient of performance for a pulse tube refrigerator can be achieved with He-H2 mixture as working gas than those with pure He in the temperature region of 30 K. In addition, it is found that Er3Ni, a regenerative material, is able to absorb H2 and produces Er3NiHx. The computation presents that the regenerative performance of Er3NiHx is better than that of Er3Ni due to its higher volume specific heat. Experimental results show that the pulse tube refrigeration performance in 30 K temperature region is enhanced greatly with He-H2 mixture and Er3NiHx packing.

新型环保制冷剂的研究进展及发展趋势

近年来,为了应对气候变化,国内外学者一直在加紧推进二氟一氯甲烷(HCFC-22)制冷剂的替代进程,制冷剂正在经历重大变革。针对HCFC-22的替代问题,回顾了制冷剂的发展历史,介绍了国内外制冷剂的研究现状和发展趋势,从安全性能和制冷性能两个方面对现有的制冷剂进行了分析和讨论。

R290/R744新型混合工质汽-液相平衡研究

为了适应节能与环境保护的需求,研究了一种适用于自复叠制冷系统的新型绿色混合制冷工质(R290/R744)的汽液相平衡特性。根据相平衡条件采用PT状态方程结合Van der Waals混合规则推导出该混合制冷工质的相平衡计算式,通过软件编程计算了两种有工程实用意义的相平衡问题,一种是已知混合物压力和液相摩尔分数,计算泡点温度和气相摩尔分数;另一种是已知混合物压力和气相摩尔分数,计算露点温度和液相摩尔分数,并根据计算数据绘制了汽液平衡曲线。数据显示最大相对误差为4.840%,最小相对误差为0.005%。计算结果表明,采用给出的R290/R744混合制冷剂相平衡计算式具有较高的计算精度,从而为采用该混合制冷剂的自复叠制冷循环研究奠定基础。

以降压为目的的CO_2混合工质制冷系统研究进展

自然工质CO_2因其具有良好的环境友好特性(ODP=0,GWP=1)、单位容积制冷量高、良好的传热性能等优点而得到制冷行业的再次关注。然而,由于其自身物性及工况条件的限制,在实际应用中CO_2制冷系统大多采用跨临界循环,高压侧压力高达12MPa左右,这对系统各部件的安全性和制造成本提出非常高的要求。本文总结了目前采用CO_2混合工质来有效改善纯CO_2制冷系统运行压力较高问题的制冷循环系统,综述了国内外以降压为目的的CO_2混合工质制冷系统研究进展,分析了CO_2混合工质的跨临界制冷循环系统、自复叠式制冷系统以及压缩-吸收耦合循环系统各自的特点,指出了以降压为目的的CO_2混合工质制冷系统的发展前景,并对今后的CO_2混合工质制冷系统的主要研究方向进行了讨论。

一种四级自动复叠制冷系统混合工质组分选取及配比研究

对于多级自动复叠制冷系统,混合制冷工质的选取和组分配比具有重要的影响作用。针对四级自动复叠制冷系统,运用REFPROP8.0软件建立了混合工质种类选择及其配比研究的理论模拟方法,通过分析比较混合工质的饱和压力、蒸发温度,模拟出混合工质组分和配比:R600a/R23/R14/R740=45/21/19/16,充入该混合工质配比进行实验研究,获得了-150℃的设计柜温。研究表明,该混合工质理论模拟方法,能够有效指导实验研究,取得理想的制冷温度。

船舶多温冷库新型自复叠制冷循环的研究

针对传统船舶一机多温冷藏系统在不同蒸发压力下提供不同蒸发温度所存在的问题,提出将改进的自复叠制冷循环用于船舶多温冷库.新型自复叠制冷循环使用非共沸混合工质,可以在相同的蒸发压力下提供不同的蒸发温度.根据船舶双温冷库的间室温度,选取R600a和R32组成的非共沸混合工质作为制冷剂,并对系统进行了流程设计、模拟计算,得到了设计工况下蒸发压力、冷凝压力、压缩机压缩比和性能系数随R600a质量分数变化的曲线,发现当R600a/R32的质量分数为0.7/0.3时系统的综合性能最优.为了更好地满足船舶储存食物的温度要求,设计了自复叠三温冷库的流程图,为进一步研究三温冷库提供了新方法.

混合制冷剂泄漏试验研究与模拟分析

Alternative refrigerants have been used in refrigerating and air-conditioning systemsdue to the phase out of CFC-12, HCFC-22 and R502 etc. Most of them are mixtures.The composition fractionation and thermal performance change during refrigerant leakedout from system must be paid attention. The compositions of mixture THR02 were mea-sured by gas chromatographic analysis. Then we developed a general model to calculate thecomposition fractionation of zeotropic, near-azeotropic and azeotropic mixtures. The max-imum deviations between the calculated compositions and experimental results are within5% for the mixture THR02, R4O7C, R404A and R507. THR02 is a near-azeotropic mixture,it is remain unflammable under the worst case, and the change of system performance onlyresulted from composition fractionation during refrigerant leakage can be neglected.