Currencies of greater interest for central Asian economies:an analysis of exchange market pressure amid global and regional interdependence

Central Asian Economies(CAEs)have diverse exchange rate policies.They have recorded higher volatility in the foreign exchange market since inception.High volatility of the transition era has drifted these economies towards partial dollarization.Monetary authorities in CAEs,(already have a challenge of maintaining monetary policy autonomy)have a gigantic task of price stability and stopping the spread of dollarization.This study is directed towards assessing the drivers and the determinants of foreign exchange market pressure in CAEs.The results,based on panel data analysis and the System GMM model,have provided useful insights about the exchange market pressure determinants particularly USD,Euro,Ruble,and Renminbi.The results show that China and Russia exchange market pressure has a negative effect on the exchange market pressure of CAEs.While the dollar index shows a positive impact on the exchange market pressure of CAEs.Overall,the findings imply that China and Russia currency appreciation results in a trade deficit across CAEs.The policy implication suggests that the floating exchange rate regime(inflation targeting regime)is not in favor of CAEs,and they must use managed-float to reduce their trade deficits.

The Relationship between Civil&Commercial Law and Economic Law in the Context of the Market Economy

Both civil&commercial law and economic law are the main legal basis for supervising market behavior and regulating market order.They are indispensable laws in the national economic development and construction.By analyzing the relationship between civil&commercial law and economic law in the context of market economy,this article explores the similarities and differences between,and through the perfection and application of the two,China’s social and economic stability and a lasting progress can be better realized under the mechanism of market economy.

Construction economic cost management under the market economy

Currently, how to further improve and perfect construction economic cost management,minimizing construction economic management cost and construction investment of the enterprise have become the important content for the daily management of construction enterprise managers. This article focuses on the construction economy under the conditions of market economy cost management, analyses related concepts and existing questions, and proposes targeted recommendations of the problem.

The Turkish Economy in the Period between 1990 and 2000 in the Light of the Open Economy Policies of the 1980s Developments

The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process to a Free-Market Economy and an open economy,on the one hand,the privatization of state institutions and the determination of the prices of goods and services in free market conditions were tried to be ensured in order to withdraw the state from economic life,on the other hand,it was tried to grant freedom to foreign trade and capital movements.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-led growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this process of opening up and liberalization was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989.While the change in the economic structure was achieved through domestic borrowing in the 1980s,with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,it was seen that economic growth and development were tried to be achieved with hot money inflows rather than foreign direct investments.This orientation made the economy more open to crises,and for the first time there was a crisis in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis could only be overcome by giving government guarantees to bank deposits and issuing high-interest Treasury Bills.Even the new banking regulations could not prevent the emergence of similar new economic crises in the following years.Because,we can say that the economic crisis experienced in the 2000s brought about a political transformation along with creating great economic problems.

Reflections on the Microeconomic Basis for Soft Budget Constraint in the Market Economy

Historical analysis of the market economy indicates that soft budget constraint is becoming increasingly pervasive and broad-rooted. Using an analysis of micro-level entities in the market economy, this paper describes how soft constraint derives from interdependence among corporations, banks, and the government. Soft constraint is explained in relation to changes in concentrated shareholding ownership, the increasing dominance of the financial sector, and financial insurance. We conclude： 1） concentrated shareholding ownership and institutionalized soft budget constraint create sub-optimal allocation of resources in the market economy; 2） neoclassical microeconomic principles cannot explain the economic actions of organizations in the market economy and should be revised; 3） externalities associated with soft budget constraint have spread across the globe to become both the cause and primary effect of cyclic global financial and economic crises. Hence, the government, banks, and the corporate sector must work together to overhaul supervisory mechanisms. On a global level, governments must collaborate to build a new international economic order. Correcting imbalances in international reserve currencies and fortifying administration of cross-national economic organizations will mitigate the effects of soft budget constraint.

Economic management and innovation strategies of enterprises under market economy conditions

Under the highly competitive market economy management system, economic management of Chinese enterprises tends to be diversity. With the continuous development of market economy, enterprises need choose the appropriate management methods according to the actual situation, which is to help enterprises to survive in the highly competitive environment. However, due to a variety of external factors, economic management situation is not optimistic. And it increases their sense of crisis. This article will make a systematic analysis of management strategies as the point of the enterprise management mode and innovation strategy under market economy.

Macroeconomic Control Over the Socialist Market Economy

The goal of China’s economic structural reform is to establish a socialist market system in China which will play a fundamental role in the disposition of natural resources under the macrocontrol and regulation of the government. This means, on the one hand, that in accordance with the law of value in open market activities,

On the Pain Points and Governance of the Constructionof the Socialist Market Economy in Contemporary China

经过3 0 多年的改革开放,中国的社会主义市场经济建设取得了丰硕成果,成为了中国特色社会主义制度的重要支柱,奠定了建设全面小康社会的坚实基础.但是,随着我国经济步入深化发展与转型调整阶段,市场的优化配置功能在社会管理、公共产品供应等民生问题上出现了越位、缺位等异化现象,引发了官民对立、干群关系紧张、贫富两极分化、社会保障缺失等不和谐问题,严重掣肘了中国社会主义市场经济的健康与持续发展D 为治理上述痛点,论文提出了党要坚持执政为民的治国理念、完善社会考评制度、合理分配社会财富、健全社会保障体系等治理上的一些简单思路,以起抛砖引玉之效.

Economy supervision mode of electricity market and its incentive mechanism

The analysis of a supervision environment is the first step for a company to enter the new electricity market. Transmission and distribution assets are the main investment targets of a company. The overseas power market belongs to the regulated industry;whether it is a stock M&A project or a green land bidding project, the regulatory environment determines the assets. The level of return and investment risk that guides the operation strategy of existing overseas assets, has a significant impact on the investment and operations of international companies. A comprehensive and rapid assessment of the regulatory environment can help the project teams of international companies understand the macroenvironment of the target electricity market within a short period, quickly identify investment risks, qualitatively analyze the return level of the underlying assets, shorten the decision time, capture investment opportunities, and enhance the team. Efficiency and quality of work are factors of great importance.

On Population Mobility in Market Economy

Regular and extensive social population mobility in natural economy is neither necessary nor possible while in a planned economic system, social population distribution is necessary but social population mobility is unlikely. Modern market economy as a highly mobile economy has a free-mobile population characteristic of market economy, which is fundamental to optimize human resource distribution. The rule for the modern market-based population movement is as follows: If the mobile population is the rational behavior choosers, under the permissive developmental environment as arranged by the social system, they tend to move from low profit-making fields to high income fields when there exists comparable difference of income in different regions and different industries, and various potential and practical profit-making chances. The degree of difference in comparable income is positively co-relative to the velocity and flux of mobile population.

Thoughts on Living Difficulties of Farmers and Marketing Economy in the Risk Society

The paper combs the problems about living difficulties of farmers and marketing economy in the risk society and puts forward another point of view that with the theory of risk society,reconsider the dilemma of living choices of farmers under the background of marketing economy.On the basis of the statistics,the paper discloses the trend of larger and larger disparities of incomes between urban and rural areas;the paper explains the risks and uncertainties of life choices with the background of deepening marketing economy.In order to understand the life dilemma of farmers and marketing economy in the risk society,the paper makes an analysis from perspectives of the relationships between risk society and markets,the risks of farmers' living choices.The results show that in the risk society,because of the division space from time,the personal farmers are devoid of the safe environment.Then the situation deepens to worse.In addition to the organization which is not in charge results in a situation that the personal farmers would take all risks by themselves.

Economic Effect of China's Rural Financial Market Growth during 1952-2013

Through study,it is found that since 1952,there has been a long-run equilibrium relationship between China's rural financial market growth and rural economic growth,the government-led rural financial market growth has effectively supported rural economic growth,and increasing the farmers' financing ratio has always helped to boost long-term growth of the rural economy.However,dominated by market mechanism from 1978,there is only one-way support relationship:rural economic growth brings about quantitative growth of rural financial market.

Cloud economy and its relationship with China’s economy—a capital market-based approach

Through the lens of the stock market,we examine whether and how the cloud economy affects China’s economy.We review the literature on cloud computing and related concepts and propose a definition of the cloud economy.Based on this new definition,we create a China Cloud Economy Index(CCEI)and its sub-indices.Using stock market data from 2012 to 2020,we analyze the basic characteristics of these indices,their validity,and their relationship with the overall stock market.The robustness of the new index is also examined.We find that the relationship between the CCEI and the stock market had been getting stronger but weakened somewhat after January 11,2019 plausibly because of the availability of recent cloud-related policies that have widened the gap between the market performance of CCEI and that of the stock market.

Socialist Market Economy Principles as a Neo-Marxist Policy

Marx has two theories： surplus value and labor value. Marx defends positivist socialism. Hegel impressed Marx ideas during his PhD. This study is based on Marx opinions. Socialist Market Economy has two principles： central planning and market economy. State implements central planning for investments, and firms operate their marketing and production activities. In socialist economy, state decides firm＇s marketing and production activities. That policy may decrease effectiveness in national economy.

The China＇s Mode Reform Process of Market Economy System and the Level of Marketization

During the new epoch of reform, the discussion and practice launched by the government and the Communist Party of China （CPC） has experienced 4 stages. Since 1992, China has entrenched formally establishing the Socialist Market Economy System, which is a so-called China＇s Mode development way led by the Deng Xiaoping＇s theory. This paper tries to set up an index system to evaluate the development level of China＇s market economy from 1992 to 2001.

Business Standardization & Market Economy

The introduction of the market economy in China requires a renewed understanding of the theory and practice of business standardization. Built on the basic principles of standardization and the market economics, this paper seeks to define the role and status of standardization in the market economy, its aims and priorities. It then describes the deployment of standardization in market competition. Lastly, it explores into the possible transformations of concepts, functions and associated personnel of enterprise standardization in order to keep abreast of the evolving market economy.

A Free Market Economy Model for Resource Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a free market economy model that can be used to facilitate fully distributed autonomous control of resources in massive heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the future, it is expected that WSNs will exist as part of the global Internet of Things (IoT), and different WSNs can work together in a massive network of heterogeneous WSNs in order to solve common problems. Control of valuable processing, sensing and communication resources, determining which nodes will remain awake during specific time periods in order to provide sensing services, and determining which nodes will forward other nodes’ packets are difficult problems that must be dealt with. It is proposed that just as the free market economy model enables the global human society to function reasonably well when individuals simply attempt to trade money and services in order to maximize their individual profits, and a similar model and mechanism should enable a massive network of heterogeneous WSNs to function well in a fully distributed autonomous manner. The main contributions of this paper are the introduction of the free market economy model for use with WSNs, the formal definition of a maximum profit price problem for multihop packet relaying, and the proposal of a distributed genetic algorithm for the solution of the maximum profit price problem. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed solution produces results that are 70% - 80% similar to a pareto optimal solution for this problem.

The Increasing Market of Sleep Economy

Recently,iiMedia Research issued a report titled 2021 Research Report on China’s Sleep Economy Industry,focusing on the bright future of the sleep economy in China,which has a market size exceeding RMB 400 billion in 2021.Nowadays,due to various factors such as pressure from life and work,overuse of cell phones and excessive information interference,more and more young people are suffering f rom insomnia.This situation was exacerbated in the first half of 2021 as a result of COVID-19,with people staying indoors for longer than usual.As a survey indicated,though many people have more time asleep,the time they went to bed was delayed by 2 to 3 hours,and the search volume for sleep problems increased by 43%.Data from the Chinese Sleep Research Society showed that more than 300 million people had sleep disorders in 2021,and as high as 38.2%of adults have or had sleep difficulties at some point in time.

"Sharing Economy" Promotes the Toy Rental Market

From Star Wars to My Little Pony,from Harry Potter to Bala Bala the little magic fairy,from building blocks to electric trains,the shopping list of toys is endless as there are always new products to come.As the government implements a nation-wide two-child policy,a consumption upgrade is underway,and toys become an important item