Optimization of causative factors using logistic regression and artificial neural network models for landslide susceptibility assessment in Ujung Loe Watershed, South Sulawesi Indonesia

Landslide susceptibility maps(LSMs) play a vital role in assisting land use planning and risk mitigation. This study aims to optimize causative factors using logistic regression(LR) and an artificial neural network(ANN) to produce a LSM. The LSM is produced with 11 causative factors and then optimized using forward-stepwise LR(FSLR), ANN, and their combination(FSLR-ANN) until eight causative factors were found for each method. The ANN method produced superior validation results compared with LR. The ROC values for the training data set ranges between 0.8 and 0.9. On the other hand, validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high, ANN method was higher(92.59%) than LR(82.12%). FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors gave the best validation results with respect to area under curve(AUC) values, and validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high. In conclusion, ANN was found to be better than LR when producing LSMs. The best Optimization was combination of FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors and AUC success rate 0.847, predictive rate 0.844 and validation with landslide fall into high and very high class with 91.30%. It is an encouraging preliminary model towards a systematic introduction of FSLR-ANN model for optimization causative factors in landslide susceptibility assessment in the mountainous area of Ujung Loe Watershed.

Multiple subtraction method based on a non-causal matching filter

The filter operator used in normal multichannel matching filter is physically realizable. This filter operator only delays seismic data in the filtering process. A non- causal multichannel matching filter based on a least squares criterion is proposed to resolve the problem in which predicted multiple model data is later than real data. The differences between causal and non-causal multichannel matching filters are compared using a synthetic shot gather, which demonstrates the validity of the non-causal matching filter. In addition, a variable length sliding window which changes with offset and layer velocity is proposed to solve the count of events increasing with increasing offset in a fixed length sliding window. This variable length sliding window is also introduced into the modified and expanded multichannel matching filter. This method is applied to the Pluto1.5 synthetic data set. The benefits of the non-causal filter operator and variable length sliding window are demonstrated by the good multiple attenuation result.

Causative Microorganisms Isolated from Patients with Intra-Abdominal Infections and Their Drug Resistance Profiles:An 11-Year(2011–2021)Single-Center Retrospective Study

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of causative microorganisms recovered from patients with intra-abdominal infections(IAIs).Methods A total of 2,926 bacterial and fungal strains were identified in samples collected from 1,679 patients with IAIs at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2011 and 2021.Pathogenic bacteria and fungi were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing(AST)was performed using the VITEK 2 compact system and the Kirby–Bauer method.AST results were interpreted based on the M100-Ed31 clinical breakpoints of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results Of the 2,926 strains identified,49.2%,40.8%,and 9.5%were gram-negative bacteria,gram-positive bacteria,and fungi,respectively.Escherichia coli was the most prevalent pathogen in intensive care unit(ICU)and non-ICU patients;however,a significant decrease was observed in the isolation of E.coli between 2011 and 2021.Specifically,significant decreases were observed between 2011 and 2021 in the levels of extended-spectrumβ-lactamase(ESBL)-producing E.coli(from 76.9%to 14.3%)and Klebsiella pneumoniae(from 45.8%to 4.8%).Polymicrobial infections,particularly those involving co-infection with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,were commonly observed in IAI patients.Moreover,Candida albicans was more commonly isolated from hospital-associated IAI samples,while Staphylococcus epidermidis had a higher ratio in community-associated IAIs.Additionally,AST results revealed that most antimicrobial agents performed better in non-ESBL-producers than in ESBL-producers,while the overall resistance rates(56.9%–76.8%)of Acinetobacter baumanmii were higher against all antimicrobial agents than those of other common gram-negative bacteria.Indeed,Enterococcus faecium,Enterococcus faecalis,S.epidermidis,and S.aureus were consistently found to be susceptible to vancomycin,teicoplanin,and linezolid.Similarly,C.albicans exhibited high susceptibility to all the tested antifungal drugs.Conclusion The distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of the causative microorganisms from patients with IAls were altered between 2011 and 2021.This finding is valuable for the implementation of evidence-based antimicrobial therapy and provides guidance for the control of hospital infections.

Analysis of the causes of primary revision after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A case series

BACKGROUND Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA)has great advantages in the treatment of unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis,but its revision rate is higher than that of total knee arthroplasty.AIM To summarize and analyse the causes of revision after UKA.METHODS This is a retrospective case series study in which the reasons for the first revision after UKA are summarized.We analysed the clinical symptoms,medical histories,laboratory test results,imaging examination results and treatment processes of the patients who underwent revision and summarized the reasons for primary revision after UKA.RESULTS A total of 13 patients,including 3 males and 10 females,underwent revision surgery after UKA.The average age of the included patients was 67.62 years.The prosthesis was used for 3 d to 72 months.The main reasons for revision after UKA were improper suturing of the surgical opening(1 patient),osteophytes(2 patients),intra-articular loose bodies(2 patients),tibial prosthesis loosening(2 patients),rheumatoid arthritis(1 patient),gasket dislocation(3 patients),anterior cruciate ligament injury(1 patient),and medial collateral ligament injury with residual bone cement(1 patient).CONCLUSION The causes of primary revision after UKA were gasket dislocation,osteophytes,intra-articular loose bodies and tibial prosthesis loosening.Avoidance of these factors may greatly reduce the rate of revision after UKA,improve patient satisfaction and reduce medical burden.

Textual research of Wudu earthquake in 186 B.C. in Gansu Province, China and discussion on its causative structure

On the basis of the textual research on the historical earthquake data and the field investigation of Wudu earthquake occurred in 186 B.C., we suggest that the earthquake parameters drawn from the present earthquake catalogs are not definite and amendments should be made. The heavily-damaged area of this earthquake should be located between Jugan township of Wudu County and Pingding township of Zhouqu County. Its epicenter should be in the vicinity of Lianghekou in Wudu County with a magnitude of about 7-7 1/4 and an intensity of about IX-X. The major axis direction of the heavily-damaged area should be in the WNW direction that is approximately consistent with the strike of the middle-east segment of Diebu-Bailongjiang active fault zone, and the origin time should match up to that of the latest paleoearthquake event [before （83±46） B.C.] obtained by the trench investigation. Certain seismic rupture evidences are still preserved on this fault segment. Therefore, we propose on the basis of comprehensive analysis that the causative structure of the M 7-7 1/4 Wudu earthquake in 186 B.C. should be in the middle-east segment of Diebu-Bailongjiang active fault zone.

Causative Constructions in Afaan Oromoo:Formal and semantic perspectives

The main objective of this study is to give descriptions of formal and functional aspects of causative constructions in Afaan Oromoo.To achieve the objective,written texts,native speaker informants and introspections are predominantly used as sources of data.The findings reveal that the three structural aspects of causatives-morphological,lexical and syntactic-are used in the language.Morphological causatives are highly productive,and affixes with-s and-i in several combinations as well as-eess are employed for such purposes.Causative Morphemes are detected to derive causatives of basic verb stems of different semantic categories and to involve causations in word-class changing.There are also simple and complex causations in which there are several causatives suffixes,causers and micro-events indicated morphologically and syntactically.Semantically,direct,indirect,and assistive/cooperative causatives are identified.Pseudo-causatives are uncovered as peculiar futures of the language too.There are,even,structures with explicit causative affixes which are called subjectless causatives,but they do not show any causal relations between the participants in the structure.

When Is a Causative Situation not Mapped to a Causative Construction Proper? The Case of Hupa

This work interrogates why certain real-world events that meet criteria for being considered causative events cannot be expressed using Hupa’s morphological or syntactic causative constructions,but must be encoded using one of two periphrastic constructions in which the Causer or cause is not marked as an argument.Based on fieldwork with a native speaker,I probe into these two periphrastic constructions in depth,accounting for their distributions through an appeal to Næss’s(2007)account of semantic transitivity.

An Investigation of Lexical Causatives from a Cross- linguistic Perspective

This paper will make an investigation on the properties of lexical causatives from the cross-linguistic perspective. Specifically, we shall contrast the lexical causatives in English, Japanese and Chinese. We adopt Pylkk^inen＇s （2008） minimalist model as the framework. According to this model, the similarity of cross-linguistic causatives is attributed to the presence of the functional head vCAUSE. Variations of causatives in different languages can be attributed to two parameters： （i） whether vCAUSE obligatorily requires the presence of an external argument or not; （ii） the complement of vCAUSE is root-selecting, verb-selecting or phase-selecting. Causatives in languages can be ronghly divided into two types, namely the lexical causatives and the productive ones. As far as lexical causatives are concerned, languages can be classified into Voice-bundling vs. Non-Voice-bundling ones according to whether the presence of an external argument （i.e, causer or cause） is obligatorily required in lexical causatives or not. English is Voice-bundling and Japanese is Non-Voice-bundling. Chinese stands as the third type of languages which may be called semi-Voice-bnndling language since lexical unaccusative causatives in Chinese are Non-Voice-bundling while action-result-compounds unaccusatives （resultative unaccusatives） are Voice-bundling. Causative heads of lexical cat, satires in these three languages are all root-selecting.

Deriving Morphological Causatives in Moroccan Arabic

This paper explores the nature of the post-syntactic operations responsible for the representations of the linear order of terminal nodes.In particular,it argues in favor of a unified model of the morphosyntax and morphophonology,wherein the theory of Distributed Morphology and Optimality Theory operate in a single module.The testing ground is an investigation of the formation of morphological causatives in Moroccan Arabic.Herein,the process of realizing causatives is morphological gemination,whereby the second consonant of the root is doubled.Investigating the question of what triggers the infixal process,I argue against the linearization algorithm suggested in Embick&Noyer(2001),Embick&Marantz(2008),and Embick(2006,2010).Instead,the claim I defend here is that the onus of the linearization process falls on the prosody in Arabic,the central assumption being that the morphosyntactic structure,the output of the syntactic derivation,is the input to OT morphophonological constraints.These constraints are responsible for the linearization of the terminal nodes of the syntactic derivation.I show that adopting one theory over others misses important generalizations about the language.

Study of Applying Cognitive Linguistic Theory into Japanese Grammar Teaching——Taking Causative Sentence as an Example

The traditional Japanese grammar teaching often only pays attention to the interpretation of syntax and the integrity of grammar structure. This violates the cultivation of communicative competence, and is not in conformity with the society’s requirements of applied foreign language talents. Cognitive linguistics theory, which links language form with semantic concept, reveals the internal relation of man’s thinking and language. If we can subtly apply cognitive linguistic theory into Japanese grammar teaching to explore the cognitive process in the speakers’ brain while expressing, we can get a good understanding of diffi cult points and “special case”. This paper explores the introductory methods and efficacy of the cognitive linguistics theory applied in Japanese grammar teaching method, by lecturing causative sentences an example.

The Morphophonology of Moroccan Arabic Derived Causatives

This paper aims at investigating the morphophonological make-up of derived causatives in Moroccan Arabic within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince &Smolensky, 2004). Causative verbs in MA are characterized by the systematic gemination of their medial consonants. However, it is not easy to determine the morphological nature of the causative morpheme involved in this derivation. Also, it is not clearly known why the causative morpheme gets realized exactly on the second segment of the base form.Therefore, we seek to achieve the following goals. First, we intend to determine the nature of the causative morpheme. Second, we aim to explain why the causative morpheme is realized on the second segment of the base form. In this respect, we show that the causative morpheme is represented by a featureless consonantal mora that targets the second segment of the base root, turning it into a geminate. We also show that the causative morpheme gets infixed thanks to the privileged status of root-initial segments.

Characteristics and Preliminary Causes of Tropical Cyclone Remote Precipitation over China

In this study,the characteristics and preliminary causes of tropical cyclone remote precipitation(TRP)over China during the period from 1979 to 2020 are investigated.Results indicated that approximately 72.42%of tropical cyclones(TCs)in the Western Pacific produce TRP over China.The peak months for TRP are July and August.The four key regions of TRP are the adjacent areas between the Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces,the northern coast of the Bohai Sea,the coast of the Yellow Sea,and the southern coast area.The typical distance between the station with TRP and the TC center ranges from 1500 to 2500 km.Most of these stations are situated north to 60°west of north of the TC.The south–west water vapor transportation on the west side of the TC is crucial to TRP.TRP has a decreasing trend because of the decrease in the number of TCs that generate TRP.From the perspective of large-scale environmental conditions,a decrease in the integrated horizontal water vapor transport in China' Mainland,the weakening of upward motion at approximately 25°–35°N,which is inconducive to convection,and an increase in low-level vertical wind shear,which is unfavorable for the development of TC in areas with high frequencies of TRP-related TCs,are the factors that result in the decreasing trend of TRP.

Prevalence and Causes of Neonatal Mortality at Chu-Mel, Cotonou in 2023

Introduction: Neonatal mortality represents a global health problem that has been at the core of programs developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for more than 30 years. In our country, it represents a real scourge and remains high despite the efforts made by the Ministry of Health. The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence and causes of neonatal mortality at CHU-MEL of Cotonou in 2023. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study with retrospective data collection, carried out in the neonatology unit of the Mother and Child Teaching Hospital of Lagune (CHU-MEL) in Cotonou over a period of six months from January 1, 2023 to June 30, 2023. All neonates, premature or full-term, born alive and who died during hospitalization in the unit were included. Results: 211 cases of neonatal deaths were recorded among the 2884 neonates hospitalized in the unit during the study period, representing a hospital prevalence of 7.31%. Early neonatal mortality represented 81.5% of cases. The average age at admission was 4.6 days ± 5.3. The average weight of deceased neonates was 1609.08 ± 798.35 g. The most frequent reasons for hospitalization were represented by prematurity (60.66%) and respiratory distress (23.22%), respectively. Prematurity was the leading cause of neonatal mortality (41.7%), followed by neonatal infections (29.4%) and perinatal asphyxia (10.9%). Conclusion: The prevalence of neonatal mortality in the neonatology unit of CHU-MEL is high. Efforts to improve the quality of perinatal care departments must be intensified to reduce this prevalence.

Distribution and Formation Causes of PM_(2.5) and O_(3) Double High Pollution Events in China during 2013–20

Fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and ozone(O_(3))double high pollution(DHP)events have occurred frequently over China in recent years,but their causes are not completely clear.In this study,the spatiotemporal distribution of DHP events in China during 2013–20 is analyzed.The synoptic types affecting DHP events are identified with the Lamb–Jenkinson circulation classification method.The meteorological and chemical causes of DHP events controlled by the main synoptic types are further investigated.Results show that DHP events(1655 in total for China during 2013–20)mainly occur over the North China Plain,Yangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta,Sichuan Basin,and Central China.The occurrence frequency increases by 5.1%during 2013–15,and then decreases by 56.1%during 2015–20.The main circulation types of DHP events are“cyclone”and“anticyclone”,accounting for over 40%of all DHP events over five main polluted regions in China,followed by southerly or easterly flat airflow types,like“southeast”,“southwest”,and“east”.Compared with non-DHP events,DHP events are characterized by static or weak wind,high temperature(20.9℃ versus 23.1℃)and low humidity(70.0%versus 64.9%).The diurnal cycles of meteorological conditions cause PM_(2.5)(0300–1200 LST,Local Standard Time=UTC+8 hours)and O_(3)(1500–2100 LST)to exceed the national standards at different periods of the DHP day.Three pollutant conversion indices further indicate the rapid secondary conversions during DHP events,and thus the concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2) and volatile organic compounds decrease by 13.1%,4.7%and 4.4%,respectively.The results of this study can be informative for future decisions on the management of DHP events.

The Impacts and Causes of Land Fragmentation on Farm Productivity: Case Review of East African Countries

This report provides an overall assessment of land fragmentation problems in East Africa. Many parts of East Africa have become highly fragmented, putting development systems and activities in these areas at risk of complete collapse. Land fragmentation occurs when land gets converted for agriculture, industrialization, or urbanization, invaded by non-local plants, or enclosed for individual use and by subdividing farmlands into subsequent smaller units called parcels with varying average farm sizes. Fragmentation results from inappropriate agricultural development processes and ineffective land use planning that fails to recognize how farmland is used, and the importance of its interconnected areas. Insecurity of tenure and resource rights are key factors in making this possible. Land fragmentation is one of the key reasons why the ability of most resources in East Africa becomes scarcer, and those remaining become “privatized” by more powerful community members—keen to maintain their access to them. Such individualistic attitudes are new and disadvantage the poorest even further by affecting the traditional customary safety nets and agricultural outputs. Neither the government nor customary governance systems effectively protect resource access for the poorest. This review summary report identifies the key causes, measures, and implications, government interventions, and the common remedies to land fragmentation problems in the East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania including neighboring Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The findings indicated from 2005 to 2015, the population kept increasing for all the named countries in East Africa with Rwanda and Uganda having a substantial increase in population density. The study review further explores the trend in the performance of agriculture by average farm sizes within the intervals of five years by highlighting their strong linkages and found that the average farm size has declined drastically, especially for Kenya. This can only mean that small farms kept becoming smaller and smaller and that there were more small-scale farmers. The results further depicted that the major and commonly cultivated food crops among the East African countries include maize, sorghum, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes, bananas, Irish potatoes, beans, peas, etc., with maize yields (Mt/ha) in 2003 for Uganda being the highest (1.79 Mt/ha) and the lowest in Rwanda (0.77 Mt/ha) respectively. Therefore, from the review results, recommendations are being made as to how the negative impacts of land fragmentation on agricultural productivity can be reduced or mitigated. One way is by community sensitization and awareness about the importance of land consolidation and its proposition on farm productivity.

Analysis of the Factors That Cause Environmental Degradation of Lake Santa Maria Tasi Tolu Dili Timor-Leste

This research aims to understand more closely the damage to the lake environment and the factors that cause pollution in Lake Santa Maria are the first factor of increasing urbanization, the use of the land around the lake as a place to live, the absence of maximum control from the local government this case, the Dili municipal authority. Types of solid waste consist of iron from car accidents, motorcycles, used building materials, plastic, used drink bottles and clothes, mosquito nets, food scraps from household waste, as well as old fishing nets from residents. In addition, household waste such as bath and bath, dishwashing, detergents, and waste from tempeh and tofu factories, including burnt oil from cars and motorcycles, are thrown into the lake. Municipal waste management is based on environmental standards to determine the quality of waste management in Dili Municipality. It is possible to identify the composition of waste and waste, as well as predict its environmental impact. Human (Anthropic) factors Domestic Liquid Waste, Domestic Solid Waste: Composed of organic and inorganic waste. Synthetic Waste, Disposal of Used Oil, Disposal of Domestic Animal Waste, Shallow Drains and Septic Tanks, Mountain Garbage, Garbage Thrown by Visitors, Natural Factors, Climate change, Prolonged drought, Low rainfall, El Niño and La Niña factors, Wind speed, Heat (high daily temperature pressure), Greater water evaporation, Dry wind. The occurrence of contamination necessarily implies an ecological imbalance. The impact introduced by residual compounds and waste that may be associated with the toxicity.

Eternal Climate Change Patterns and the Causes and Countermeasures of Global Climate Change

It is an objective fact that the weather is unpredictable.Even the famous meteorologist,Academician Chu Ko Chen,has only a partial understanding of the changing laws of wind and rain.Even though ancient people summarized the 24 solar terms by observing the annual activities of the sun for a long time,because they ignored the impact of the activities of the moon on the Earth’s climate change on a small scale,the 24 solar terms they summarized often could not accurately predict the change of the Earth’s climate.Therefore,the author studied the influence of lunar activities on the Earth’s climate change,finds out the law of the influence of lunar activities on the Earth’s climate change on a small scale,and summarizes the eternal climate change pattern determined by the activities of the sun and the moon.In addition,the author also reveals the causes and countermeasures of global warming and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather as well as environmental change.

Multiple Indicators&Multiple Cause of Public Administration of Zoos in the Sustainable Development Goals

Zoo management has been approached from its financial guidelines in accordance with the SDGs,but without considering its adjustment to the SDGs.Therefore,the objective of this work was to compare the theoretical structure reported in the literature with respect to the observations of this work.A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out with a sample of administrative managers linked to zoos committed to the implementation of the SDGs.The results suggest that age and gender determine the financial factor.In relation to the state of the art where dimensions related to learning financial administration are reported,this work suggests that age is a determinant of social responsibility.

骨质疏松性脊柱椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体成形后骨水泥外漏原因及治疗策略

背景:随着人口老龄化的加剧,骨质疏松症的发病率逐年上升,而骨质疏松性脊柱椎体压缩骨折作为其中的一种常见并发症,给患者带来了极大的痛苦和不便。经皮椎体成形术作为一种有效的治疗方法,在临床上得到了广泛应用。然而,骨水泥外漏作为该手术的一个潜在风险,一直是研究者们关注的重点。目的:探讨骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体成形后骨水泥外漏的原因及处理策略。方法:选择2017年3月至2021年2月于北京市平谷区医院骨科行经皮椎体成形治疗的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者100例为研究对象,根据术后12个月随访结果分为骨水泥外漏组(n=27)和无骨水泥外漏组(n=73)。Cox比例风险回归分析筛选术后骨水泥外漏的影响因素,用以构建术后骨水泥外漏风险预测列线图模型,并对模型进行评价。行骨水泥外漏治疗后,观察术前、术后3 d、术后12个月时,27例患者的目测类比评分、Oswesry功能障碍指数。结果与结论:①27例骨水泥外漏患者中,24例均为椎间盘终板内渗漏,无明显症状及不适,无需特殊处理;1例发生肺栓塞,请呼吸科协助处理得以好转;2例有症状,行经皮椎间孔镜下骨水泥取出术;②CT值、骨折严重程度、骨水泥黏度、皮质断裂、骨水泥注入量是术后发生骨水泥外漏的独立影响因素(P<0.05);③列线图模型的校准度、区分度均较好,且具有很好的临床实用性;④对于27例术后骨水泥外漏患者,术后3 d、术后12个月时,目测类比评分均显著低于术前,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);术后12个月的Oswesry功能障碍指数显著低于术后3 d,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);⑤结果表明,骨水泥注入量、骨水泥黏度、皮质断裂、CT值、骨折严重程度是经皮椎体成形术后发生骨水泥外漏的危险因素。

Cause of over Water Quality Standard and Control Measures of State-controlled Sections in Northern Water-deficient Area of Jiangsu

Taking state-controlled section of Xuzhou Peiyan river as an example,the current water quality was monitored,and the cause of over water quality standard was analyzed.The results showed that the pollutants of Peiyan river were mainly from the urban river segment,and the immediate cause of over standard was tributary pollutants in urban river segment with the runoff into rivers.So we should strengthen the maintenance of drainage control and gate-han,accelerate the construction of urban wastewater treatment facilities and supporting pipe network,promote rural decentralized sewage treatment,prevent and control livestock and poultry pollution,pesticides and fertilizers pollution,and intercept non-point source pollution by using eco-technology.