Gradient coil design with enhanced shielding constraint for a cryogen-free superconducting MRI system

The relatively fragile low-temperature stability of cryogen-free superconducting magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)magnets requires the careful management of exogenous heat sources.A strongly shielded gradient magnetic field is important for the optimal operation of cryogen-free MRI systems.In this study,we present an enhanced shielding method incorporating a regionalized stray field constraining strategy.By optimizing the constraint parameters,we could develop engineering-feasible gradient coil schemes without increasing system complexity but with the stray field intensity reduced by half.In real measurement in an integrated MRI system,the developed gradient assembly demonstrated good performance and supported to output images of excellent quality.Our findings suggested that the proposed method could potentially form a useful design paradigm for cryogen-free MRI magnets.

Finite element analysis of anchor plates using non-coaxial models

The non-coaxial model simulating the non-coincidence between the principal stresses and the principal plastic strain rates is employed within the framework of finite element method（FEM） to predict the behaviors of anchors embedded in granular material.The non-coaxial model is developed based on the non-coaxial yield vertex theory,and the elastic and conventional coaxial plastic deformations are simulated by using elasto-perfectly plastic Drucker-Prager yield function according to the original yield vertex theory.Both the horizontal and vertical anchors with various embedment depths are considered.Different anchor shapes and soil friction and dilation angles are also taken into account.The predictions indicate that the use of non-coaxial models leads to softer responses,compared with those using conventional coaxial models.Besides,the predicted ultimate pulling capacities are the same for both coaxial and non-coaxial models.The non-coaxial influences increase with the increasing embedment depths,and circular anchors lead to larger non-coaxial influences than strip anchors.In view of the fact that the design of anchors is mainly determined by their displacements,ignoring the non-coaxiality in finite element numerical analysis can lead to unsafe results.

Modelling of Non-coaxial Viscoplastic Deformation in Geodynamics

The formation of shear bands for time and length scales appropriate for deformation processes in the upper Lithosphere is investigated in plane strain finite element simulations under predominantly uniaxial extension and compression, respectively. The direction of gravity is assumed orthogonal to the extension/compression axis. Mathematically, the formation of shear zones may be explained as a consequence of changes in the type of the governing model equations. Such changes or bifurcations depend strongly on the details of the constitutive relationships such as strain softening, thermal or chemical effects, associated or non-associated--coaxial or non-coaxial flow rules. Here we focus on strain softening and coaxial and non-coaxial flow rules. In the simulations, we consider an initially rectangular domain with the dimensions Lo, Ho in the horizontal, vertical directions, respectively. The domain is extended or compressed by prescribing a uniform, horizontal velocity field along one of the vertical boundaries while keeping the opposite boundary fixed. An important global descriptor of the deformation process is the relationship between the horizontal stress resultant （average horizontal stress） and the strain ln（L/Lo）, where L is the deformed length of the domain. The main goal of this paper is to investigate key factors influencing the phenomenology of the localization process such as flow rule, coaxial, non-coaxial and strain softening. Different origins of the mesh sensitivity of deformations involving localization are also investigated.

Analytical computation of magnetic field in coil-dominated superconducting quadrupole magnets based on racetrack coils

Currently,three types of superconducting quadrupole magnets are used in particle accelerators:cos 2θ,CCT,and serpentine.However,all three coil configurations have complex spatial geometries,which make magnet manufacturing and strain-sensitive superconductor applications difficult.Compared with the three existing quadrupole coils,the racetrack quadrupole coil has a simple shape and manufacturing process,but there have been few theoretical studies.In this paper,the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical expressions for the magnetic field in coil-dominated racetrack superconducting quadrupole magnets are presented.The analytical expressions of the field harmonics and gradient are fully resolved and depend only on the geometric parameters of the coil and current density.Then,a genetic algorithm is applied to obtain a solution for the coil geometry parameters with field harmonics on the order of 10^(-4).Finally,considering the practical engineering needs of the accelerator interaction region,electromagnetic design examples of racetrack quadrupole magnets with high gradients,large apertures,and small apertures are described,and the application prospects of racetrack quadrupole coils are analyzed.

Effect of coil and chamber structure on plasma radial uniformity in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma

Enhancing plasma uniformity can be achieved by modifying coil and chamber structures in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma(ICP)to meet the demand for large-area and uniformly distributed plasma in industrial manufacturing.This study utilized a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to investigate how different coil configurations and chamber aspect ratios affect the radial uniformity of plasma in radio frequency ICP.The findings indicate that optimizing the radial spacing of the coil enhances plasma uniformity but with a reduction in electron density.Furthermore,optimizing the coil within the ICP reactor,using the interior point method in the Interior Point Optimizer significantly enhances plasma uniformity,elevating it from 56%to 96%within the range of the model sizes.Additionally,when the chamber aspect ratio k changes from 2.8 to 4.7,the plasma distribution changes from a center-high to a saddleshaped distribution.Moreover,the plasma uniformity becomes worse.Finally,adjusting process parameters,such as increasing source power and gas pressure,can enhance plasma uniformity.These findings contribute to optimizing the etching process by improving plasma radial uniformity.

Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative control of a voice coil actuator system for adaptive deformable mirrors

Research on adaptive deformable mirror technology for voice coil actuators(VCAs)is an important trend in the development of large ground-based telescopes.A voice coil adaptive deformable mirror contains a large number of actuators,and there are problems with structural coupling and large temperature increases in their internal coils.Additionally,parameters of the traditional proportional integral derivative(PID)control cannot be adjusted in real-time to adapt to system changes.These problems can be addressed by introducing fuzzy control methods.A table lookup method is adopted to replace real-time calculations of the regular fuzzy controller during the control process,and a prototype platform has been established to verify the effectiveness and robustness of this process.Experimental tests compare the control performance of traditional and fuzzy proportional integral derivative(Fuzzy-PID)controllers,showing that,in system step response tests,the fuzzy control system reduces rise time by 20.25%,decreases overshoot by 78.24%,and shortens settling time by 67.59%.In disturbance rejection experiments,fuzzy control achieves a 46.09%reduction in the maximum deviation,indicating stronger robustness.The Fuzzy-PID controller,based on table lookup,outperforms the standard controller significantly,showing excellent potential for enhancing the dynamic performance and disturbance rejection capability of the voice coil motor actuator system.

Mathematical Modelling and Design of Helical Coil Heat Exchanger for Production of Hot Air for Fluidized Bed Dryer

In global industrialization, efforts have been made to increase the rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger, minimizing the size of heat exchanger to reduce cost as well as increasing the effectiveness. Helical coil heat exchanger (HCHE) has been proven to be effective in improving heat transfer due to its large surface area. In this study, HCHE was designed to provide hot air needed for fluidized bed drying processes. The HCHE design model was fabricated and evaluated to study the efficiency of the hot air output for a laboratory fluidized bed dryer. The mathematical model for estimation of the final (output) temperature of air, Taf, passing through the HCHE was developed and validated experimentally. The drying of bitter kola particulates was carried out with a drying temperature of 50C 3C and a bed height-to-bed diameter ratio (H/D) of 1.5. The time taken to dry bitter kola particulates to 0.4% moisture content was 1 hour 45 minutes. Hence, HCHE is recommended for use in the production of hot for laboratory-scale fluidized bed dryers.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Performance of Turbulent Heat Transfer in Tubes with Different Cross-Sectioned Wire Coils

The thermal-hydraulic performance of plain tubes with and without wire coils in turbulent regimes is investigated experimentally and numerically.The effects of wire coil distribution(circular cross section)within the tube were explored experimentally,and water was employed as the working fluid.The numerical simulation was carried out using software programmer ANSYS Fluent 2019 R3 using the finite-volume approach.In the turbulent regime,six cross-sectionedwire coilswere analyzed,including:circular,rectangular,hexagonal,square,star shape,and triangle.The utilization of a tube with a wire coil has been shown to increase heat transfer rate and pump consumption.The results indicate a high level of concurrence,as the deviations are all below 8%.Compared with plain tube,the wire coils,according to the arrangement(TWD),gave the best PEC.The heat transfer enhancement ability of different cross sections follows the following order:StCS>RCS>HCS>SqCS>CCS>TCS.Also,the sequence of pump consumption for each cross section is as follows:RCS>StCS>SqCS>HCS>CCS>TCS.

Numerical Studies on Thermal and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of LNG in Helically Coiled Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchangers

As compact and efficient heat exchange equipment,helically coiled tube-in-tube heat exchangers(HCTT heat exchangers)are widely used in many industrial processes.However,the thermal-hydraulic research of liquefied natural gas(LNG)as the working fluid inHCTT heat exchangers is rarely reported.In this paper,the characteristics of HCTT heat exchangers,in which LNG flows in the inner tube and ethylene glycol-water solution flows in the outer tube,are studied by numerical simulations.The influences of heat transfer characteristics and pressure drops of the HCTT heat transfers are studied by changing the initial flow velocity,the helical middle diameter,and the helical pitch.The results indicate that different initial flow velocities in the inner tube and the outer tube of the HCTT heat exchanger have little influence on the secondary flow of the fluid in the helical tubes,and the overall flow characteristics tend to be stable.The smaller helical middle diameter of the HCTT heat exchanger leads to the shorter fluid flow length,the smaller resistance along the tubes and the increase of initial pressure under the condition of constant inlet velocity,which promotes the occurrence of secondary flow.The axial flow of fluid promotes the destruction of heat transfer boundary layer and gains strength of the turbulence and heat transfer efficiency.With the increase of the helical pitch of the HCTT heat exchanger,the turbulent intensity and the heat transfer efficiency are also increased.Moreover,the improvement of the flow state of the HCTT exchanger in a longer helical pitch also enhances the heat exchange efficiency.

Numerical Simulation of Liquified Natural Gas Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics in Helically Coiled Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchangers

Helically coiled tube-in-tube(HCTT)heat exchangers are widely applied to the process technology because of their compactness and higher heat transfer efficiency.HCTT heat exchangers play an important role in liquified natural gas(LNG)use and cold energy recovery.The heat transfer characteristics,pressure distribution,and degree of vaporization of LNG in HCTT heat exchangers are numerically investigated.By comparing the simulation results of the computational model with existing experimental results,the effectiveness of the computational model is verified.The numerical simulation results show the vapor volume fraction of the HCTT heat exchanger is related to the inlet Reynolds number,inner tube diameters,and helix diameter.The vapor volume fraction increases rapidly from the fourth to the seventh equal division points of the helix tube length.On condition that the inlet Reynolds number is greater than 33500,the pressure drop rate gradually increases.When the magnitude of the vapor volume fraction is below 0.2,the heat transfer coefficient increase rate is greater than that when the vapor volume fraction is above 0.2.The heat exchange efficiency of HCTT heat exchangers increases with the decrease of the ratio of helix diameter to inner tube diameter.

自动引线系统中旋转偏心检测与补偿方法

在空心杯转子线圈的自动引线微操作系统中,线圈的几何中心很难与旋转台的回转中心重合,因此在旋转过程中产生偏心现象,进而导致线圈引线失败。为此,提出了一种检测和补偿线圈偏差的方法。从分析线圈偏心源出发,建立偏心数学模型,设计了一种偏心模型与图像特征提取算法结合的偏差测量方法,并提出基于自动控制与补偿模型的校正方法。通过实验验证了模型的精确性以及偏心补偿的有效性,基于均方根误差的评价,模型对于偏差预测以及特征提取算法均具有较高的精度,补偿后的最大残余误差小于4μm,平均补偿幅度约为98.6%,引线实验展示了所提方法的优良性能。提出的偏心检测补偿方法具有精度高、复杂度低、效率高、实时性,以及嵌入式等优点,且在微操作以及微装配领域具有更合适、更广泛的应用。

p-τ值对COIL的影响的实验研究

实验研究了单重态氧发生器 ( SOG)的 p-τ值 ,即初始氯气分压与停留时间的乘积 ,对化学氧碘激光器 ( COIL)的影响 ,并分析了诸多实验因素对 SOG的 p-τ值的影响。对于提高

以氮气为载气的千瓦级COIL的初步实验研究

首次在氯气流量为 110 mmol/ s、采用方列管型射流式 O2 (1 Δ)发生器 (SPJSOG)以及列阵式超音速氧碘混合喷管的 COIL装置上 ,以氮气替代氦气作为载气进行出光实验研究。初步实验获得 1.8k W的激光输出功率以及

超音速连续波COIL的二维半数值模拟

给出了超音速连续波（ＣＷ）氧碘化学激光器（ＣＯＩＬ）的理论模型，利用此模型对典型实验装置进行了二维半几何近似下的初步数值模拟研究，对所得结果进行了讨论。

COIL运行参量对激光器性能的影响

基于物理近似模型和以Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程求解为中心的数值计算，研究了氧碘化学激光器（ＣＯＩＬ）激光性能随一些相关运行参量的变化规律，这些结果将对器件运行条件的选取和实验分析有一定的参考价值。

千瓦级COIL UR90实验研究

首次报导了千瓦级化学氧碘激光器（ＣＯＩＬ）采用束转动９０°环形非稳腔（ＵＲ９０）的实验结果，测量了输出光斑的近场相位分布及远场强度分布，当激光输出平均功率为２ｋＷ时。

COIL腔镜高反射率精密测量系统的可靠性分析

利用光腔衰荡光谱技术,建立了氧碘化学激光器腔镜高反射率的精密测量系统。对用直型衰荡光腔时可能影响测量系统精度的各种因素进行了系统的实验研究。采用直型和折叠型衰荡光腔,检测了氧碘化学激光器高反腔镜在1.315μm的反射率。实验测得COIL凹面高反腔镜反射率为99.770%;平面高反镜反射率为99.917%,测量精度约为10-5。结果表明,该系统可以精密测量氧碘化学激光器腔镜的高反射率,测量结果精确可靠。

竖直隔板对COIL超扩段流场影响实验研究

通过一系列对比实验比较了隔板对气流转捩点、总压损失、光腔静压的影响,并通过分析阐述了竖直隔板对扩压器内部气流参数产生影响的原因。隔板可以增加超音速区域的长度,并能增加光腔压力分布的稳定性,减小总压损失,增加压力恢复系数;隔板厚度对光腔静压的影响较大,需严格控制隔板厚度以避免正激波的产生。

以氮气为载气COIL的设计与实验

根据以氮气为载气的特殊要求,对kW级氧碘化学激光器(COIL)装置的结构进行了有针对性的设计和实验研究。在氯气流量为140mmol/s的情况下,获得了2.6kW的功率,相应的化学效率为20.4%,喷管出口能流密度达到了74W/cm2。这一结果达到了以氦气为载气COIL的水平。

N_2-COIL的氧发生器水汽诊断

在氧碘化学激光(COIL)系统中,水汽是影响激光器输出功率的最重要原因之一,因此测控氧发生器(SOG)出口气流中的水汽含量非常重要.文中利用吸收和发射光谱法对方管式射流氮气氧碘化学激光器(N2-COIL)的氧发生器分别进行了水汽含量测量.测量结果显示,在保持氯气流量一定的前提下,该发生器正常工作状态下水汽百分含量小于9%,且随氧发生器的总压的增加而减小,随氮气流量的增大而增加.该结果表明,气体流速是引起水含量变化的主要原因.