Study on Structure of Arched Longitudinal Beams of Deep-Water Wharf

High-pile and beam-slab quays have been widely used after several years development. They are mature enough to be one of the most important structural types of wharves in China coastal areas. In order to accommodate large tonnage vessels, wharves should be eorrstructed in deep water gradually. However, conventional high-pile and beam-slab structares are hard to meet the requirements of large deep-water wharf. According to arch＇ s stress characteristics, a new type of wharf with catenary arched longitudinal beams is presented in this paper. The new wharf structure can make full use of arch＇s overhead crossing and reinforced concrete compression resistance, improve the interval between transverse bents greatly, and decrease underwater construction quantity. Thus, the construction cost cab be reduced. Take the third phase project of the Yangshan Deep-water Port for example, comparative analysis on catenary arched longitudinal beams and conventional longitudinal beams has been made. The result shows that with the same wharf length and width, the same loads and same longitudinal beam moment, catenary arch structure can improve the interval between bents up to 28 m, decrease the nmnber of piles and underwater construction quantity.

Seismic behavior of concrete filled steel tubular arch structures

Shaking table tests of a 1:10 scale arch model performed to investigate the seismic behavior and resistance of concrete filled steel tubular (CFT) arch structures are described in this paper. The El-Centro record and Shanghai artificial wave were adopted as the input excitation. The entire test process can be divided into three stages depending on the lateral brace configurations, i.e., fully (five) braced, two braces removed, and all braces removed. A total of 46 tests, starting from the elastic state to failure condition, have been conducted. The natural vibration frequencies, responses of acceleration, displacement and strain were measured. From the test results, it is demonstrated that the CFT arch structures are capable of resisting severe ground motions and that CFT arches offer a credible alternative to reinforced concrete arches, especially in regions of high seismic intensity.

Wind Vibration Study of Long-span Steel Arch Structure of Beijing Capital International Airport

The wind-induced dynamic response of long-span light-weight steel arch structure of the global transportation center (GTC) of Beijing Capital International Airport was studied. A composite technique with combination of WAWS(Weighted Amplitude Wavelet Superposition) and FFT(Fast Fourier Transformation) was introduced to simulate wind velocity time series of hundreds of spatial points simultaneously. The structural shape factors of wind load was obtained from wind tunnel model test. The wind vibration factor based on structural displacement response was investigated. After comparing the computational results with wind tunnel model test data, it was found out that the two results accord with each other if wind comes from 0° direction angle, but are quite different if wind comes from 180° direction angle in the area blocked off by airport terminals. The possible reasons of this difference were analyzed. Haar wavelet was used to transform and analyze wind velocity time series and structural wind-induced dynamic responses. The relationship between exciting wind loads and structural responses was studied in time and frequency domains.

Health diagnosis of ultrahigh arch dam performance using heterogeneous spatial panel vector model

Currently,more than ten ultrahigh arch dams have been constructed or are being constructed in China.Safety control is essential to long-term operation of these dams.This study employed the flexibility coefficient and plastic complementary energy norm to assess the structural safety of arch dams.A comprehensive analysis was conducted,focusing on differences among conventional methods in characterizing the structural behavior of the Xiaowan arch dam in China.Subsequently,the spatiotemporal characteristics of the measured performance of the Xiaowan dam were explored,including periodicity,convergence,and time-effect characteristics.These findings revealed the governing mechanism of main factors.Furthermore,a heterogeneous spatial panel vector model was developed,considering both common factors and specific factors affecting the safety and performance of arch dams.This model aims to comprehensively illustrate spatial heterogeneity between the entire structure and local regions,introducing a specific effect quantity to characterize local deformation differences.Ultimately,the proposed model was applied to the Xiaowan arch dam,accurately quantifying the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of dam performance.Additionally,the spatiotemporal distri-bution characteristics of environmental load effects on different parts of the dam were reasonably interpreted.Validation of the model prediction enhances its credibility,leading to the formulation of health diagnosis criteria for future long-term operation of the Xiaowan dam.The findings not only enhance the predictive ability and timely control of ultrahigh arch dams'performance but also provide a crucial basis for assessing the effectiveness of engineering treatment measures.

THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG SPAN ARCH STRUCTURE

This paper presents a method for isolatedly solving the normal mode of vi-bration according to the uncoupling condition of vibrations inside and outside the archplane.The finite element method for curved beam elements is adopted to analyse the dy-namic characteristics of arch structures and the calculating program is made.The resultsobtained from Apple II microcomputer are compared with those from SAP5 program byan example,and are in good agreement.

Improving the design of reinforcing frames by simulating the arch and peltate venation structures

Based on the analyses on arch and peltate venation structures, the design of reinforcing frames was improved. First, distribution rules of the arch structure were summarized. According to the load condition and the structure of the frame, a mechanical model of arch structure was devel- oped, and two solutions for the model were analyzed and compared with each other. Through the a- nalysis, application rules of arch structure for improving the design were obtained. Then, distribu- tion rules of peltate venation structure were summarized. By using the same method, application rules of peltate venation structure for improving the design were also obtained. Finally, mechanical problem of the frame was described, and rib arrangement of the frame was redesigned. A parameter optimization for the widths of ribs in bionic arrangement was also carried out to accomplish the im- proving design. Comparison between bionic and conventional reinforcing frames shows that the weight is reduced by as much as 15.3%.

Calculation and Analysis of Internal Force in Arch Structure of Frozen Soil

Aimed at the frozen soil arch reinforcement form of upside shed used for the shield machine launching in tunneling the internal force of the structure was calculated with the aid of the structural mechanics theory. Considering the space characteristics of the structure, this calculating method is suitable for practical engineering. Moreover, the behavior of the freezing arch reinforcement structure was analyzed combined with an engineering case.

Application of a Machine Learning Algorithm for the Structural Optimization of Circular Arches with Different Cross-Sections

Arches are employed for bridges. This particular type of structures, characterized by a very old use tradition, is nowadays, widely exploited because of its strength, resilience, cost-effectiveness and charm. In recent years, a more conscious design approach that focuses on a more proper use of the building materials combined with the increasing of the computational capability of the modern computers, has led the research in the civil engineering field to the study of optimization algorithms applications aimed at the definition of the best design parameters. In this paper, a differential formulation and a MATLAB code for the calculation of the internal stresses in the arch structure are proposed. Then, the application of a machine learning algorithm, the genetic algorithm, for the calculation of the geometrical parameters, that allows to minimize the quantity of material that constitute the arch structures, is implemented. In this phase, the method used to calculate the stresses has been considered as a constraint function to reduce the range of the solutions to the only ones able to bear the design loads with the smallest volume. In particular, some case studies with different cross-sections are reported to prove the validity of the method and to compare the obtained results in terms of optimization effectiveness.

滇中芹河隧洞软岩破碎段围岩大变形与支护结构相互作用研究

软岩大变形是滇中引水工程建设中较为突出的工程地质问题之一,以大楚段芹河隧洞4#支洞为研究对象开展软岩大变形特征及承载结构受力研究。4#支洞在施工过程中发生影响洞室稳定的问题,洞周围岩大变形不同程度侵限,导致钢拱架扭曲断裂、喷混凝土掉落现象时有发生。为了充分认识隧洞变形特征、破坏模式及成因机制,结合工程地质勘察、现场监控量测、数值反演及施工模拟分析等手段和方法对其进行综合研究。研究成果表明:破碎软岩洞段施工期围岩监测变形量大、变形速率较快,变形具有明显的时效性;围岩完整性差,洞周变形差异大;围岩以剪切破坏为主;围岩时效变形对支护结构受力影响大,部分承载结构受力超限,导致局部结构破坏。可见,针对破碎的软岩隧洞施工,需要采取超前注浆、减少减小施工扰动、及时跟进初期支护、尽快封闭成环,加强施工期围岩变形监测,选取合理的衬砌支护时机,实时指导和优化隧洞支护结构施工设计。

洞桩法地铁车站边桩结构受力机制的模型试验设计

为了方便学生更形象地理解洞桩法地铁车站边桩结构的受力机制,该文以广州地区某洞桩法地铁车站工程为依托,设计了一种简化的洞桩法车站边桩结构模型试验。基于该试验方法,演示分析了边桩结构在洞桩法车站开挖过程中的施工力学行为规律,并对比研究了不同桩型布置参数下的桩后土压力、边桩结构的力学和变形规律。通过该试验,为学生展示了洞桩法边桩结构模型的设计、制作、试验具体操作及数据监测的全过程,从而让学生更好地掌握洞桩法车站边桩结构力学行为演变规律,以及采用不同边桩布置型式的力学行为差异。

托顶煤巷道锚固“梁-拱”结构分类及顶板冲击失稳机制

我国煤矿托顶煤巷道冲击地压频发,且冲击动载下顶板灾害尤为严重。为探究托顶煤巷道顶板锚固结构类型和冲击失稳机制,以陕西某矿301工作面回风巷道大面积冲击垮顶为工程背景,运用相似实验、理论分析及数据统计等方法,分析了托顶煤巷道围岩应力、位移和巷表加速度的动载响应特征,研究了顶煤厚度与支护构件影响下顶板锚固结构的分类特征,探究了弹性波下托顶煤巷道的应力响应机制,提出顶板锚固“梁-拱”结构的冲击失稳机制,评估了301工作面回风巷道的抗冲能力,并提出了相应的抗冲支护优化方案。结果表明:①冲击动载下托顶煤围岩应力和位移等监测数据验证了顶板存在内、外层的梁或拱形锚固结构,因顶煤厚度增加,顶板内层锚固结构存在由“梁”向“拱”的转换;②基于顶煤厚度与支护构件相对关系,将顶板锚固结构划分为薄顶煤的“叠加梁-拱”、厚顶煤的“组合梁-拱”和特厚顶煤的“组合拱”,建立了厚煤梁由“梁”向“拱”转化的临界厚度指标;③顶板锚固梁结构和锚固拱结构的冲击失稳机制为动静载荷下分别达到其拉伸、剪切强度极限后破坏,锚固“梁-拱”结构对冲击载荷的放大效应受其尺寸影响明显;④特厚顶煤的“组合拱”结构中内层拱承载强度较低,可增加锚杆长度提升内层拱厚,对应的“组合拱”结构的承载能力上升明显,与抗冲能力评估结果相符。

某上浮地下车库结构检测及加固处理方案

某在建地下车库发生上浮事故,结构上拱现象严重,结构构件出现不同程度的损伤。事故发生后对该工程及时采取了临时应急措施。通过详尽的结构检测,精准定位了地下车库的上浮影响范围,全面掌握了受影响构件的损伤情况。根据检测结果,结合原始设计资料和现场实际施工状况,分析了地下车库上浮的主要因素及构件损伤的机理。对上浮影响区域的结构采取了注浆、补桩、构件置换等针对性的加固措施。本工程处理后取得了良好的效果,可为其他类似工程提供参考。

陡倾结构金属矿山岩移规律的模型试验研究

陡倾地质结构金属矿床大部分形成于构造断裂带,崩落法开采会产生显著的岩层移动现象。以湖北黄石的金山店铁矿典型地质剖面为基础,构建地质结构模型。通过缩尺物理模型试验,研究陡倾地质结构对崩落法采矿岩层移动的影响规律。研究结果表明,受陡倾地质结构的影响,采空区岩层移动可分为缓慢增长、快速增长与地表塌陷破坏3个阶段,其中上盘岩移范围远大于下盘,上盘以倾倒变形破坏为主,下盘以剪切滑移破坏为主;采空区顶板岩层一方面不断崩落填充采空区控制岩移,另一方面形成冒落拱,以拱脚抵制上下盘陡倾岩层朝向采空区移动;当顶板崩落至地表后冒落拱的支撑作用消失,近采空区的上盘岩层发生倾倒折断塌陷,下盘岩层发生剪切滑移塌陷。

基于渐进结构优化的竹结构设计及静力试验研究

为推动竹结构的发展,展开基于拓扑优化的竹结构设计新方法开发及相应的静力对比试验研究。首先,探讨了运用渐进结构优化指导竹结构设计的系统性方法;然后结合工程实例,选用面向承压型结构和受拉型结构进化的两种优化可行域,分别开展双车道桥梁结构优化设计并完成静力对比试验。结果表明:基于优化设计的桥梁结构与Michell型桁架结构较吻合,同体积下结构刚度显著高于经验设计构件;在正常使用状态下,承压型的拓扑拱结构刚度约为受拉型的拓扑悬索结构的3倍,但承载力相较略低。可见,基于渐进结构优化的新设计方法,可以针对不同的承载力和刚度设计要求,构建合适的优化可行域以指导设计出不同的方案,为工程竹结构提供了一种可自动化分析计算的最优化设计方法。

基于大跨度拱棚湍流结构演化的棚型优化

大跨度拱棚在园艺设施中应用日益广泛,跨度、高度增加会加大棚内空间,但风温性能与时空演化更为复杂。为探明大跨度拱棚湍流结构演化规律并进行棚型优化,该研究以生产中常用的20 m跨度宜机化拱棚为主要对象,建立融合设施结构与番茄植株气动特征的多场耦合仿真分析模型,并开展示范工程应用。结果表明:大跨度拱棚存在湍流现象,断面涡流多呈双旋涡特征;棚的脊高越低,温度、气流分布均匀性越差,通风效率虽较高但换气率较低;风温分布均匀性会伴随拱棚高度增加变优,但太高时因热压通风演化为主通风方式,风压通风效能会明显下降;针对20 m大跨度拱棚,脊高6.0~6.5 m时构型较优,兼顾经济性、安全性等因素脊高取6.0 m更优。通过示范工程验证了模型的可靠性,为同类园艺设施结构构型优化提供了高效可靠手段。

浅埋无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载确定方法

不同于常规隧道衬砌结构,无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌施作稳定后还要受到邻近后行洞开挖的二次扰动,后行洞开挖对先行洞衬砌受力的影响不可忽视。依托杨家寨公路隧道工程,基于考虑了后行洞开挖影响的隧道围岩压力计算方法,结合现场监测位移数据采用荷载-结构法进行位移反分析,提出了一种确定浅埋无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载的方法,最后和衬砌背后围岩荷载现场监测值进行对比验证。研究结果表明:后行洞开挖对先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载的影响较为显著,监测点增长幅度均值高达142%;先行洞衬砌受力呈现“拱腰较小,拱顶及拱肩较大”的分布规律,且靠近后行洞一侧拱肩位置受力最大;通过现场监测位移反分析得到的先行洞衬砌受力结果和现场监测结果较为一致,论证了该方法的合理性和实用性,研究成果可为无中导洞连拱隧道结构设计提供参考。

拱坝坝身泄洪孔道脉动压力分布规律及其振动特征

【目的】高拱坝坝身泄洪安全研究涉及泄洪孔道设计、结构强度、泄洪过程中的水流压力分布和流态特性等方面。【方法】以某坝高为270 m拱坝为研究对象,利用计算流体力学模拟坝身泄洪孔道流场并分析其脉动压力分布特征,利用流体/结构耦合有限元模拟最不利工况压力脉动与坝体结构振动特征,解析泄流激励下高拱坝坝身振动机理。【结果】研究结果表明,拱坝坝身泄洪孔道内脉动压力变化极为复杂,其中表孔脉动压力最大值为133.25 kPa,最小值为29.48 kPa;中孔脉动压力最大值为5274.99 kPa,最小值为953.24 kPa.拱坝坝身泄洪孔道脉动压力在频域的能量分布均具有低频的特征,主能量分布在0~10 Hz的频率范围内。在泄流激励条件下,拱坝坝身总位移随脉动压力变化呈现一定周期性,且随周期总位移逐渐衰减,总位移值与脉动压力在同周期内先增大后减小,总位移值在1.2 s增大至最大值0.2120 cm,对应泄洪孔道脉动压力增大至极大值;拱坝坝身等效应力和等效应变的变化规律基本一致,1.2 s时等效应力和等效应变极大值分别为1426.60 kPa、7.49×10^(-5),且同周期内脉动压力呈现同样的变化趋势,拱坝坝身等效应力和等效应变与脉动压力变化具有完全的相关性。

不等跨十车道四连拱隧道施工全过程支护结构受力特征现场测试研究

多连拱隧道开挖洞室多、跨度大,施工过程中荷载转换频繁,支护结构受力特征复杂,对多连拱隧道支护结构受力开展现场测试研究具有重要意义。依托长沙观音岩不等跨四连拱隧道工程,选取典型断面对各洞室初支钢拱架、二次衬砌结构进行施工全过程应力监测,以获得复杂施工步序下支护结构受力特征。测试结果表明:观音岩隧道施工中,先行主洞较后行洞室承担的围岩压力更大,右主洞、左右辅洞开挖顺序居后,施工扰动次数较少,支护结构内力较小;各洞室中,初支钢拱架内力整体均呈“左小右大”的非对称分布特征,其最大轴向压力402.71 kN、最大弯矩7.97kN·m出现在左主洞的右拱脚处,二衬内力整体非对称程度较低,只以左主洞呈显著非对称分布,其余洞室呈整体对称分布;先行左主洞支护结构的内力扰动主要由受后行邻洞的开挖影响所产生,后行右主洞、左辅洞开挖支护阶段,左主洞初支钢拱架、二衬结构绝大部分位置其内力增量超过总增量的一半;采用“先主后辅,左主先行”施工方案,施工全过程支护结构的安全性均满足规范要求,支护结构设计和施工措施合理。研究成果可为复杂条件下多连拱隧道的设计与施工提供借鉴。

连续刚构梁拱组合桥日照温度效应分析

为了对连续刚构梁拱组合桥日照温度效应展开研究,依托陕西省铜川市某在建高墩大跨连续刚构梁拱组合桥,采用现场温度场实测数据、历史气象观测数据与有限元数值模拟相结合的方法,研究高墩大跨连续梁拱组合体系空间温度场及其温度效应。结果表明:通过开展依托工程空心薄壁混凝土高墩温度场现场试验测试,分析混凝土高墩温度分布随时间和空间的变化规律,可以看出混凝土高墩在1 d中内外表面温度测点的温差可达到11.9℃,这说明温度分布沿桥墩壁厚方向的差异显著,为高墩日照温度场数值模型验证提供了试验基础;对比有限元模拟结果与现场实测数据表明,大部分代表性观测点位的温度有限元计算值与温度实测值吻合程度较好,验证了数值模型及气象参数取值的合理性;关键施工阶段温度效应分析表明,主梁合龙口相对高差值随着结构整体升降温变化呈线性变化;在考虑不同主墩温度梯度的情况下,主梁的挠度曲线形式和挠度值与现行桥梁规范中仅考虑主梁温度梯度效应相比均发生了较大变化;当拱肋合龙温差在10℃以内时,可以忽略其对结构内力和线形的影响。

高速铁路小角度跨越高速公路桥梁方案研究

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