Study on Consistent Agricultural Compensation Standards for Ecosystem and Ecological Value

Chinese and international studies on agricultural ecological compensation standards fall into two categories:While some focus on the cost of ecological protection,others proceed from the value of ecological services.Cost and value are two aspects of an integrated input-output system,but most existing studies on both types of compensation standards are independent of each other.Drawing upon the reasonable elements from both types of studies to overcome each other’s one-sidedness,this paper has created a“model of consistent compensation standards for the ecosystem and ecological value,”integrating the research approaches for both types of compensation standards under the same analytical framework.Through the application and analysis of this model,this paper has verified the model’s theoretical and practical significance in correcting the one-sidedness of each type of research.The principles and methodologies for creating the model may be further extended to research on agricultural ecological compensation standards under different conditions.In some circumstances,the ability of relatively redundant resources to create ecological value is overlooked.To address this problem,this paper employs a linear programming(LP)sensitivity analysis instrument to correct the model’s initial optimal solutions and arrive at consistent compensation standards that satisfy the consistency between ecosystem and ecological value,thus perfecting the theoretical and methodological system created by this paper for research on agricultural ecological compensation standards.

A Brief Analysis of the Non-commercial Forest Compensation System in China

The non-commercial forest is an important natural resource protecting the environment and contributing to the sustainable development of a nation. Due to its crucial positive external effects, it is inevitable policy that non-commercial forestry should be invested by government, thereby formulates the non-commercial forestry compensation system. This paper first discusses the theoretical basis of non-commercial forestry compensation system and the process of establishment of non-commercial forestry compensation system in China, and then analyzes the deficiency in the current compensation system.

Suggestions on Forest Ecological Compensation—Taking Mudanjiang City as an Example

The forest ecological compensation is an important factor to balance the interests of different areas for sustainable development and environment protection. Mudanjiang City in Heilongjiang Province of China is rich of forest resources. The forestry coverage rate reached 62.3% in 2014, after forestry conservation program from 2002. The authors explored the factors impacted on forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang City, which was a demonstration as a case study, through experts＇ evaluation scores and AHP methodology to analyze the forest ecological compensation factors and lay the foundation for the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. At the same time, we provided an example to explore the effective way and speed up the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. The study found that the main factors that determined forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang City were ecology and natural resources. Based on the analyses, some suggestions were put forward to promote the mechanism in a sustainable way.

Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing Compensation for Non-commercial Forests under CVM

Based on non-commercial forests in Kunming City,this article conducts survey of 506 households in Kunming City to evaluate their willingness to pay ecological benefit of non-commercial forests,using Contingent Valuation Method(CVM);to analyze factors influencing their willingness to compensate for non-commercial forests,using multivariate statistical analysis method.The results show that income,educational level, housing ownership,outdoor exercise time,whether to be concerned about environmental problems,frequency of obtaining forest-related information monthly and whether understanding non-commercial forests or not,are the most principal factors influencing willingness to pay.

Calculation of Ecological Compensation Standards for the Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System

Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area.The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound,and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode.However,most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation.Through ecological compensation,farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode,which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits.This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs,and through interviews and questionnaires,we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation,chestnut-maitake,chestnut-millet,and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area.Through analysis and calculation,we obtained the following results:(1)Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher,their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode,and the return on unit investment is lower.(2)The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry,so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost.(3)The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation,the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations.Ultimately,farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage.

Research on the ecological compensation standard of the basin pollution control project based on evolutionary game theory and by taking Xiangjiang River as a case

Ecological compensation is a new resource and environment management model.As one of the main areas for implementing ecological compensation policies,basin ecological compensation has become an important measure for encouraging basin pollution control projects and improving the quality of regional economic development.By applying the basic game analysis of evolutionary game theory and building an evolutionary game model with a“reward-punishment”mechanism,this paper compares the interest-related decision-making behaviors of the upstream and downstream stakeholders of basin ecological compensation.By using data on the water quality of Xiangjiang River Basin,this paper calculates the rewards and penalties in different intervals by building a parametric regression mathematical model and employing the local linear regression method.Results show that a decline in water quality should be fined RMB 925500 yuan,an improvement in water quality should be awarded RMB 1227800 yuan,and a deteriorating water quality should be severely fined RMB 5087600 yuan.

Compensation for forest ecological services in China

The paper discusses methods to compensate for the costs incurred in the supply of forest ecological services （FES）, i.e. government dominated and market-based instruments as well as progress made so far in China. Factors which constrain the supply of these services and potential policy improvements are presented.

Application of optimal harvesting decision model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy

This paper firstly extends the single period forest optimal harvesting decision model to infinite periods,in order to indicate how to determine the optimal rotation period aimed at maximizing forest revenue in all directions when repeat planting and harvesting trees on the same plot of earth till infinite future.The study also analyzes the influence of discounted rates,timber price,harvesting costs,planting costs,and tax on the determination of optimal rotation period;and how the optimal rotation period will change when we introduce the factors of continuously rising timber price and ecological revenue.Secondly,the authors introduce the intergenerational equity principle into the above model to design a resource-exploiting mode which satisfies bom the dynamic efficiency principle and the intergenerational equity principle.Last but not least,the research applies the above model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy and explains the economic theory of institutions such as Government Purchasing Ecological Forest,Tree Compensation,and Forestry Subsidization,which provides a necessary theoretical foundation for future application of these new institutions.Besides,in regard to mis theoretical framework,the authors analyze the necessity of the Natural Forest Protection and Grain for Green projects which are currently being implemented in China.We also point out the emphasis of work to insure the project sustainable and successful.Finally,the research discusses the enterprise's incentive to over-the-quota harvesting and the government's means of restricting such behavior,which highlights the fact mat improved supervision and higher penalties are helpful in restricting over-the-quota harvesting.

新时期长江流域生态补偿机制与关键科学问题研究

流域生态补偿是协调长江经济带经济社会发展与生态环境保护矛盾的重要手段。当前,长江流域生态补偿实践中仍面临着整体性和系统性不足、补偿标准依据缺乏、市场体系不健全、责权利不清晰等问题。根据新时代长江保护与发展的战略需求,新时期长江流域生态补偿需要具备更为丰富的内涵,亟需针对长江流域经济社会发展与生态资产保护的多维互馈关系及良性协同机制、流域生态资产的定量核算方法与生态服务空间流转特征、多元化流域生态补偿格局与长效运行机制、区域试点示范引领与全流域统筹协调推进之间的关系等关键科学问题开展系统研究,并从创新体制机制、完善技术体系、强化立法保障、培育市场主体等方面为探索制定长江流域生态补偿总体框架提供科技支撑和政策建议。

流域水生态环境补偿研究进展

围绕补偿机制、控制阈值、标准与价值3个维度梳理了流域水生态环境补偿国内外研究成果。流域补偿问题需要突破单一水量或水质控制因素的限制,兼顾水污染与水生态两方面,建立水质与水量阈值联合控制下的流域水生态环境补偿机制架构;补偿标准需要实现实际价格到经济价格,再到与生态经济价格的属性叠加与内涵拓展。提出未来应在点面结合的多源河流水环境损害补偿控制阈值、考虑河流生态系统服务功能的生态水量补偿控制阈值、水质与水量相互作用机理与双控演化博弈下多模式补偿策略等方面开展进一步的探索研究。

中国公益林生态补偿制度的历史演进、现实困境与路径探索

梳理中国公益林生态补偿制度的历史演进与实践探索,分析公益林生态补偿制度的现实困境,并提出提升路径的政策建议。结果表明:从历史演进来看,中国公益林生态补偿制度分为起始阶段、探索阶段、推广阶段和深化阶段;从实践来看,公益林生态补偿制度历经了补偿标准调整、分类补偿推广、市场化和多元化生态补偿制度探索;从现实困境来看,公益林生态补偿制度仍存在补偿标准较低、补偿标准单一、补偿资金筹集渠道偏窄、自身造血能力弱等现实困境。应从动态调整补偿标准、分类补偿探索、多元化补偿筹资渠道以及公益林自身经营管理等方向深化改革探索。

耕地保护补偿研究进展与展望

文献计量分析是了解研究前沿动态的基础手段和重要方法,采用文献计量法和文献归纳法对耕地保护补偿的现有研究成果进行系统分析,以便更好地探究当前耕地保护补偿研究的热点、观点及进展,明确未来研究的重点领域和方向.研究发现:(1)近年来,耕地保护补偿受到学界的持续关注,2000年以来的研究历程可分为探索阶段(2000-2010年)、发展阶段(2011-2017年)和深化阶段(2018年以来),关注度持续上升,研究内容日渐深化与多元化,研究方法呈现多学科交叉融合态势;(2)耕地保护补偿研究取得了阶段性成果,研究内容主要服务于粮食安全、生态安全和社会安全战略保障,具体集中在耕地保护补偿政策及内涵演变、理论阐释、驱动机制、体系构建等方面,为深化耕地保护制度改革提供了重要的理论支撑和科学依据;(3)当前关于耕地保护补偿的学理解析、理论基础等方面的内容研究较为薄弱,亟待拓展和挖掘.未来研究需重点关注耕地保护补偿内涵外延,加强基础理论研究,健全概念认知体系,探究完善多元视角下的耕地保护补偿标准测算体系,探索建立耕地保护补偿区域间横向利益补偿机制.

基于GEP的区域生态补偿标准研究——以江西省为例

开展区域生态补偿标准研究是新时代生态文明建设的重要任务。以江西省11市为研究区,开展生态系统服务功能价值核算,结合区域生态系统服务外溢情况和经济发展水平,构建区域生态补偿方案,确定生态补偿金额,促进生态受益区和生态外溢区利益共享。结果表明:(1)2020年江西省GEP为41 399.21亿元,调节服务产品价值占总价值的76.60%。(2)江西省生态系统服务价值高值区位于赣州市、九江市、吉安市、上饶市,低值区位于景德镇市、鹰潭市、萍乡市、新余市。(3)南昌市、新余市应开展生态支付,赣州市、吉安市和抚州市应率先接受生态补偿,其余地市应暂缓生态支付或生态补偿。(4)南昌市和新余市的生态支付金额占地方财政收入比例为0.59%和0.13%,属于财政可接受范围,可行性较高。研究结果可为江西省区域生态补偿标准测算和生态补偿机制建设提供参考,推动江西省区域生态经济协调发展。

基于因素法的黄河流域横向生态补偿标准研究

为完善黄河流域横向生态补偿机制、推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,综合考虑黄河流域九省(区)的财政预算收入、人口等经济社会状况和生态保护治理工作成效,基于九省(区)社会经济统计数据,采用因素法测算了2021年黄河流域横向生态补偿资金筹集总额及各省(区)政府财政出资额、分配额。结果显示:1)2021年黄河流域横向生态补偿资金筹集总额为56.18亿元,其中中央财政纵向转移支付46.18亿元、各省(区)政府财政出资10.00亿元;2)上中游水源涵养和生态保护治理区各省份横向生态补偿资金分配额相对较高,而中下游水源涵养和生态保护受益区省份分配额相对较低,这有利于鼓励上游省份进一步积极开展生态环境保护与治理;3)流域中下游经济相对发达地区通常为生态保护的受益地区,在黄河流域横向生态补偿资金筹集中有重要支撑作用,因此鼓励中下游经济较发达地区加大对流域横向生态补偿的财政支持;4)因素法在流域横向生态补偿标准的核算中体现出公平性和科学性,有助于平衡流域生态保护治理的生态环境效益与经济利益。建议:继续加大黄河流域横向生态补偿力度,建立政府主导-社会参与-市场调节的多元生态补偿机制。

森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区的经济影响效应——基于福建、江西、浙江和广东四省的准自然实验研究

福建省是国内最早开展森林横向生态补偿的省份之一,但其政策效果尚待验证。论文选取福建省南平、三明和龙岩三市作为实验组,以与福建省相邻的广东、江西和浙江三省的42个地级市作为对照组,基于2004—2020年的数据,采用双重差分法分析森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区经济发展的影响效应。结果表明:(1)研究期内福建省森林横向生态补偿政策显著推动了受偿地区的经济发展,且呈现持续性促进作用。(2)该政策主要通过优化产业结构、提高固定资产投资水平促进经济发展。(3)劳动力投入和交通基础设施投入对受偿地区的经济发展尚未发挥出正向作用,而教育支出和科技支出对受偿地区经济发展的影响不显著。据此,论文提出了相应的政策建议。

人工智能在森林生态补偿政策评估与优化中的应用

该文通过研究森林生态补偿政策的评估与优化,探讨人工智能技术在该领域的应用及其作用。首先,综述森林生态补偿政策评估与优化的研究现状,指出现有研究的不足之处。接着,阐述人工智能技术在森林生态补偿政策评估与优化领域的应用,如数据采集、数据分析、预测模型构建等。然后,构建一个基于人工智能的森林生态补偿政策评估与优化模型,该模型能够更准确地评估政策效果,优化政策制定过程。最后,结合实际案例,分析人工智能在森林生态补偿政策评估与优化中的应用实践,证明人工智能技术在提升政策效果、促进森林资源可持续利用方面的积极作用。

粮食安全与“双碳”视角下黄河流域农田生态补偿额度

[目的]测算从粮食安全和“双碳”两个视角下的农田生态补偿额度,并将流域上中下游的地理空间、经济贡献度等因素综合考虑在内划分生态补偿区域,为流域高标准农田建设、农业低碳发展、健全利益补偿机制提供理论参考。[方法]首先从粮食安全的角度对黄河流域内60个地级市进行了农田盈亏量的测算,基于机会成本法建立了粮食安全视角下的农田生态补偿标准;接着,计算黄河流域各市农业生产过程中,使用的农业资源与农作物生长过程所产生的碳排放量,估计农作物生长中通过光合作用吸收碳的总量。根据所得碳源、碳汇量计算该区域内农田的总净碳汇量。以2021年碳交易平均价格为补偿标准,求出“双碳”视角下区域内农田生态补偿标准。最后,在分别计算粮食安全与“双碳”视角下的农田生态补偿额度的基础上,得出双视角下黄河流域的农田生态补偿额度。[结果]青海、河南省内黄河流经的市大多都接受一定的补偿。部分省会城市如西安、郑州与太原市因城镇化与工业化水平较高,经济发展情况良好,需要支付的农田生态补偿额度较高,说明当地农田安全与粮食、生态安全间的矛盾问题更严重。[结论]在高标准农田的建设中,为更合理地进行农田生态补偿,应在保障粮食安全的前提下,结合考虑农业生产过程中的碳排放与碳吸收量,以实现中国的“双碳”目标,助力农业强国建设。

森林生态效益补偿优先级机制研究及应用——基于碳汇总量与变化量视角

森林生态效益补偿制度对于提高森林建设者积极性、促进森林生态效益提升具有重要意义。然而,我国森林生态效益补偿实践中依然存在仅以森林面积为补偿依据导致激励错位的问题。基于此,结合国家“双碳”目标,提出一种基于碳汇总量与变化量双向视角的综合森林生态效益补偿优先级机制,选取我国重要生态功能区秦巴山区为案例,分别从森林碳汇总量与变化量视角量化各区县生态补偿优先级,并构建二者结合的综合优先级模型,以促进在生态补偿实践中的资金分配公平性与激励性。研究发现,(1)在研究期内大多区县森林碳汇总量增长,但存在个别区县森林碳汇功能降低的现象,具体原因存在差异;(2)碳汇总量优先级与碳汇变化量优先级清单存在差异。总量优先级高的区县,变化量优先级较低,因此,生态补偿应综合考虑各区县森林碳汇在两个维度的表现;(3)综合优先级排名结果呈现“高值-中值-低值”的不同区间特征,该补偿机制在综合优先级高值区激励区县扩建森林、新增森林碳汇,在中值区激励区县保育森林,在低值区鼓励区县结合森林现状从扩建与保育两个方向提升森林碳汇功能。以森林碳汇保育与增汇成果为导向,有效探索碳汇功能在生态补偿中的实践价值,为我国区域森林生态效益补偿实践的公平性与科学性提供研究基础。

森林生态补偿政策文本量化研究——一个三维分析框架

开展森林生态补偿政策文本的量化研究,有助于改进政策机制、支持可持续发展和促进生态文明建设。文章运用政策文献量化方法,构建森林生态补偿“政策结构-政策内容-政策工具”三维空间分析框架,利用NVivo 11 Plus对1978-2023年颁布的141份中央层面的森林生态补偿政策文本进行多维度的量化分析,全面系统地揭示政策文本之间的内在联系和规律。研究发现:(1)中国森林生态补偿政策文本发布数量呈现波动式上升后下降的趋势,且政策文本发布类型以部门规章为主,发文主体呈现层级高、多元化和政策联合决策聚焦于高层级部门的特征。(2)每个阶段的政策内容与社会经济背景密切相关。政策探索阶段主要关注法律法规制定,政策加强阶段开始以生态效益为导向,政策深化阶段注重建立生态产品价值实现机制。(3)从政策工具来看,管制型、市场型、自愿型政策工具存在一定的失衡现象,分别占46.15%、46.83%、7.02%。文章提出森林生态补偿政策应强化政策主体的协同合作、探索森林生态产品价值实现、创新政策工具和市场机制等政策启示,以期为进一步完善森林生态补偿政策机制和推动生态文明建设提供政策建议。

基于农户受偿意愿的天然林管护补偿标准研究

全面停止天然林商业性采伐政策是维护森林资源与生态安全的有效手段,研究效用最大化条件下有效激励农户主动参与天然林管护的补偿标准对政策的进一步完善与推进具有重要的意义。基于陕西、辽宁、湖南、福建4省917份集体林区调研数据,从农户受偿意愿视角,利用非参数估计和参数估计2种方法,测算出政策参与后农户意愿投入禁伐天然林管护的补偿标准,并利用Logistics模型探讨农户天然林管护意愿的影响因素。结果表明,1)样本选区约有76.8%的农户愿意投入天然林管护,仍有进一步提升空间;2)非参数估计方法与参数估计计算结果存在一定的差值,2个补偿额度可作为天然林停伐管护补偿标准的动态调整区间。总体上看,参数估计与非参数估计得到农户的受偿意愿调整区间为0.12~0.18万元/hm^(2),但从不同省份结果看,呈现出“北高南低”的特征;3)农户天然林管护意愿受偿农户个体特征、农户家庭特征、林地经营特征、政策环境特征的共同影响。鉴于此,政府部门应通过动态调整补偿标准、建立多元主体补偿方式、推动林地产权市场化运作等方式提高政策的执行成效。