Automatic identification of rock discontinuity and stability analysis of tunnel rock blocks using terrestrial laser scanning

Local geometric information and discontinuity features are key aspects of the analysis of the evolution and failure mechanisms of unstable rock blocks in rock tunnels.This study demonstrates the integration of terrestrial laser scanning(TLS)with distinct element method for rock mass characterization and stability analysis in tunnels.TLS records detailed geometric information of the surrounding rock mass by scanning and collecting the positions of millions of rock surface points without contact.By conducting a fuzzy K-means method,a discontinuity automatic identification algorithm was developed,and a method for obtaining the geometric parameters of discontinuities was proposed.This method permits the user to visually identify each discontinuity and acquire its spatial distribution features(e.g.occurrences,spac-ings,trace lengths)in great detail.Compared with hand mapping in conventional geotechnical surveys,the geometric information of discontinuities obtained by this approach is more accurate and the iden-tification is more efficient.Then,a discrete fracture network with the same statistical characteristics as the actual discontinuities was generated with the distinct element method,and a representative nu-merical model of the jointed surrounding rock mass was established.By means of numerical simulation,potential unstable rock blocks were assessed,and failure mechanisms were analyzed.This method was applied to detection and assessment of unstable rock blocks in the spillway and sand flushing tunnel of the Hongshiyan hydropower project after a collapse.The results show that the noncontact detection of blocks was more labor-saving with lower safety risks compared with manual surveys,and the stability assessment was more reliable since the numerical model built by this method was more consistent with the distribution characteristics of actual joints.This study can provide a reference for geological survey and unstable rock block hazard mitigation in tunnels subjected to complex geology and active rockfalls.

Identification of Internal Damage in Circular Cylinders through Laser Scanning of Vibrating Surfaces

With the aid of non-contact measurements of vibrating surfaces through laser scanning,operating deflection shapes(ODSs)with high spatial resolutions can be used to graphically characterize damage in plane structures.Although numerous damage identification approaches relying on laser-measured ODSs have been developed for plate-type structures,they cannot be directly applied to circular cylinders due to the gap between equations of motions of plates and circular cylinders.To fill this gap,a novel approach is proposed in this study for damage identification of circular cylinders.Damage-induced discontinuities of the derivatives of ODSs can be used to gra-phically manifest the occurrence of the damage,and characterize the location and size of the damage.The approach is experimentally validated on a specimen of the circular cylinder component,whose out-of-plane ODSs in an inspection region are acquired through laser scanning using a scanning laser vibrometer.The results suggest that the occurrence,location,and size of the internal damage of the circular cylinder can be identified.

Numerical Investigation of Laser Surface Hardening of AISI 4340 Using 3D FEM Model for Thermal Analysis of Different Laser Scanning Patterns

Laser surface hardening is becoming one of the most successful heat treatment processes for improving wear and fatigue properties of steel parts. In this process, the heating system parameters and the material properties have important effects on the achieved hardened surface characteristics. The control of these variables using predictive modeling strategies leads to the desired surface properties without following the fastidious trial and error method. However, when the dimensions of the surface to be treated are larger than the cross section of the laser beam, various laser scanning patterns can be used. Due to their effects on the hardened surface properties, the attributes of the selected scanning patterns become significant variables in the process. This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations of four scanning patterns for laser surface hardening of AISI 4340 steel. The investigations are based on exhaustive modelling and simulation efforts carried out using a 3D finite element thermal analysis and structured experimental study according to Taguchi method. The temperature distribution and the hardness profile attributes are used to evaluate the effects of heating parameters and patterns design parameters on the hardened surface characteristics. This is very useful for integrating the scanning patterns’ features in an efficient predictive modeling approach. A structured experimental design combined to improved statistical analysis tools is used to assess the 3D model performance. The experiments are performed on a 3 kW Nd:Yag laser system. The modeling results exhibit a great agreement between the predicted and measured values for the hardened surface characteristics. The model evaluation reveals also its ability to provide not only accurate and robust predictions of the temperature distribution and the hardness profile as well an in-depth analysis of the effects of the process parameters.

Numerical Investigation by the Finite Difference Method of the Laser Hardening Process Applied to AISI-4340

This paper presents a numerical and experimental analysis study of the temperature distribution in a cylindrical specimen heat treated by laser and quenched in ambient temperature. The cylinder studied is made of AISI-4340 steel and has a diameter of 14.5-mm and a length of 50-mm. The temperature distribution is discretized by using a three-dimensional numerical finite difference method. The temperature gradient of the transformation of the microstructure is generated by a laser source Nd-YAG 3.0-kW manipulated using a robotic arm programmed to control the movements of the laser source in space and in time. The experimental measurement of surface temperature and air temperature in the vicinity of the specimen allows us to determine the values of the absorption coefficient and the coefficient of heat transfer by convection, which are essential data for a precise numerical prediction of the case depth. Despite an unsteady dynamic regime at the level of convective and radiation heat losses, the analysis of the averaged results of the temperature sensors shows a consistency with the results of microhardness measurements. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach lead to an accurate and reliable mathematical model able to predict the temperature distribution in a cylindrical workpiece heat treated by laser.

Non-contact Acoustic Contour Imaging Method Using Phase Difference in Extremely Shallow Underground

Buried object which exists at extremely shallow underground can be detected by using an acoustic vibration and a SLDV （scanning laser Doppler vibrometer）. Non-contact acoustic exploration can be realized by using air coupled sound. It was confirmed that discovery and the identification of a buried thing were possible using the OFR method （optimum frequency range method）. However, in this method, only the amplitude of the vibration speed spectrum is used and did not use the phase information. Therefore a new imaging method is proposed that used the phase information of the vibration speed spectrum. From the experimental results, the possibility of the outline extraction by using the phase difference between each scan point is confirmed. As a future task, the phase difference image will become clearer by changing the scan point density and long duration time of emitted wave.

Optimized air-ground data fusion method for mine slope modeling

Refined 3D modeling of mine slopes is pivotal for precise prediction of geological hazards.Aiming at the inadequacy of existing single modeling methods in comprehensively representing the overall and localized characteristics of mining slopes,this study introduces a new method that fuses model data from Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)tilt photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning through a data alignment algorithm based on control points.First,the mini batch K-Medoids algorithm is utilized to cluster the point cloud data from ground 3D laser scanning.Then,the elbow rule is applied to determine the optimal cluster number(K0),and the feature points are extracted.Next,the nearest neighbor point algorithm is employed to match the feature points obtained from UAV tilt photogrammetry,and the internal point coordinates are adjusted through the distanceweighted average to construct a 3D model.Finally,by integrating an engineering case study,the K0 value is determined to be 8,with a matching accuracy between the two model datasets ranging from 0.0669 to 1.0373 mm.Therefore,compared with the modeling method utilizing K-medoids clustering algorithm,the new modeling method significantly enhances the computational efficiency,the accuracy of selecting the optimal number of feature points in 3D laser scanning,and the precision of the 3D model derived from UAV tilt photogrammetry.This method provides a research foundation for constructing mine slope model.

Study on Estimation Method of Rock Mass Discontinuity Shear Strength Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Image Technique

The estimation of shear strength of rock mass discontinuity is always a focal, but difficult, problem in the field of geotechnical engineering. Considering the disadvantages and limitation of exist- ing estimation methods, a new approach based on the shadow area percentage （SAP） that can be used to quantify surface roughness is proposed in this article. Firstly, by the help of laser scanning technique, the three-dimensional model of the surface of rock discontinuity was established. Secondly, a light source was simulated, and there would be some shadows produced on the model surface. Thirdly, to obtain the value of SAP of each specimen, the shadow detection technique was introduced for use. Fourthly, compared with the result from direct shear testing and based on statistics, an empirical for- mula was found among SAP, normal stress, and shear strength. Data of Yujian （~ River were used as an example, and the following conclusions have been made. （1） In the case of equal normal stress, the peak shear stress is positively proportional to the SAP. （2） The formula for estimating was derived, and the predictions of peak-shear strength made with this equation well agreed with the experimental re- suits obtained in laboratory tests.

Phase-field simulation of lack-of-fusion defect and grain growth during laser powder bed fusion of Inconel 718

The anisotropy of the structure and properties caused by the strong epitaxial growth of grains during laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)significantly affects the mechanical performance of Inconel 718 alloy components such as turbine disks.The defects(lack-of-fusion Lo F)in components processed via L-PBF are detrimental to the strength of the alloy.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of laser scanning parameters on the epitaxial grain growth and LoF formation in order to obtain the parameter space in which the microstructure is refined and LoF defect is suppressed.The temperature field of the molten pool and the epitaxial grain growth are simulated using a multiscale model combining the finite element method with the phase-field method.The LoF model is proposed to predict the formation of LoF defects resulting from insufficient melting during L-PBF.Defect mitigation and grain-structure control during L-PBF can be realized simultaneously in the model.The simulation shows the input laser energy density for the as-deposited structure with fine grains and without LoF defects varied from 55.0–62.5 J·mm^(-3)when the interlayer rotation angle was 0°–90°.The optimized process parameters(laser power of 280 W,scanning speed of 1160 mm·s^(-1),and rotation angle of 67°)were computationally screened.In these conditions,the average grain size was 7.0μm,and the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength at room temperature were(1111±3)MPa and(820±7)MPa,respectively,which is 8.8%and10.5%higher than those of reported.The results indicating the proposed multiscale computational approach for predicting grain growth and Lo F defects could allow simultaneous grain-structure control and defect mitigation during L-PBF.

Methodology for Extraction of Tunnel Cross-Sections Using Dense Point Cloud Data

Tunnel deformation monitoring is a crucial task to evaluate tunnel stability during the metro operation period.Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS)can collect high density and high accuracy point cloud data in a few minutes as an innovation technique,which provides promising applications in tunnel deformation monitoring.Here,an efficient method for extracting tunnel cross-sections and convergence analysis using dense TLS point cloud data is proposed.First,the tunnel orientation is determined using principal component analysis(PCA)in the Euclidean plane.Two control points are introduced to detect and remove the unsuitable points by using point cloud division and then the ground points are removed by defining an elevation value width of 0.5 m.Next,a z-score method is introduced to detect and remove the outlies.Because the tunnel cross-section’s standard shape is round,the circle fitting is implemented using the least-squares method.Afterward,the convergence analysis is made at the angles of 0°,30°and 150°.The proposed approach’s feasibility is tested on a TLS point cloud of a Nanjing subway tunnel acquired using a FARO X330 laser scanner.The results indicate that the proposed methodology achieves an overall accuracy of 1.34 mm,which is also in agreement with the measurements acquired by a total station instrument.The proposed methodology provides new insights and references for the applications of TLS in tunnel deformation monitoring,which can also be extended to other engineering applications.

Effect of Scanning Beam Profile to Fabricate Fused Fiber Tapers by CO_2 Laser Irradiation Method

Beam uniformity is a crucial building block of CO2 experiments aimed at fusing and stretching optical fibers in a lossless manner. When the irradiation beam is expanded through a galvanometer mirror, ways to achieve beam uniformity are investigated.

Acquisition,Pointing and Tracking System for Shipborne Space Laser Communication without Prior Information

A space laser communication acquisition,pointing and tracking(APT)system based on the beacon laser is designed without prior information.And then,a new target scanning method and a pointing and tracking algorithm are proposed.The target scanning mode is the round-trip triangular wave scanning,and it means that scanning track of the PAN-TILT platform follows the triangular wave repeatedly.For the pointing and tracking algorithm,the beacon laser is used as the auxiliary aiming light source.The position of the beacon laser in the viewfield of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)camera is calculated by the centroid algorithm.In order to realize the target tracking,the joint control method of the angle control and the angular velocity control is used.The simulation and experimental results show that the APT system can achieve full coverage scanning in the scanning area and capture the target in one scanning cycle successfully.After capturing the PAN-TILT platform,the pointing and tracking algorithm can track the PAN-TILT platform quickly and accurately,and the tracking accuracy is up to 0.22 mrad.

高能激光光束质量β因子测量方法

高能激光光束质量β因子测量装置主要用于强激光系统状态调试和综合性能参数诊断,用于评价激光系统出光性能以及远场光斑可聚焦的能力。针对接近衍射极限光束质量β因子测量过程中被测光斑在面阵相机上所占的像素点太少等缺陷,研究了采用聚焦显微放大与高精度扫描狭缝相结合的光束质量β因子测量方法,并对相关方案进行了分析计算。此外还设计了采用固定像差元件及平行光管光源组合的激光光束质量β因子测量结果验证方案,对研制的高能激光光束质量β因子测量装置进行了不确定度分析,测量不确定度优于10%。

基于激光扫描的电子档案异构时态数据检测方法

研究一种基于激光扫描的电子档案异构时态数据检测方法,该方法利用激光扫描获取数据并生成电子档案。针对电子档案中的数据实施缺失数据填补和离群数据处理。提取电子档案数据的递归率、仙农熵以及歪度三个特征。结合随机森林算法,输入递归率、仙农熵以及歪度三个特征,得出电子档案异构时态数据类型。结果表明:1处和3处边坡工程的位移处于轻微状态;2处边坡工程的位移处于严重状态;4处边坡工程的位移处于安全状态;5处边坡工程的位移处于较严重状态。所研究方法的Kappa系数达到相对最大值,说明所研究方法的检测能力更高。

基于激光测振技术的MRI扫描噪声精准量化评价研究

目的:通过非接触式激光测振技术,对MRI扫描噪声进行精准量化评价。方法:在静音和常规序列下,采用MRI设备对头颅、脊柱进行扫描,依据GB/T 16539—1996《声学振速法测定噪声源声功率级用于封闭机器的测量》的振速法,采用激光测振仪对MRI设备检查孔外缘表面振动噪声进行采样,利用专用MRI噪声分析软件对声功率级、声压级、基于3种不同计算方式计算的感觉噪声级指标(L_(PN1)、L_(PN2)、L_(PN3))进行分析。结果:头颅扫描的常规和静音序列峰值声压级分别为81、63 dB(A),静音序列显著降低了噪声水平;脊柱扫描的常规和静音序列峰值声压级分别为79、75 dB(A),噪声降低水平明显低于头颅扫描序列。脊柱序列降噪效果比较平稳,头颅序列各频带降噪效果差异较大。脊柱、头颅扫描下常规和静音序列的基于3种不同计算方式计算的感觉噪声级指标L_(PN1)、L_(PN2)、L_(PN3)均明显高于总声功率级和总声压级。结论:静音序列不是针对全频段的线性降噪,且MRI扫描过程中人耳感受噪声与选择的扫描序列直接相关,单纯选用某一物理指标对MRI设备噪声水平进行评价会存在一定偏差。

基于离散元法的岩质高边坡稳定性分析

岩质边坡的失稳往往是在不良结构面的控制下发生的,特别高陡岩质边坡的失稳破坏。某抽蓄电站下库库尾段为露采矿山遗留的岩质高边坡,距离拟建下水库库尾段直线距离仅45 m,对工程建设存在巨大安全隐患。在人工测窗的基础上,利用三维激光扫描技术获取了岩质边坡结构面的详细数据,并结合离散元PFC2D方法对该岩质边坡进行分析和评价。结果表明,该岩石边坡主要发育NE60°~70°/NW∠3°~7°、NE13°~70°/SE∠70°~87°和NW293°~330°/SW∠71°~90°三组结构面。岩石边坡在天然工况下基本稳定,在暴雨、地震工况下稳定性差或不稳定,5 m~10 m深度范围可能会产生垮落和掉块现象,估算潜在危岩体约4.8×10^(4)m^(3)。

Lattice Boltzmann study on the effects of surface nanostructure on wettability with application in laser scanning fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces

Nanostructured surfaces with dimensions on a scale of a few millimeters exhibit remarkable hydrophobicity.The geometry of these nanostructures considerably affects their wettability.However,determining the optimal geometry is challenging due to the abundance of geometry parameters and the difficulty in numerically describing their effects on wettability at the mesoscopic scale.In addition,the fabrication of nanostructured surfaces with precise geometries is challenging.We establish a lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)model to address these challenges.We use the model to gain mesoscopic insights into the interaction between droplets and nanostructures.Our model can accurately reproduce contact angles(CAs)on various nanostructured surfaces and enables investigation of the effects of nanostructure geometry on wettability.We optimize the geometry of the nanostructures using the insights provided by the LBM model on the wettability mechanisms.Our analysis indicates that cones with dimensions of 40μm in width and 33μm in height exhibit the highest hydrophobicity.We successfully fabricate a superhydrophobic surface with the desired geometry via laser scanning,achieving a CA of 163°.We believe that this approach,which combines the LBM model and laser manufacturing,will enable a better understanding of the wettability mechanism and provide a high-performance approach for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces.

一种长巷道形变监测中轴线提取及断面构建方法

三维激光扫描技术被广泛用于长巷道形变监测技术的研究中,但目前的研究存在多次扫描采集到的点云数据基准点移位现象;采集到的相邻点云数据公共特征不明显,多站点云拼接后会导致累计误差增大;超前巷道形变受超前支架的影响。针对上述问题,以传统十字点法中顶底板中点与两帮重点交叉的方法为基础,提出了一种基于最小二乘法的巷道中轴线提取方法。巷道定义的直角坐标系的原点位于激光束发射处,z轴位于激光扫描器的竖向扫描面内;x、y轴均位于仪器的横向扫描面内,中轴线反映了巷道整体的走向和姿态。在巷道掘进完成未受采动影响时,整条巷道进行第一遍扫描,通过最小二乘法确定整条巷道的中心点,将各中心点连接并拟合出一条完整的中轴线。在后续的巷道变形监测中,每监测一次均通过第一次的中点位置进行点云数据叠加,准确获得巷道断面内各个点云的变化情况,进而获得巷道的形变。基于拟合的中轴线构建巷道断面。采用三维激光扫描系统在塔山煤矿30507工作面回风巷对巷道形变进行了测试,结果表明:①巷道形变随着测点距工作面距离的增大而变小,且30507工作面回风巷的超前影响范围为150 m,巷道形变的最大点位于底板临近采空区一侧。②三维激光扫描和微震监测系统确定的超前范围接近,说明在进入150 m时支护煤体已经开始受力,且巷道形变的最大点位于底板临近采空区一侧,而不是十字点观测法观测的底板,证明三维激光扫描结果更为精确,且极大地降低了作业强度。

基于机载三维激光扫描的长索索力测试技术

由于拾振器安装与拆除耗时长,传统振动频率法测试效率低。为提升大跨度斜拉桥拉索索力测试的效率和精度,基于理论分析修正垂度法解析公式,提出一种基于机载三维激光扫描的修正垂度法长索索力测试方法,并结合主跨672 m的铁路斜拉桥进行现场试验。结果表明:解析公式法与频率法索力测试结果相对误差最大值为5.13%,本文测试方法有效提升了索力测试效率。索力误差与实测垂度误差正相关,与索长负相关。索长为194.9 m时,索力误差为10%;索长300 m时,索力误差为3.36%。本文提出的方法适用于长度300 m以上的长索索力测试,可通过多次测试取平均值消除偶然误差、规划合理飞行路径等方式提高索力测试精度。

基于三维激光扫描的隧道衬砌厚度及混凝土用量计算方法

为实现施工过程中隧道衬砌厚度控制,在三维激光扫描技术的基础上,提出了基于激光扫描点云的隧道衬砌厚度及混凝土用量计算方法。采用三维激光扫描仪获取隧道毛洞、初期支护、二次衬砌内表面的三维点云,对这些数据进行坐标转换、切割处理,并根据本文提出的计算方法对处理后的数据进行分析,得到衬砌的计算厚度及混凝土用量。经现场试验验证,本文的计算方法能够快速计算出衬砌厚度及混凝土用量,并能确定衬砌超厚、欠厚的位置;初期支护、二次衬砌的混凝土计算用量与实际用量分别相差0.90%、0.59%。本文的计算方法准确、有效,能够用于施工期间隧道衬砌厚度和混凝土用量的实时检测。

基于SLAM激光扫描的建筑物建模方法研究与应用

激光雷达技术的突破与惯性导航系统的完善使激光扫描设备在测绘领域表现出色。该设备已成为构建高效、精准三维模型的关键工具,广受认可,被广泛应用于各类工程测绘项目。它能迅速捕获三维坐标点、反射率及纹理等关键信息,以点云形式存储,为构建建筑物三维模型提供坚实数据。针对市场局限,研发了即时定位与建图(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping,SLAM)方法,实现大型异构建筑室内外三维建模,并通过案例验证其高度可行性与可靠性,为相关行业提供技术支持,为类似工程提供全面解决方案,对测绘行业产生深远影响。