Metal magnetic memory testing for early damage assessment in ferromagnetic materials

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of metal magnetic memory testing, both the influences of earth magnetic field and applied stress on magnetic domain structure were discussed. Static tension and fatigue tests for low carbon steel plate specimens were carried out on hydraulic servo testing machine of MTS810 type and magnetic signals were measured during the processes by the type of EMS-2003 instrument. The results indicate that the initial magnetic signals of specimens are different before loading. The magnetic signals curves are transformed from initial random to regular pattern due to the effect of two types of loads. However, the shape and distribution of magnetic signal curves in the elastic region are different from that of plastic region in tension test. While in fatigue test those magnetic signals curves corresponding to different cycles are similar. The H_p(y) value of magnetic signals on the fracture zone increases dramatically at the breaking transient time and positive-negative magnetic poles occur on the two parts of fracture zone.

Fatigue damage evaluation by metal magnetic memory testing

Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of Hp(x),throughout the fatigue process were presented and analyzed.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed after loading; Hp(y) curves rotated clockwise and Hp(x) curves elevated significantly with the increase of fatigue cycle number at the first a few fatigue cycles,both Hp(y) and Hp(x) curves were stable after that,the amplitude of abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak value of Hp(x) increased more quickly after fatigue crack initiation.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) at the notch reversed again after failure.The characteristics were found to exhibit consistent tendency in the whole fatigue life and behave differently in different stages of fatigue.In initial and crack developing stages,the characteristics increased significantly due to dislocations increase and crack propagation,respectively.In stable stage,the characteristics remained constant as a result of dislocation blocking,K value ranged from 20 to 30 A/(m·mm)-1,and Hp(x)M ranged from 270 to 300 A/m under the test parameters in this work.After failure,both abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed,K value was 133 A/(m·mm)-1 and Hp(x)M was-640 A/m.The results indicate that the characteristics of Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals were related to the accumulation of fatigue,so it is feasible and applicable to monitor fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components using metal magnetic memory testing(MMMT).

Quantitative Detection of Corrosion State of Concrete Internal Reinforcement Based on Metal Magnetic Memory

Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rate
of the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.

Characterization of Stress Concentration by Tangential Component Hp(x) of Metal Magnetic Memory Signals

The correlation between the stress concentration and the spontaneous magnetic signals of metal magnetic memory(MMM) was investigated via tensile tests. Sheet specimens of the Q235 steel were machined into standard bars with rectangular holes to obtain various stress concentration factors. The tangential component Hp(x) of MMM signals and its related magnetic characteristic parameters throughout the loading process were presented and analyzed. It is found that the tangential component Hp(x) is sensitive to the abnormal magnetic changes caused by the local stress concentration in the defect area. The minimum magnetic field is positively correlated to the magnitude of the load and the distance from the notch. The tangential magnetic stress concentration factor presents good numerical stability during the entire loading process, and can be used to evaluate the stress concentration factor. The results obtained will be a complement to the MMM technique.

Variation regularity of metal magnetic memory signals with inspecting time-interval and location

Influences of inspecting time-interval and location on varying behavior of metal magnetic memory (MMM) signals of defects were studied. Different areas in two precracked weldments were inspected at different time-intervals by type TSC-1M-4 stress-concentration magnetic inspector to obtain MMM signals. Mechanisms of MMM signals varying behavior with inspecting time and space were analyzed and discussed respectively. It is found that MMM signals don't change with inspecting time-interval, since stress field and magnetic leakage field maintain unchanged at any time after welding. On the other hand, MMM signals differ greatly for different inspecting locations, because stress field and magnetic leakage field are unevenly distributed in defective ferromagnetic materials.

MMM testing and failure analysis of fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover

To avoid the serious accidents caused by the failure fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover,a new nondestructive testing(NDT) technology,metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing,was applied to safety evaluating and failure analyzing for the fastening bolts.Based on the dynamic stress calculation of the failure bolts,MMM testing was carried out at workshop.Given are the MMM stress distribution characteristics of the failure bolts and fracture faces.It has been found that the MMM signal variation amplitude of the crack transition zone in the fracture surface is minimal,that of the crack initiation zone is in the middle,and that of the tear fracture zone is maximal.The failure reasons were analyzed with MMM effect.The results of the metallographic examination showed that the validity and feasibility of MMM testing and failure analysis.This means MMM technology is a new,fast and validity method of failure analysis.

考虑残余应力影响的典型钢结构对接焊缝缺陷定位研究

对接焊缝为典型的钢结构焊缝形式,其位置处的裂纹和气孔型缺陷的准确检测对于钢结构维护有着重要的意义,使用磁记忆检测技术对焊缝裂纹和气孔型缺陷进行定位时,传统的零点极值理论由于焊接残余应力的影响,难以区分残余应力、焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷所产生的磁信号,从而在实际检测中造成缺陷定位的误判和漏判,因此,从焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷和残余应力所在区域磁信号产生机理的不同入手,开展考虑残余应力影响下的焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷定位检测研究。首先对焊接残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生磁信号的机理进行分析,提出采用三维磁模量梯度极值判定方式来区分残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生的磁信号;其次再进行焊接缺陷有限元COMSOL模拟,将所得磁信号代入梯度极值特征公式中进行表征判断;最后为了验证模拟表征判断的准确性,人工制作焊接钢板,提取三维磁信号进行分析。研究结果表明,理论分析、数值模拟与试验结果相互吻合,三维磁模量梯度极值能定位焊接缺陷并定量表征缺陷的长度,且裂纹和气孔型的三维磁模量梯度值远远高于无缺陷残余应力区域的梯度值。

金属磁记忆检测技术在双金属复合管道上的探索应用

采用双金属复合管被认为是解决高腐蚀性油气田地面集输管线腐蚀问题的一种相对安全的办法,但目前国内应用过程中存在管道失效及检测难等问题。金属磁记忆检测技术应用于检测埋地双金属复合管,并通过对磁异常危险等级较高位置进行开挖验证,配合测厚和磁饱和-脉冲涡流等无损检测技术,取得了良好的应用效果。检测结果明确了金属磁记忆检测技术在一定程度上可以满足埋地双金属复合管的应力集中程度检测需求,有一定的推广价值。

金属磁记忆检测技术研究进展

金属磁记忆(MMM)检测技术是利用金属磁记忆效应来检测部件应力集中部位的快速无损检测方法。从机理、应力定量化、缺陷定量化和应用发展4个方面分析其国内外研究现状。结果表明:金属磁记忆检测的理论研究和定量化评价还不够完善,理论建模、损伤判据以及自漏磁信号参数的识别仍处于发展阶段;未来发展方向是利用金属磁记忆检测早期损伤诊断的优势,研究与其他检测方法相结合的综合检测方法。

金属磁记忆检测技术的现状与发展

金属磁记忆检测是目前无损检测领域的最新技术 ,适用于铁磁性金属构件失效的早期诊断 ,在疲劳强度和寿命评估研究中极具潜力。介绍了金属磁记忆效应的概念及国内外磁记忆检测技术的现状 ,分析了磁记忆检测技术的特点和发展趋势 ,总结了目前磁记忆检测领域的研究进展。

不同检测环境下磁记忆信号变化研究

通过开展中碳45#钢试件的静载拉伸实验,采用磁记忆检测技术,研究了在线及离线2种检测环境下、不同加载阶段试件磁信号变化情况。结果显示:对应不同的检测环境,检测得到的试件磁信号差别显著。在线检测时试件周围磁环境对检测准确性影响较大,磁记忆检测判据——“过零点”失去作用;离线检测时检测效果良好,过零点能够反映试件应力集中部位。同时,对实验过程中的磁场强度变化及过零点漂移现象进行了理论分析。

疲劳损伤磁性无损评估技术研究现状及发展前景

磁性无损检测技术是评估铁磁材料疲劳损伤以及重要结构件可靠性的重要检测手段。针对铁磁材料的疲劳损伤,介绍了几种典型的磁性无损检测技术,如磁巴克豪森噪声(MBN)、磁声发射(MAE)、漏磁(MFL)和金属磁记忆(MMM)等,对其产生机理及应用特点进行了概述;对几种磁性检测技术在疲劳损伤评估领域的研究现状以及取得的主要研究成果进行了综述;最后指出几种技术尚存的问题和进一步的研究方向,并对其发展前景进行预测。

中低碳钢静拉伸时磁记忆效应的实验研究

研究静拉伸情况下低碳X70管线钢和中碳45#钢的金属磁记忆效应.对X70钢试件进行了拉伸前后的金属磁记忆检测,总结了拉伸至塑性变形后试件表面磁场强度零值线的分布变化规律.在对45#钢所做的静拉伸实验中,发现磁记忆检测方法对于压磁效应具有一定的敏感性,为在弹性区域内检测应力的变化提供了可能性.

50MW汽轮机断裂叶片及断口的磁记忆研究

从断裂叶片及断口应力分布研究及评估的角度,在对事故叶片进行动、静应力分析基础上,进行了现场50MW汽轮机断裂叶片及断口应力分布的磁记忆检测,研究了断裂叶片及断口应力分布的磁记忆信号特点。结果表明,叶片型线部分出气侧较进气侧磁感应强度过零点信号多,形状复杂;叶根部分断口上出气侧裂纹起始区磁感应强度变化幅度很大,而中间过渡区幅值变化最小,进气侧瞬断区的幅值变化最大且具有过零点的特征。这些磁记忆数值记录了叶片断裂过程的应力变化和分布,磁记忆检测结果与盲孔法应力分布检测结果有较好的一致性。

焊缝两种典型缺陷的磁记忆特征对比

为了将金属磁记忆检测技术应用于焊缝不同典型缺陷的定性和定量评价上,对Q235钢未焊透和固体夹渣两种缺陷进行实验研究,通过比较0、150和230 kN不同载荷级别下的磁记忆信号检测结果,提取了焊缝未焊透和夹渣两种缺陷的不同磁记忆信号特征,结果表明,未焊透的磁记忆特征信号波宽D的变化更为突出,而固体夹渣的磁记忆特征信号梯度K变化明显,并进一步从磁记忆机理的角度加以推导分析.分别以相应载荷级别下焊缝X射线检测结果作为依据,验证了磁记忆特征信号在焊缝缺陷种类确定和缺陷严重程度定量评价上的可行性与有效性.

基于金属磁记忆检测和涡流检测技术的大型振动筛下横梁裂纹检测方法

讨论了振动筛下横梁裂纹的振动检测方法,但尚无法确定裂纹的位置和大小。根据振动筛下横梁裂纹检测的难点和要求,提出了金属磁记忆检测和涡流检测技术相结合的振动筛下横梁早期裂纹故障快速检测方法。实验研究和工业应用表明该检测方法有效可行,可实现振动筛下横梁早期裂纹故障的快速检测,减少甚至避免突发性事故的发生,降低洗煤厂由此造成的经济损失。

铁路专用金属磁记忆检测仪的研制及初步应用

阐述金属磁记忆的基本原理。介绍MTR 1型铁路专用金属磁记忆检测仪的研制内容和主要功能。检测仪由主机和检测小车两部分组成。给出检测仪主要技术参数。在10个厂段、总长为1820m、81个焊接接头的钢轨检测应用试验中,磁记忆检测技术显示出良好的重复性和规律性。初步试验表明,它有望成为一种新的探测金属材料或设备的早期失效或故障的有效手段。

金属磁记忆检测井下套管应力集中的研究

金属磁记忆技术可有效判断应力集中区,对套管的损伤进行早期诊断。利用铁磁材料的磁记忆性,研制井下在役套管检测系统。该检测系统依据采集的磁记忆信号,可准确地判断套管的应力集中区状况。设计了井下磁记忆检测仪的系统硬件结构,给出核心传感器电路的研制方案,保证仪表可靠性和高灵敏度;针对井下复杂的环境,数据处理方面采用中值滤波和自适应小波消噪方法,以提高磁记忆信号的信噪比。提出了新的特征量诊断方法,保证可靠地判断套管应力集中危险区域。通过实验验证该方法的有效性和可行性。

基于休哈特控制图的磁记忆早期损伤检测方法

为完善金属磁记忆检测早期损伤的定性定量评价方法,开展Q235钢圆棒试件扭转试验。利用应力集中磁指示仪,记录不同扭矩作用下的试件表面的磁记忆信号的切向分量Hx和法向分量Hy。进而提出基于休哈特控制图的磁记忆信号早期损伤检测方法。结果表明,磁信号在试件屈服时发生明显跳变,此时合成磁场梯度绝对值正好达到最大;借助休哈特控制图,能消除梯度值波动对信号判断的干扰,并能给出试件产生屈服时的准确异常预警范围,从而较好地实现磁记忆早期损伤的快速准确识别。

磁记忆检测中的力-磁关系及其实验观察

从微磁化基本理论出发,依据能量原理,建立了铁磁材料的能量状态方程;采用最小能量原理和拉格朗日乘数法得出了在外力作用下铁磁体内应力与磁化率改变量之间的线性关系式。进一步讨论了在应力方向改变时应力与相应方向磁化率改变量间的对应关系,证明在不同方向上二者之间的线性关系依然成立。根据变压器原理,设计出铁磁材料磁化率检测装置,以45#钢试件为例,测量了不同方向上应力与磁化率变化量间的对应关系,并与理论值做了比较。实验结果表明文中得出的应力-磁化率变化量表达式与实验测定结果符合得较好。以上工作为明确磁记忆检测技术的检测对象和机理,建立磁记忆检测技术的力-磁本构关系在一个新的视角上做了有意义的探索。