Analysis of influence of heat exchangerfouling on heat transfer performancebased on thermal fluid coupling

A study on heat transfer performance by thermal fluid coupling simulation for the fouling in a shell-tube heat exchanger used in engineering was presented. The coupling simulation was performed in a fluid and solid domains under three different fouling conditions: fouling inside the tube, fouling outside the tube, and fouling inside the shell. The flow field, temperature, and pressure distributions in the heat exchanger were solved numerically to analyze the heat transfer performance parameters, such as thermal resistance. It is found that the pressure drop of the heat exchanger and the thermal resistance of the tube wall increase by nearly 30% and 20%, respectively, when the relative fouling thickness reaches 10%. The fouling inside the tube has more impact on the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger, and the fouling inside the shell has less impact.

Surface treatment to improve corrosion resistance of Al plate heat exchangers

The correlations between thermal and physical properties were studied through thermal conductivity measurements, hardness tests, salt spray tests (AASS) among the surface treatment samples named K20, K40 with thickness of 20, 40 μm respectively and raw sample named K00. In thermal conductivity measurements, there are little differences among the samples as K00, K20 and K40, they exhibit 153.39, 150.69 and 149.76 W/(m·K), respectively. According to hardness tests, K00, K20 and K40 exhibit 87.9, 259.7 and 344.8 in Vickers values. In the result of salt spray tests to examine the effects on corrosion resistance, K00, K20 and K40 exhibit the grade of 3?5, 2.0?9.8 and 10, respectively. The mutual relation of the above results was analyzed. It is found that the surface treatments do not affect the thermal conductivity of aluminum and result in the improvement of physical properties. As a result of the technology, the surface improvement of aluminum alloy specimen is achieved without thermal degradation. It validates the ability of the aluminum plate heat exchangers with surface treatment to enhance the corrosion resistance. Present work is performed as the first fundamental threshold in the process of aluminum plate heat exchangers development to check out its possibility, therefore the next step-experimental and numerical study of practical aluminum plate heat exchangers will be made.

Thermal performance analysis of borehole size effect on geothermal heat exchanger

Thermal performance was the most important factor in the development of borehole heat exchanger utilizing geothermal energy. The thermal performance was affected by many different design parameters, such as configuration type and borehole size of geothermal heat exchanger. These eventually determined the operation and cost efficiency of the geothermal heat exchanger system. The main purpose of this work was to assess the thermal performance of geother^nal heat exchanger with variation of borehole sizes and numbers of U-tubes inside a borehole. For this, a thermal response test rig was established with line-source theory. The thermal response test was performed with in-line variable input heat source. Effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance were obtained from the measured data. From the measurement, the effective thermal conductivity is found to have similar values for two- pair type （4 U-tubes） and three-pair type （6 U-tubes） borehole heat exchanger systems indicating similar heat transfer ability. Meanwhile, the thermal resistance shows lower value for the three-pair type compared to the two-pair type. Measured data based resistance have lower value compared to computed result from design programs. Overall comparison finds better thermal performance for the three-pair type, however, fluctuating temperature variation indicates complex flow behavior inside the borehole and requires further study on flow characteristics.

Performance Assessment of Heat Exchangers for Process Heat Integration

Pinch Analysis is an attractive solution for reduction of thermal energy costs in thermo-chemical industries.In this approach,maximum internally recoverable heat is determined and a heat exchange network is designed to meet the recovery targets.The thermal performance of a heat exchanger over its lifetime is however a concern to industries.Thermal performance of a heat exchanger is affected by many factors which include the physical prop-erties of the shell and tube materials,and the chemical properties of the heat transferfluid.In this study,thermal performance of shell and tube heat exchangers designed to meet heat recovery targets in a Pinch Analysis study is simulated.The aim of this paper is to present predictions of thermal performances of shell and tube heat exchan-gers with different heat transferfluids and geometries as they undergo fouling degradation.Engineering approaches based on thermodynamic analysis,heat balance and Kern Design equations,as well as what-if simu-lation modeling are used in this work.Shell and tube heat exchangers were designed to meet internal heat recov-ery targets for three process plants,A,B and C.These targets were published in a separate paper.The effects of degradation of the tubes-due to incremental growth of fouling resistance-on thermal performance of the exchan-ger were simulated using Visual Basic Analysis(VBA).Overall,it was found that growth in fouling reduces ther-mal efficiency of shell and tube heat exchangers with an exponential relationship.An increase of 100%of fouling resistance leads to an average reduction of 0.37%heat transfer.Higher values of logarithmic mean temperature difference(LMTD)and higher ratios of external diameter to internal diameter of the exchanger tubes amplify the effect of fouling growth on thermal performance of the exchangers.The results of this work can be applied in pinch analysis,during design of heat exchangers to meet the internal heat recovery targets,especially in predicting how fouling growth can affect these targets.This can also be useful in helping operators of shell and tube heat exchangers to determine cleaning intervals of the exchangers to avoid heat transfer loss.

Entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance analysis of heat exchanger networks

Heat exchanger network optimization has an important role in high-efficiency energy utilization and energy conservation. The thermal resistance of a heat exchanger network is defined based on its entransy dissipation. In two-stream heat exchanger networks, only heat exchanges between hot and cold fluids are considered. Thermal resistance analysis indicates that the maximum heat transfer rate between two fluids corresponds to the minimum entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance; i.e. the minimum thermal resistance principle can be exploited in optimizing heat exchanger networks.

A Correction Factor-Based General Thermal Resistance Formula for Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis

Methods for the analysis of heat exchangers with various flow arrangements modeling,design,and performance are essential for heat transfer system modeling and its integration with other energy system models.This paper proposes the use of the linear-transfer law for the heat exchanger design and performance analysis as a function of the thermal resistance related to the ratio of a linear temperature difference to the total heat transfer rate.Additionally,we derived a correction factor that represents the influence of the flow arrangement on the heat transfer performance by the effective thermal conductance,as a function of correction factor,heat transfer coefficient,and surface area.Based on the effective thermal conductance,we propose the hot-end NTU and cold-end NTU for deriving a standardized and general thermal resistance formula for different types of heat exchangers by the combination of the correction factor with linear-transfer law.Moreover,for parallel-flow,cross-flow,and 1-2 Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association(TEMA)E shell-and-tube heat exchangers,we derived and obtained alternative correction factor expressions without introducing any temperatures.Two cases about heat exchanger design and performance analysis show that the calculation processes using the correction factor-based general thermal resistance are straightforward without any iteration and the calculation results are accurate.Finally,the experimental validation shows that the general thermal resistance formula is appropriate for analyzing the heat transfer performance.That is,the correction factor-based general thermal resistance formula provides a standardized model for heat exchanger analysis and heat transfer/integrated energy system modeling using the heat current method.

Prediction of Equivalent Thermal Conduction Resistance of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers

Printed circuit heat exchangers(PCHEs) have great potential to be employed in the advanced nuclear reactor systems. In this work, the equivalent thermal conduction resistance of PCHE is studied. The influences of thermal convection resistance are analyzed. The results indicate that the equivalent thermal conduction resistance of PCHEs with unequal numbers of hot plates and cold plates are sensitive to the thermal convection resistance of hot side and cold side. Specifically, for case C which has unequal number of hot and cold channels, the maximum value of equivalent thermal conduction resistance can be 1.7-2.4 times the minimum value. The equivalent thermal conduction resistance is underestimated under the isothermal boundary. In addition, the non-uniformity of the lengths of all the heat flux lines determines the influence degree of thermal convection resistance on the equivalent thermal conduction resistance. For further investigation, Latin hypercube sampling method is adopted to generate a large number of design points for each PCHE configuration. Based on the sample data, mathematical correlations and artificial neural network(ANN) for prediction of equivalent thermal conduction resistance for each case are developed. The proposed correlations of equivalent thermal conduction resistance for each case have acceptable accuracy of prediction with a wide range covering general engineering applications. The ANN model can achieve much better prediction accuracy than the proposed correlations thus it is recommended in the cases that the prediction accuracy is considered as the priority need.

Performance Characteristics of Geothermal Single Well for Building Heating

The single well geothermal heating(SWGH)technology has attracted extensive attention.To enhance heat extraction from SWGH,a mathematical model describing heat transfer is set up,and the key influence factor and heat transfer enhancement method are discussed by thermal resistance analysis.The numerical results show that the thermal resistance of rock is far greater than that of well wall and fluid.So,reducing rock thermal resistance is the most effective method for enhancing the heat extraction power.For geothermal well planning to drill:rock thermal resistance can be reduced by increasing well diameter and rock thermal conductivity;the temperature difference between liquid and rock can be raised by increasing well depth.For already existing geothermal well:an insulator with thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/(mK)is sufficient to preserve fluid enthalpy;a decrease in injection water temperature causes the increase of heat extraction power from geothermal well and heat output from heat pump simultaneously;increasing injection velocity causes the increase of pump power consumption and heat extraction power from geothermal well as well as net heat output between them.The entrepreneurs may refer to the above data in actual project.Furthermore,filling composite materials with high thermal conductivity into leakage formation is proposed in order to reduce the thermal resistance of rocks.

低阻叉流板式换热器传热性能与热阻靶向调控研究

用于烟气余热回收的板式换热器存在温度分布不均的问题。为改善烟气温度分布均匀性,有效遏制换热器腐蚀,本文通过实验测试对比碳钢与铸铁材质低阻叉流板式换热器性能差异,运用数值仿真预测局部流动传热特性并开展热阻分析,采用局部热阻调控方法设计了非均匀翅片结构。实验结果表明,在450℃高温时碳钢与铸铁材质的叉流板式换热器总传热系数分别达到32.5 W/(m^(2)·K)与25.1 W/(m^(2)·K)。通过数值仿真研究发现,叉流传热方式导致烟气侧沿程截面温度分布极不均匀,在热侧出口与冷侧入口交叉区、热侧出口与冷侧出口交叉区的热阻大,极易导致局部烟气温度低于露点温度。基于热阻分析法开发非均匀翅片结构,实施局部热阻靶向调控,最终实现维持阻力几乎不变情况下,使出口截面平均温度方差由6.9℃降至1.1℃,换热器内流体温度分布均匀性得到显著提升。

套管式地埋管换热器节能特性的研究与应用

大庆油田进入开发后期存在着一定数量的废弃井,采用套管式地埋管换热器可以获取到废弃井的中深层的地热能。首先对废弃井转换为地热井的可行性进行分析,通过确定中深层地埋管换热方式,建立外入内出型传热计算模型并对废弃井结构改造。再具体分析大庆油田的地层土壤温度分布和确定边界条件,得出符合现实的理论计算公式。进一步分析套管式地埋管换热器取热评价指标与传热影响因素研究,得到流体流量和进口温度对传热影响因素,及循环流体进口温度对运行特性的影响对取热效率的影响规律。最后,通过对两种工况的废弃井现场试验,得到套管式地埋管换热器平均换热量为478.5 kWh。为利用大庆油田1700口废弃井的节能改造找到了一条切实可行的出路。

竖直单U型地埋管换热器埋管间负热阻现象的参数化研究与分析

基于Mutipole方法对竖直单U型地埋管换热器钻孔内外的耦合传热过程进行求解,在钻孔内三热阻和四热阻简化传热模型基础上,详细地分析钻孔内的复杂稳态传热过程,参数化研究埋管布置结构、回填料与岩土热物性等因素对钻孔内埋管间直接传热热阻的影响规律,揭示导致钻孔内埋管间负热阻现象的本质原因,对钻孔内热阻传热模型的工程实践应用给出参考意见。

履带车辆油气弹簧生热机理和热模型研究

为研究油气弹簧工作过程中的生热机理,建立油气弹簧参数化热模型。采集试验数据对油气弹簧阻尼示功特性进行数值拟合,得到活塞运动速度-阻尼力关系的数学表达式。对油气弹簧的传热路径和换热特点分析,建立油气弹簧热阻网络模型,计算得到工作过程中油气弹簧2种工作介质的温度变化特性。设计试验对油气弹簧的热模型计算结果进行验证。试验结果表明:阻尼力做功是油气弹簧温度升高的主要热量来源,油液温度比气体温度上升更快、平衡温度更高,该模型可以准确地计算出油气弹簧不同工作介质的温升情况,为油气弹簧热-机耦合动力学研究提供了参考。

基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型研究

文章综合考虑了土壤分层与地下水渗流等情况,结合实测数据,通过地埋管外壁温度计算得出地埋管内部流体温度与不同分层土壤的热物性参数,根据土壤当量物性进行分层,据此建立地埋管换热模型。经过对比验证实验发现,分层换热模型比常规均质模型更接近实测值,误差更小;基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型模拟出水温度与实测值平均绝对误差为0.21℃,模拟进、出口换热温差与实测值平均绝对误差为0.14℃,具有较高的准确度,可为工程设计提供依据并作为后续地埋管换热优化研究的基础。

热管换热器间距对相变充填体蓄释热性能的影响

为了高效利用高温矿井的地热资源,解决高温环境对开采过程的影响,建立了热管-相变充填体矿井地热开采系统三维非稳态传热数值模型,研究了热管换热器与围岩布置间距对系统温度、相变材料液相分数、循环冷却水温度以及系统蓄热量、释热量的影响。结果表明:热管距离围岩越近,蓄热阶段相变材料熔化越快,蓄/释热共存阶段相变材料凝固越慢;随着热管与围岩间距的减小,热管冷凝端循环冷却水的出口温度和进出口温差增大,当热管与围岩间距从95 mm减小至20 mm时,系统稳定运行时冷却水进出口温差将由2.50 K增大至4.97 K;蓄热阶段,系统蓄热量随时间推移先逐渐增大,后维持恒定不变,蓄/释热共存阶段,系统释热量将以先逐渐减小,后恒定不变的速率持续增大;当热管与围岩布置间距由95 mm减小到20 mm时,系统总蓄热量提高72.89%,系统释热量提高91.10%,系统能效系数由81.71%增大到90.32%。研究结果可为热管-相变材料耦合系统在矿井地热高效开采与利用方面提供理论依据和技术指导。

板翅式换热器传递函数动态模型及参数确定方法

飞机综合环控/热管理系统迫切需要建立快捷高效的换热器动态仿真模型,以满足先进控制系统设计需求。基于此,针对板翅式换热器动态模型,提出一种包含2个延迟环节和4个一阶惯性环节的传递函数矩阵形式,并从换热器机理模型出发,利用拉普拉斯变换推导模型中4个时间常数的计算公式,提出基于换热器效率的传热热阻计算关系式的辨识方法,解决了主要模型参数设置难题。以板翅式换热器为研究对象,在Simulink仿真平台搭建其传递函数动态模型,并与AMESim仿真平台搭建的机理模型进行对比分析,结果显示:2种模型所得空气和冷却水出口温度分别随入口温度和质量流量阶跃变化的动态响应曲线吻合很好,其中,4种工况空气和冷却水出口温度最大稳态偏差分别为0.034℃和0.029℃,当冷却水入口质量流量阶跃变化时,空气出口温度动态响应相对偏差最大,为9.27%,当空气入口质量流量阶跃变化时,冷却水出口温度动态响应相对偏差最大,为7.03%。

辊道窑尾部热交换器传热特性及涡流强化

辊道窑烟气余热回收作为建陶企业节能降碳重要技术举措,回收烟气离不开热交换器。为提升AlN陶瓷换热器的流动传热性能,分析了翅片管AlN陶瓷换热器的热阻占比,通过建立翅片管AlN陶瓷换热器的流动传热模型,模拟研究了翅片间距、翅片厚度、管间距和涡流发生器对换热器流动传热性能的影响。结果表明:AlN换热器管外空气换热热阻为主要热阻,占比达到85%以上;当翅片间距、管横向间距、管纵向间距增大时,Nu增大,压降减小,三者对Nu值和压降影响较大;当翅片厚度增大时,Nu减小,压降增大,但翅片厚度对Nu值和压降影响较小;在所模拟的结构参数中,当翅片间距为5 mm、翅片厚度为1.2 mm、管横向间距为12 mm、管纵向间距为16 mm时,AlN陶瓷换热器综合性能最好。相同计算工况下,与光管AlN陶瓷换热器相比,翅片管AlN陶瓷换热器的总传热系数提升了378.24%~466.41%,与翅片管AlN陶瓷换热器相比,涡流发生器翅片管AlN陶瓷换热器的总传热系数提升了32.78%~88.76%。

Thermal transfer experimental research of a horizontal tube evaporative condenser

The thermal resistances distribution in different wet-bulb temperatures, air velocities and spraying water densities were achieved by the experimental test. The fluctuation of the water film convection and the water-air interfacial thermal resistance were reviewed especially. In the distribution of thermal resistance, the rank of the thermal resistance proportion （from max to min） is air flow heat transfer resistance, heat transfer resistance between refrigerant and wall, water film convection resistance and wall heat transfer resistance. When the heat flux is constant, the total resistance lowers nearly along with the increasing of air flow and water spray density. But there are a best air flow value of 2.98 m/s and a best spray water density of 0.064 kg/（m ·s） respectively, if continue to increase them, condensation performance is not significantly improved any more. The test results are available to improve the evaporative condenser performance and the designing lever.

U形污水换热管中颗粒污垢沉积特性研究

分析了不同污水流速、污水黏度、颗粒浓度及颗粒粒径下颗粒污垢在换热壁面上的沉积、剥蚀及热阻的变化情况。结果表明:污水的流速、黏度及颗粒的浓度对颗粒污垢的沉积情况影响较大,在其他参数不变的情况下,当流速由0.5 m/s增大到1.5 m/s时,沉积速率增大了2.3倍,剥蚀达到稳定的时间缩短为原来的1/6,污垢热阻减小56%;当污水的黏度由0.0010 Pa·s增大到0.0030 Pa·s时,剥蚀达到稳定的时间延长1.27倍,污垢热阻增大1.25倍;当颗粒浓度由400 mg/L增大到800 mg/L时,剥蚀达到稳定的时间增加约1倍,污垢热阻增大约1倍;颗粒粒径对污垢沉积特性的影响较小,当颗粒粒径由1μm增大到40μm时,沉积速率仅增大14%,污垢热阻仅增加12.8%。研究结果可供污水换热器设计、运行及除垢参考。

铲削式翅片散热器空气侧传热流动特性试验研究

为进一步提高变压器的散热性能,提出一种铲削式翅片散热器,针对新型换热器翅片侧的流动与换热特性不明晰的问题,搭建流动换热综合测试平台,研究不同管内流量下,翅片侧空气流量对散热器的换热量和翅片压降的影响规律。结果表明:铲削式翅片散热器的换热量和翅片侧压降均随着翅片侧空气流量的增大而增大,在一定的翅片侧流量范围内,换热量与流量近似成线性关系;随着管道侧空气流量增大,散热器的换热量增大,翅片侧压降则几乎不受影响。此外,基于Wilson热阻分离法获得翅片侧对流换热关联式,并采用最小二乘法拟合翅片侧阻力关联式,分别与之前数值仿真工作获得的换热阻力关联式进行对比,换热关联式平均误差为9.19%,阻力关联式平均误差为16.36%,试验拟合的关联式具有较好的可靠性,能为铲削式翅片散热器在户内变电站的应用提供参考与设计依据。

质子交换膜燃料电池整车辅助散热系统设计建模及分析

建立车载质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)辅助散热系统数学模型,进行某客车PEMFC发动机辅助散热系统的管路连接方式设计,对管路流阻、冷却液流量及其温升进行分析并开展试验对数学模型进行验证。结果表明:数学模型准确可靠且可用于设计和优选PEMFC辅助散热系统的管路连接方案,相同总冷却液流量下(空压机控制器-空压机本体)||(降压DCDC-升压DCDC)||(氢泵控制器)的三路并联方案的总流阻较(氢泵控制器-空压机控制器-空压机本体)||(降压DCDC-升压DCDC)的两路并联方案降低40.7%,各分支管路的冷却液流量均满足部件散热要求,冷却液温升满足整车散热要求。