The Validity of the Reduction of Disposable Plastic Checkout Bags in Japan

This study examined the effect of reducing disposable plastic checkout bags used in supermarkets, convenience stores, and so on in Japan. Considering that even when these checkout bags are abolished, alternative waste bags should be newly produced, because these checkout bags have been reused as household waste bags so far, and the corresponding amount of oil is still necessary to produce them, the amount of oil saved by this bag reduction was found to be 0.2 L/person/year at most. Further, it was demonstrated that the necessity to purchase substitute bags may increase the household and financial burden on consumers.

Macroplastics on Soil-Plant System: Inhibiting Effects of Macroplastics on the Growth of Green Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus viridis</i>)

In recent time Bangladesh faces a serious problem of soil pollution due to plastic contamination. However, the degree of the extent to which the effects of plastics on plant growth occur is not properly identified. An experiment was conducted to measure the effects of mixed plastic (polyethylene and disposable plastic glass) on the growth of Amaranthus viridis. Different doses of mixed plastics (T0, T1, T2, and T3) were applied with a fixed amount of soil for each of the treatments e.g., T0 (control), T1 (10 gm mixed plastics/3kg soil), T2 (15 gm mixed plastics/3kg soil) and T3 (20 gm mixed plastic/3kg soil), and the growth response of Amaranthus viridis against plastic was observed for six consecutive weeks. The growth was measured in terms of plant height and girth diameter. The results showed that the presence of mixed plastic had a significant effect on the growth of Amaranthus viridis and particularly in treatment T3 (3 kg soil/20gm mixed plastic), the plants showed a slower growth response compared to control and the rest of the treatments applied in case of both plant height as well as girth diameter. The statistical analysis (one-way Analysis of Variance) also proved the significance of the treatments (p-values < 0.05) for six consecutive weeks. The experiment was successfully able to set an index on which plastics had their effects on the growth of green amaranth. In addition, the obtained data will be helpful in future research of the study in determining the possible effects of plastic on plant growth viz. green amaranth.

Life Can’t Be Any Easier than This—Introduction of the Portable and Disposable V.A.C. Machines

The application of controlled levels of negative pressure on to a wound has been shown to accelerate evacuation of dead cells, debris and fluid which eventually encourages wound healing in a verity of surgical wounds. Vacuum Assisted Closure (V.A.C.) therapy—KCI Medical Limited, the terminology by which this is widely known, became popular, especially among the plastic surgery professionals in America and soon gained recognition worldwide. It is now widely used in the UK to manage and assist healing in a wide variety of wounds. Although KCI’s V.A.C. machines were the only ones on the market for a number of years, several wound management companies have now brought out their own machines and these are now known collectively as topical negative pressure therapy (TNPT). Traditional TNPT is often considered a relatively costly procedure. It is often used in patients with large wounds to facilitate dressing management and promote rapid cleaning and granulation. This may also allow them to be discharged to the community when they would otherwise remain inpatients, thereby saving bed days. Capital purchase of the machines is expensive and hospitals often rent or lease them on a short or long term basis. This can lead to difficulties in arranging the finances for discharge to the community. Subsequent dressing changes (recommended every 48 - 72 hrs) also incur high costs and involvement of the trained medical or nursing staff. As we all know;“Need is the mother of invention”. The disposable TNPT machine (V.A.C. ViaTM KCI Medical Ltd) has been introduced to help to solve these problems. It is a single use machine, inclusive of a dressing and canister and available off the shelf. It is very cost effective, easy to use and is used for small to moderate sized wounds. Senior author is using this machine which excellent results and illustrated the use of this machine with pictures in this paper.

可生物降解塑料取代传统塑料--对碳排放的影响

In recent years,a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics,includ-ing the carbon emissions related to plastics,which has promoted the application of biodegradable plas-tics.Countries worldwide have shown high interest in replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics.However,no systematic comparison has been conducted on the carbon emissions of biodegrad-able versus traditional plastic products.This study evaluates the carbon emissions of traditional and biodegradable plastic products(BPPs)over four stages and briefly discusses environmental and economic perspectives.Four scenarios-namely,the traditional method,chemical recycling,industrial composting,and anaerobic digestion-are considered for the disposal of waste BPPs(WBPPs).The analysis takes China as a case study.The results show that the carbon emissions of 1000traditional plastic products(plastic bags,lunch boxes,cups,etc.)were52.09-150.36 carbon emissions equivalent of per kilogram(kg CO_(2)eq),with the stage of plastic production contributing 50.71%-50.77%.In comparison,1000 similar BPPs topped out at 21.06-56.86 kg CO_(2)eq,approximately 13.53%-62.19%lower than traditional plastic prod-ucts.The difference was mainly at the stages of plastic production and waste disposal,and the BPPs showed significant carbon reduction potential at the raw material acquisition stage.Waste disposal plays an important role in environmental impact,and composting and anaerobic digestion are considered to be preferable disposal methods for WBPPs.However,the high cost of biodegradable plastics is a challenge for their widespread use.This study has important reference significance for the sustainable development of the biodegradableplastics industry.

Assessment of plastic degradation by indigenous bacteria from waste disposal sites

The present study focuses on the isolation of bacterial pathogens from waste disposal sites,and examination of their efficiencies for degrading various plastics.Seven bacterial isolates such as E.coli,Corynebacterium spp.,Micrococcus spp.,Azotobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.,Staphylococcus spp.,and Bacillus spp.were identified.Bacillus spp.exhibited the highest percentage reduction in black plastic weight(47.46%),while Corynebacterium spp.,and E.coli achieved a maximum reduction of 45.76 and 46.42%for pink plastic respectively.Pseudomonas spp.and Micrococcus spp.demonstrated notable reductions of 46.43%and 56.60%in white and Canteen Stores Department(CSD)biodegradable plastics,respectively.Optical density(OD)measurements revealed that bacterial isolates achieved maximum OD values with CSD plastics,emphasizing their proficiency in plastic degradation.Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)confirmed the degradation process,with a decrease in the peak value from 2916 to 2914 cm^(-1) for pink plastic,signifying alkane,and alkene presence.Three new peaks at 1398,1371,and 1361 cm^(-1) in the FTIR spectrum of CSD plastic indicated presence of alcohol.Scanning Electron Microscopic(SEM)micrographs illustrated bacterial colonization,cracks,and spots on plastic surfaces,while Xray Diffraction(XRD)spectra showed peaks at 4.083,3.705,3.020,and 1.909,suggesting plastic degradation.In conclusion,soil of waste disposal site harbored diverse microbial species,and have highlighted their effectiveness in mitigating environmental pollution by degrading hazardous plastic waste.

“袖套法”包皮环切整形术与一次性包皮吻合器术治疗包皮过长、包茎的疗效比较

目的 探讨一次性包皮吻合器与“袖套法”包皮环切整形术治疗包皮过长、包茎的临床疗效,为临床包皮环切术的选择提供依据。方法 选取2017年12月至2020年4月于我院泌尿科拟行包皮环切手术治疗的包皮过长、包茎患者160例为研究对象,按照患者术前手术意愿分为对照组和观察组各80例。对照组接受一次性包皮吻合器手术治疗,观察组接受“袖套法”包皮环切整形术治疗。比较两组临床指标(手术费用、手术时间、切口愈合时间),通过VAS评分比较两组术中、术后疼痛情况,对比两组手术并发症、不良结局情况及切口外观满意情况。结果 对照组并发症发生率为20.00%,显著高于观察组的3.75%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术中、术后各时间点,两组患者VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组总体费用显著低于对照组,手术时长于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组切口愈合时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的切口外观总满意率比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 一次性包皮吻合器手术切除包皮手术时间短,在手术选择有一定时间优势,但“袖套法”包皮环切整形术手术总体费用较少,无明显并发症,手术方式适应于不同情况、不同年龄阶段的包皮过长、包茎患者,在临床上具有更广应用价值。

热分析技术对禁塑组分定性定量分析

针对一次性不可降解塑料里的禁塑组分,建立了PBAT-PE、PBAT-EVA、PLA-PE、PLA-EVA模拟体系,采用热分析技术的热失重法(TGA)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)探究共混材料中PE、EVA等不可降解组分及其含量。采集含不同质量份数的PE或EVA的PBAT基和PLA基共混材料的热分析谱图,以TG的失重量和DSC的热流率与禁塑组分含量的关系进行分析,绘制定量曲线并作交叉验证。结果表明,TGA的方法优于DSC方法;由TGA方法知:PBAT基共混材料中PE或EVA的定量检出含量为8wt%;PLA基共混材料中PE或EVA的定量检出含量分别为15wt%、5wt%。故热分析技术可以定性定量检测,其中TGA定量禁塑组分的方法较为可靠,可实现简便的定性定量分析。

废塑料处置与利用技术研究进展

塑料制品是制造业的重要产品类型,产业发展质量与经济社会息息相关;在现阶段面临资源环境约束趋紧的背景下,合理处置并利用废塑料对经济和环境可持续发展至关重要。塑料制品种类更加丰富,相应处置技术及应用挑战不断更新,与产业高质量发展、严格的环保要求相叠加,凸显了系统梳理废塑料处置与利用研究进展的迫切性。本文就废塑料处置与利用技术体系进行了细致分类,主要从废塑料的机械处置、能源与资源转化、再生循环利用、处置与利用新技术4个方面阐明了技术特点、适用条件、研究进展。在此基础上,借鉴发达国家已有经验、针对相关技术应用挑战,提出了从源头减量并鼓励再生塑料使用、强化废塑料分类回收力度、推动技术创新与成果转化等应对建议,以期为我国废塑料清洁处置与回收利用研究提供参考。

微波辅助热解废旧塑料的研究进展

微波加热是基于电磁场与物质间的相互作用,利用它可实现对废塑料的高价值回收利用。对比了常规加热和微波加热对废塑料热解产物的影响,综述了微波应用于不同塑料热解、塑料与生物质共热解的研究进展,特别是所生产的油、气和焦炭的产量,最后讨论了利用微波辅助热解技术处理废塑料的挑战和前景。

塑化剂在食品中的残留风险分析及对策探讨

为了研究食品中由PVC和其他非食品接触性塑料引入塑化剂的风险点,通过实地考察、走访调研、询问交流、登录外卖平台、手机外卖下单、查阅资料等方式获得调研数据。调研发现使用有色塑料购物袋的商户占比23.5%,散装酒1家无材质标识,小作坊香油塑料盖均未标识材质,塑料一次性餐盒和勺子材质标识率分别为98%、12.5%,未见使用标识为PVC材质的商户。已标识的食品接触塑料由PVC引入塑化剂的风险较小,但塑料一次性餐饮具和购物袋标识未能规范统一,且存在所用的塑料材质不明确的现象,存在一定的塑化剂引入风险,建议相关部门强化流通环节的监管措施。

不可降解一次性塑料制品管理现状及对策研究——以辽宁省为例

基于国家和地方针对不可降解一次性塑料制品的管理需求,系统整理相关管理政策文件,总结了国家的管理导向及部分地区的管理经验。围绕辽宁省塑料制品管理现状,分析了存在的问题并梳理辽宁省强化塑料制品管理的现实需求。为强化辽宁省的塑料制品管理,分别从开展地方立法、严格市场准入条件、完善标准规范体系和加强社会宣传引导4个方面提出了具体管理对策建议。

废弃一次性防疫用品回收利用研究与进展

随着新冠疫情的不断发展蔓延,一次性防疫用品使用量急剧增长,导致其废弃量随之增加,鉴于其自行降解产生的微塑料胶片对环境污染影响较大,因此,一次性防疫用品的资源化利用成为了当前的研究热点。从废弃一次性防疫用品的回收利用方法着手,分析了焚烧法、物理机械处理法与化学处理法各自利弊,并总结得到回收利用是实现废弃一次性防疫用品资源可持续发展的可行方法的观点。

借鉴国际经验完善我国塑料污染治理税收政策

随着网络购物的快速发展,一次性塑料袋的使用较为广泛,我国塑料回收量仍处于较低水平,塑料污染愈加严重,塑料污染治理已经成为全球的共同目标。在此背景下,从税收政策的角度,在借鉴国外先进经验基础上,提出完善我国塑料污染治理税收政策的对策建议,包括适时开征塑料包装税、运用税收优惠鼓励塑料废弃物绿色回收、推进绿色消费等。

一次性医用塑胶制品废弃物闭环式管理体系创新与处置技术

一次性医用塑胶制品废弃物流失、扩散时,破坏生态环境与人体健康。针对一次性医用塑胶制品废弃物闭环式管理体系创新及处置技术进行了阐述。医用塑胶制品废弃物具有高危险性、难降解性和处置专业性的特点,医用塑胶制品废弃物管理存在废弃物全过程管理漏洞较多、废弃物处置技术落后的问题。针对以上问题,设计完善废弃物闭环式管理环节。根据4个环节,研究完善废弃物闭环式分类收集技术、废弃物转运环节的信息化管理处置技术、废弃物消毒环节的环保化处置技术、优化废弃物无害化处置技术,以期改善医用废弃物污染情况,提升医疗活动的环保卫生水平。

玻璃钢设备处置及替代研究

介绍了国内外对废旧玻璃钢设备的处置方法,试验研究了玻璃钢在熔盐炉及回转窑中的焚烧情况,分析了玻璃钢设备用钢衬里设备替代的可行性。玻璃钢在回转窑内燃烧后并不产生对水泥有害的物质,可在水泥回转窑内对废旧玻璃钢进行无害化焚烧处理;玻璃钢设备的经济性优于钢衬里设备,建议涉及酸系统的常压设备仍使用玻璃钢设备。

欧洲国家塑料法规研究及应对

塑料制品以其质轻、防水、耐用、产品美观、生产技术成熟等特点受到广泛应用且使用率呈逐年增长趋势。塑料科技带来巨大的物质文明的同时,大量塑料废弃物的出现给人们带来了严峻的挑战。目前已有多个国家出台了正式法规来限制与禁止塑料的使用以及提高再生塑料的占比,促进再生塑料的循环再利用。文章对塑料使用作了详细介绍,总结了各国塑料法规执行的现状,并对塑料法规在食品行业、家电行业的产品应用进行了展望。

一次性使用塑料制品中邻苯二甲酸酯的含量

目的 了解一次性使用塑料制品在使用过程中邻苯二甲酸酯的溶出情况。方法 对腹膜透析液、CPDA血液保存液、输液器、保鲜膜、一次性使用塑料袋和塑料瓶装水利用液液萃取、固相萃取分离富集、反相高效液相色谱法进行分析。结果 医用器具均检出邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（DEHP）,最高溶出量达77.51μg/L,一次性使用塑料袋检出邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）,溶出量为91.45μpg/kg,保鲜膜和桶装水未检出邻苯二甲酸酯。结论 医疗器具中溶出的DEHP直接进入人体,其危险性应引起足够的重视。

一次性塑料制品污染防治的法律法规及检测标准研究进展

综述了国内外治理一次性塑料制品污染出台的法律法规及进展,重点介绍了含有部分可生物可降解组分或非生物降解方式的一次性塑料制品相关标准、传统不可降解塑料废弃物的回收塑料鉴别检测标准、全生物降解塑料制品评价标准及禁塑快速检测技术与标准,并对未来检验检测技术发展做出了展望。

聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料的处理和回收利用

随着聚氨酯工业的迅速发展,大量的聚氨酯废弃物需要回收利用。介绍了废旧聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料的处理及回收方法,主要包括其物理回收、化学回收、焚烧等处理方法的技术原理,以及国内外的发展和应用现状。

北山深部花岗岩弹塑性损伤模型研究

基于力学特性试验和三维声发射监测技术,研究北山花岗岩在压应力条件下的力学行为特征和损伤演化机制,并构建岩石的力学损伤模型。试验结果表明,在低围压条件下岩石主要发生的是脆性破坏;随围压增大,岩石力学行为逐渐向延性转化,表现出剪胀、塑性变形等非线性行为。结合微裂隙产生和扩展规律,对岩石在外力作用下的损伤演化过程和破坏机制进行分析,认为北山花岗岩的破坏及非线性行为是损伤和塑性变形共同作用的结果。基于这一认识,在热动力学框架下提出北山花岗岩准唯象弹塑性损伤模型。模型引入非关联的塑性流动方程,以反映岩石在压应力作用下体积变形从压缩到膨胀的转化过程。基于已有的损伤理论建立损伤演化方程,并通过在塑性屈服面中引入独立损伤变量,建立塑性和损伤发展的耦合关系。数值模拟和试验数据的对比表明,模型可以很好地描述北山花岗岩在不同应力水平下的损伤演化规律和力学行为,特别是随围压增大岩石力学行为从脆性到延性的转化过程以及岩石峰前塑性硬化和峰后应力软化等行为特征。