Dynamic propagation velocity of a positive streamer in a 3 m air gap under lightning impulse voltage

Streamers represent an important stage in the initiation of gap discharge. In this work, we used an eight-frame intensified charge-coupled device camera to capture the streamer development process when a lightning impulse voltage of 95%–100% U50% was applied in a 3 m rod–plate gap and the streamer velocity was analyzed. Analysis of the observations shows that streamer velocity can be defined by three stages: rapid velocity decline(stage 1), rapid velocity rise(stage 2)and slow velocity decline(stage 3). The effects of electrode shape, applied voltage and gap breakdown or withstanding on streamer velocity were analyzed. The electrode with a larger radius of curvature will result in a higher initial velocity, and a higher voltage amplitude will cause the streamer to propagate faster at stage 3. Gap withstanding or breakdown has no obvious effect on streamer velocity. In addition, the experimental results are compared with previous results and the statistical characteristics of the primary streamer discharge are discussed.

Movement Patterns of Metallic Particles in a Single Phase Gas Insulated Busduct with Superimposed Lightning and Switching Impulses

Transient over voltages due to lightning and switching surges cause steep build-up of voltage on transmission lines and other electrical apparatus,like circuit breakers,transformers,insulators etc.Therefore it is necessary for the GIS also to withstand such voltages without breakdown of Insulation.The system has to be tested under these conditions.Usually the GIS system operates on power frequency.Lightning Impulse Voltage of 1050 kV and Switching Impulse Voltage of 750 kV superimposed on Power frequency voltages of 75 kV,100 kV and 132 kV are applied to Single Phase Gas Insulated Busduct and the maximum movement of Aluminum,Copper and Silver particles is determined.The movement patterns are also determined with and without Monte Carlo Simulation for movement of particle in axial and radial directions.The results show that there is a sudden jump in the movement at the application of impulse on sine wave.This is because of high magnitude voltage of 1050 kV during 1.2/50 μs.Similar movement patterns of reduced maximum movement is observed for Switching Impulse superimposed on sine wave.The results are presented and analyzed.

Insulation characteristics of triple mixtures of c-C_4F_8/N_2/CO_2 under lightning impulse voltage

This paper has researched the insulation characteristics of 10% c-C4F8/N2/CO2 mixtures under lightning impulse voltage by experiment. It is shown that the positive and negative lightning impulse breakdown voltages of 10%c-C4F8/N2/CO2 gas mixtures rise linearly as the electrode gap distance and gas pressure increase and under the same conditions, the positive lightning impulse breakdown voltage of the gas mixtures is always higher than the negative lightning impulse breakdown voltage. As the gas mixtures have a little higher liquefied temperature than SF6 and the comprehensive GWP is about 5% of SF6, and the positive and negative lightning impulse breakdown voltages can both reach 60% of SF6, 10%c-C4F8/N2/CO2 gas mixtures can be applied as insulation gas in electrical equipment such as C-GIS, GIT, GIL and so on.

Properties of Electrical Discharges Developing in Transformer Oil Under Lightning Impulse in the Setup of Insulated Electrodes

Looking at the problem of electrical discharge development in mineral oil, it is easy to see that most studies in this area focused on the setups of bare high voltage electrodes having a point-plane electrode arrangement. The setups with insulated electrodes are the mar- gin of these studies but it seems to be important to find the dependences between the paper insulation on high voltage electrode and parameters of the discharges initiated in the vicinity of this electrode. Hence, in this paper the results of researches intended to reveal the role of insulation wrapping on a HV electrode in the mechanism of electrical discharges in transformer oil under lightning impulse of both polar- ities are presented. This role is determined by analysis of the parameters characterizing the discharges (onset voltage, propagation velocity, time to initiation, rise-time of light impulses) and also by observation of their spatio-temporal development and oscillograms of the light emitted by their channels. The research was performed for two model electrode configurations: an electrode with paper insulation and a bare electrode which had the same outer dimensions as the insulated one. The most essential conclusion from performed experiment is related to times to initiation. These times, equal in the case of insulated electrodes and model bare electrode, indicate that the source of "weak points" of the paper-oil insulation system is the oil, not the surface of insulation wrapping or the metal.

Experimental investigation on ablation characteristics of coated and uncoated steel under 30/80 μs impulse current

The ablation tests on coated and uncoated Q235 B steel sheets were conducted under 30/80 μs impulse current simulating the lightning first return stroke current, aimed at further understanding the ablation characteristics of steel and investigating the impact of anti-corrosion coating on these characteristics. Ablation characteristics were investigated through the macroscopic morphology and x-ray diffraction patterns on the surface of damaged zones, the microstructure and micro Vickers hardness on the cross-section of damaged zones, and the maximum rear-face temperature of sample sheets. It can be concluded that the ablation areas of uncoated sheet consist of the melted layer and the heat-affect layer. These ablation areas include not only the area ablated directly by the arc root, of which the depth is deeper, but also the area forming due to the splashing of molten steel, of which the depth is shallower and decreases when the area’s distance from the arc attachment point increases. For coated sheet, coating materials have decomposed and evaporated forming an ablation pit on the sheet surface, in which the steel surface is exposed, and zinc filler of coating primer has infused into the exposed surface. The ablation diameter of uncoated sheet relates to the amplitude of the 30/80 μs impulse current in quadratic function, while for coated sheet, the relation is linear. In general, under the 30/80 μs impulse current, the coating can decrease the energy injected from the arc to the steel sheet and reduce the melting and splashing of steel. As a result, the ablation severity of uncoated sheet is severer than that of coated sheet.

The Performance of Lightning Rod Arrester and Its Effect on the Top Potential of Tower for 500 kV Transmission System

When the tower overhead is struck by the lightning impulse, the lightning current flows into the earth through the impedance of tower and the grounding resistance, which heightens potential of the tower overhead and possibly induces insulator flashover. Lighting rod arrester is used to shield the tower and provide another routine for lightning current, decreasing the potential of tower overhead. In this paper, the performance of a 500 kV lighting rod arrester is tested used in AC transmission system under the current impulse. Besides, the influence of the lightning rod arrester performance on the top potential of tower is also studied. The results show that, when the rod arrester is connected to the tower, the top potential of tower can be obviously limited under the lightning strike.

雷电间接效应多重脉冲组电流产生装置的设计

针对雷电间接效应多重脉冲组电流模拟需求,完成了雷电间接效应多重脉冲组模拟源的设计,采用20个Crowbar电路支路,通过分时放电的方式实现1个脉冲串内多脉冲输出需求,每个支路可以实现最小间隔30 ms的重复频率放电,从而实现3个脉冲串的输出需求。对放电支路的参数进行了详细设计,分析了电容、波尾电路电感、波尾电路电阻参数变化对输出特性的影响。分析了采用并联大电容实现放电电容重复频率快速充电的可行性,完成了装置的初步结构设计并结合装置结构简要分析了电路模拟参数设置的合理性。该装置建成后,可为电子、电气设备等开展测试提供技术支持。

干燥空气绝缘开关柜中应用的固封极柱绝缘结构设计及优化

为了实现气体绝缘开关柜的绝缘介质由SF6向干燥空气等环保型气体转变,开发一种结构小型化、绝缘水平满足要求的干燥空气绝缘开关柜中使用的固封极柱是亟需解决的问题。文中分析了40.5 kV SF6固封极柱置于干燥空气绝缘开关柜中的相间及对地电场分布,结果显示灭弧室动、静端盖板以及绝缘拉杆附近的气—固沿面电场严重超标,易造成沿面闪络。依据气—固复合绝缘理论,采取增加均压屏蔽网、改进绝缘壳体外观结构、重新设计绝缘拉杆等措施进行电场优化。通过仿真分析,优化设计后的固封极柱灭弧室端盖附近沿面最大场强由3.4 kV/mm降至2.03 kV/mm,绝缘拉杆沿面最大场强由4.1 kV/mm降至1.7 kV/mm。对优化前后的固封极柱进行了局部放电和雷电冲击耐压试验,局部放电试验的起弧电压由35 kV提升到62 kV,雷电冲击耐压试验的峰值耐受电压由145 kV提升到218 kV,证明了优化方案的可行性,为后续40.5 kV及更高电压等级的类似固封极柱的研发及优化提供了有关参考。

1200 kV雷电冲击电压标准测量系统

目前,冲击电压测量系统溯源所需的国家计量标准系统额定电压只有700 kV,无法满足3500 kV及以上的特高压电器的溯源需求。对研制的1200 kV电阻分压器进行结构分析,并对建立的1200 kV冲击电压测量系统进行性能测试及改进,在700 kV电压范围内与已有的700 kV冲击电压国家标准测量系统进行比对校准,在700 kV至1200 kV电压范围进行线性度实验。对1200 kV标准冲击电压测量系统进行了不确定度评定,评定结果表明研制的1200 kV雷电冲击电压标准测量系统的试验电压、波前时间、半峰值时间的测量误差均在国际标准IEC 60060及国家标准GB/T 16927允许范围内,将我国的冲击电压国家标准测量系统额定电压等级提高至1200 kV。

触发闪电环境下地网冲击接地电阻特征分析

基于触发闪电技术,研究了2019年夏季8次触发闪电44次回击、5次初始连续电流脉冲(ICCP)和24次M分量对冲击接地电阻的影响,探索了冲击接地电阻随雷电流注入的动态变化规律。结果发现:闪电放电ICCP、M分量和回击过程冲击接地电阻均小于工频接地电阻,ICCP和叠加在回击回落之后连续电流上的M分量冲击接地电阻略大于回击过程,平均值分别为11.2Ω和10.8Ω。叠加在回击下降沿上的M分量冲击接地电阻平均值7.8Ω,明显小于回击过程,最小值可达2.4Ω。ICCP和M分量冲击接地电阻随电流增加而减小,回击过程与电流峰值没有明显的相关性。叠加在回击下降沿上的M分量冲击接地电阻随雷电流峰值、背景电流值的增加呈指数衰减关系,还与之前回击电流峰值成一定的反比例关系。随着闪电回击电流的注入,冲击接地电阻呈现动态变化过程,小电流在回击峰值下降后出现一个缓慢增长的过程,大电流在回击峰值下降后出现一个快速下降的过程。闪电不同物理过程火花和电感效应的作用是不同的,两者共同作用决定了土壤的电离程度,从而决定了冲击接地电阻的大小和变化。

高海拔地区绝缘子并联间隙雷电冲击试验研究

针对阿里联网工程中海拔4000 m以上线路的雷电防护需求,设计并试制了高海拔地区用110 kV、220 kV电压等级的绝缘子串并联间隙,每个等级的并联间隙依据基准绝缘子串长度的85%和90%设计有两种不同的结构型式,在西藏国家电网高海拔试验基地对绝缘子串和并联间隙开展了雷电冲击特性试验,测试研究了高海拔110 kV、220 kV瓷绝缘子串以及不同型式并联间隙的雷电冲击50%放电电压、伏秒特性和并联间隙保护有效性。试验结果表明,所有型式的并联间隙均能有效疏导电弧路径保护绝缘子串免遭电弧烧蚀,而考虑到并联间隙伏秒特性曲线较绝缘子串的应降低10%以上,110 kV电压等级并联间隙适合选用85%间隙距离型式,220 kV电压等级并联间隙两种型式则均可满足运行需求。

66kV干式变压器雷电冲击试验故障分析

本文中作者针对研发的一台66kV等级干式变压器雷电冲击试验过程出现的故障进行了研究,通过有限元仿真方法复现了试验故障原因,并通过仿真数据优化设计方案后,使得产品顺利通过了试验验证,证明了仿真分析的有效性及准确性。

配网复合绝缘横担防雷试验研究及耐雷水平计算

传统铁横担上使用的绝缘子雷电冲击50%击穿电压(U50%)比较低,存在绝缘导线雷击断线的情况。因此,绝缘性能好、强度高、质量轻的复合绝缘横担开始受到人们的广泛关注,有利于提高配电网的耐雷水平。为了进一步研究复合绝缘横担的防雷性能,本文在不同海拔地区开展雷电冲击闪络试验,得到了10 kV复合绝缘横担的U50%和伏秒特性曲线。并在试验的基础上,利用电磁暂态程序(ATP-EMTP)建立了10 kV线路雷击仿真模型,分析计算复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平。结果表明:在海拔为22 m地区,复合绝缘横担的正、负极性U50%分别为415.43 kV和589.14 kV,而针式绝缘子的正、负极性U50%分别为151.05 kV和200.77 kV。在海拔为2 100 m地区,复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平降低了20%左右,但仍远高于针式绝缘子。因此,复合绝缘横担展现出优异的防雷性能,具有广阔的应用前景。

不均匀积污绝缘子雷电冲击闪络特性

自然条件下,绝缘子呈现不均匀积污状态,对绝缘子的雷电冲击闪络电压有较大影响。为此,该文以XP-70和LXY-70绝缘子为研究对象,在重庆大学雪峰山能源装备安全国家野外科学观测研究站进行不均匀积污绝缘子在预加交流电压后的雷电冲击闪络试验,并对其闪络特性进行分析。试验结果表明,在不均匀积污条件下存在非常明显的极性效应,且出现了极性反转现象。在相同等值附盐密度(ESDD)下,随着不均匀积污比(T/B)的减小,预加交流电压作用下的泄漏电流随之减小,而绝缘子串的闪络电压呈现上升趋势。此外,通过超高速摄像机拍摄的不均匀积污绝缘子的闪络过程发现,不均匀积污绝缘子下表面会率先形成非连续的局部电弧,局部电弧沿面快速发展最终导致闪络。最后,建立了普通瓷绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子的雷电冲击闪络电压梯度方程,并对其进行验证,结果表明计算值与试验值的相对误差在±6.56%之内。

雷电冲击作用下土体的变形特性分析

为研究雷电冲击作用下土体的变形特性,应用冲击波理论描述雷电冲击压力,基于麦克斯韦方程推导雷电在土中产生的电磁力表达式,采用Drucker-Prager弹塑性准则,建立雷电冲击压力和电磁力作用下的土体动态变形特性有限元模型,通过瞬态计算深入探究雷击过程中土体的变形特性,并结合土中应力分布特征对变形进行动力分析,采用正交分析法研究土体力学参数对模型结果的影响以及主次因素排序,分析主要因素和雷电流峰值对模型结果的影响规律。结果表明:一定雷电冲击作用下,土体变形呈先急剧增加而后变形速率逐渐减缓,经过部分回弹后再趋于稳定,在此过程中,土中应力变化动态规律与应力波传播规律类似;土体内摩擦角和弹性模量对土体变形的影响相对较为显著,参数较小时将造成明显的变形增加,且内摩擦角的改变将影响表面土体竖向变形曲线分布规律;此外,随着雷电流峰值的增大,电磁力对土体变形的影响程度显著提升。

一起柔性直流输电系统启动电阻试验异常分析

针对一起柔性直流输电系统启动电阻雷电冲击试验电流波形异常的原因进行分析,提出启动电阻优化堆叠结构及增加绝缘设计裕度等改进措施,为今后类似问题提供参考方案。

连续雷电冲击下的变压器油纸绝缘老化特性

随着气候的持续变暖,雷暴极端天气频繁出现,变压器面临连续雷电冲击电压的威胁,导致变压器油纸绝缘受损,运行存在安全风险。为了模拟变压器在极端雷暴环境下的运行状况,搭建了雷电冲击试验平台,并通过对油纸绝缘模型施加不同次数的雷电冲击电压,研究连续雷电冲击电压作用对油纸绝缘老化特性的影响。对受到不同雷电冲击次数的样品进行了极化/去极化电流测试,并利用扫描电镜观测了绝缘纸的微观形态变化,开展了绝缘纸抗拉强度测试和绝缘油微水含量测量。随后,分析了纤维结构的变化对绝缘纸应力-应变的影响,利用id(t)t–lnt曲线获得了去极化陷阱能级密度谱,并对陷阱能级、密度随老化程度的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,随着雷电冲击次数的增加,绝缘纸的纤维结构劣化程度加深,应力峰值下降,油纸绝缘的极化、去极化电流曲线以及去极化陷阱曲线均上移,去极化陷阱密度曲线峰值和峰值时间常数增加。应力峰值的下降是绝缘纸纤维劣化的宏观体现,去极化陷阱曲线峰值和峰值时间常数可以作为油纸绝缘在雷电冲击作用下的老化特征量。

配电变压器振荡型雷电冲击试验波形产生及调节方法研究

振荡型雷电冲击具有产生效率高、易于调波的特点适合在现场试验应用。文中针对配电变压器的参数和结构特点,提出振荡型雷电冲击电压的产生方法,研究了波形影响因素和现场调波方法。在仿真的基础上,在10kV配电变压器上开展试验。结果表明,配电变压器振荡型雷电冲击试验可以采用低压开路的接线方式获得满足标准要求的振荡型雷电冲击波形。通过调节调波电感可以改变振荡型冲击电压波前时间和振荡频率,调节波头电阻和波尾电阻可以改变波尾时间。利用文中所研究方法,可以在配电变压器上产生符合IEC60060-3:2006规定的振荡型雷电冲击电压。

航空电磁超材料雷电冲击放电特性

随着航空电磁超材料在飞行器雷达天线罩的推广使用,其雷电防护问题亟待解决。针对方框型电磁超材料,使用冲击电压发生器、高速摄像机、普通摄像机,针对电磁超材料板的U50%冲击电压及放电路径开展试验,研究不同接地方式、不同电压极性的组合间隙及沿面放电特性。试验结果表明:方框型超材料沿面放电形貌受正、负极性电压的影响不大,表现为不规则的折线形放电路径,放电主通道并不唯一,同时存在流向另一接地位置的次级放电通道,越靠近放电附着点区域,次级放电通道越多,整个沿面放电形貌呈网状分布;雷电冲击电压下存在多条沿面主放电通路,组合间隙击穿前电磁超材料表面会产生沿面自放电通路,其沿面自放电通路为最终沿面主放电通路之一;组合间隙冲击放电流注发展过程的放电特性主要与电压极性相关,正极性冲击电压下由高压棒电极产生向下发展的下行流注,电磁超材料表面只有较弱的起晕;负极性冲击电压下分别产生对向发展的上、下行流注;雷电冲击电压下电磁超材料表面大量金属微结构单元阵列会产生上行流注和沿面自放电通路,其容易将雷电主放电通道引向超材料天线罩,导致分流条屏蔽失效。