The Importance of the Shape Parameter in a Bulk Parameterization Scheme to the Evolution of the Cloud Droplet Spectrum during Condensation

The shape parameter of the Gamma size distribution plays a key role in the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum in the bulk parameterization schemes. However, due to the inaccurate specification of the shape parameter in the commonly used bulk double-moment schemes, the cloud droplet spectra cannot reasonably be described during the condensation process. Therefore, a newly-developed triple-parameter condensation scheme with the shape parameter diagnosed through the number concentration, cloud water content, and reflectivity factor of cloud droplets can be applied to improve the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum. The simulation with the new parameterization scheme was compared to those with a high-resolution Lagrangian bin scheme, the double-moment schemes in a parcel model, and the observation in a 1.5D Eulerian model that consists of two cylinders. The new scheme with the shape parameter varying with time and space can accurately simulate the evolution of the cloud droplet spectrum. Furthermore, the volume-mean radius and cloud water content simulated with the new scheme match the Lagrangian analytical solutions well, and the errors are steady, within approximately 0.2%.

Sensitivity of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG(GAMILI.I.0)Climate Simulations to Cloud Droplet Effective Radius and Liquid Water Path

This paper documents a study to examine the sensitivity to cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path and the alleviation the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface in the latest version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP） （GAMIL1.1.0）. Considerable negative biases in all flux components, and thus an energy imbalance, are found in GAMIL1.1.0. In order to alleviate the energy imbalance, two modifications, namely an increase in cloud droplet effective radius and a decrease in cloud liquid water path, have been made to the cloud properties used in GAMIL. With the increased cloud droplet effective radius, the single scattering albedo of clouds is reduced, and thus the reflection of solar radiation into space by clouds is reduced and the net solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere is increased. With the reduced cloud optical depth, the net surface shortwave radiation flux is increased, causing a net warming over the land surface. This results in an increase in both sensible and latent heat fluxes over the land regions, which is largely balanced by the increased terrestrial radiation fluxes. Consequently, the energy balance at the top of atmosphere and at the surface is achieved with energy flux components consistent with available satellite observations.

Broadening of cloud droplet size distributions and warm rain initiation associated with turbulence: an overview

In the study of warm clouds,there are many outstanding questions.Cloud droplet size distributions are much wider,and warm rain is initiated in a shorter time and with a shallower cloud depth than theoretical expectations.This review summarizes the studies related to the effects of turbulent fluctuations and turbulent entrainment-mixing on the broadening of droplet size distributions and warm rain initiation,including observational,laboratorial,numerical,and theoretical achievements.Particular attention is paid to studies by Chinese scientists since the 1950s,since most results have been published in Chinese.The review reveals that high-resolution observations and simulations,and laboratory experiments,are needed because knowledge of the detailed physical processes involved in the effects of turbulence and entrainment-mixing on cloud microphysics still remains elusive.The effects of turbulent fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes have been unrealistically separated in most theoretical studies.They could be unified by further advancement of a systems theory into a predictive theory.Developing parameterizations for the effects of fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes is still in its infancy,and more studies are warranted.

Spectral dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions and radar threshold reflectivity for drizzle

From first principles, we find that the radar threshold reflectivity between nonprecipitating clouds and precipitating clouds is strongly related to not only the cloud droplet number concentration but also the spectral dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions. The further investigation indicates that the threshold value is an increasing function of spectral dispersion and cloud droplet number concentration. These results may improve our understanding of the cloud-precipitation interaction and the aerosol indirect effect.

Relationships between Cloud Droplet Spectral Relative Dispersion and Entrainment Rate and Their Impacting Factors

Cloud microphysical properties are significantly affected by entrainment and mixing processes.However,it is unclear how the entrainment rate affects the relative dispersion of cloud droplet size distribution.Previously,the relationship between relative dispersion and entrainment rate was found to be positive or negative.To reconcile the contrasting relationships,the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model is used to determine the underlying mechanisms.When evaporation is dominated by small droplets,and the entrained environmental air is further saturated during mixing,the relationship is negative.However,when the evaporation of big droplets is dominant,the relationship is positive.Whether or not the cloud condensation nuclei are considered in the entrained environmental air is a key factor as condensation on the entrained condensation nuclei is the main source of small droplets.However,if cloud condensation nuclei are not entrained,the relationship is positive.If cloud condensation nuclei are entrained,the relationship is dependent on many other factors.High values of vertical velocity,relative humidity of environmental air,and liquid water content,and low values of droplet number concentration,are more likely to cause the negative relationship since new saturation is easier to achieve by evaporation of small droplets.Further,the signs of the relationship are not strongly affected by the turbulence dissipation rate,but the higher dissipation rate causes the positive relationship to be more significant for a larger entrainment rate.A conceptual model is proposed to reconcile the contrasting relationships.This work enhances the understanding of relative dispersion and lays a foundation for the quantification of entrainment-mixing mechanisms.

风云卫星数据应用以及在云物理中的研究综述

风云四号卫星作为中国新一代地球同步轨道气象卫星,自2016年发射以来,在气象观测和预报、自然灾害监测以及气候变化研究等方面发挥了重要作用。为探究风云四号卫星数据在未来航空气象以及探讨研究云滴尺度廓线上的重要性,综述了风云气象卫星数据在气象监测的运用。同时也结合了云物理的相关研究,为未来卫星数据反演云滴尺度廓线提供新的思路,通过深入分析卫星数据与云物理参数之间的关系,卫星数据的广泛运用以及云微物理的研究提供全面的理论基础和实践指导。同时,也为未来的气象卫星应用和云物理研究提供了新的视角和方法。

液滴群在两段自着火条件下的内群燃烧及向外群燃烧的转变数值模拟分析

利用数值模拟研究了正庚烷和正十二烷液滴群在两段自着火条件下的内群燃烧及向外群燃烧转变的机理.首先分别分析了冷火焰和热火焰内群燃烧的火焰结构.进一步比较发现,虽然正庚烷与正十二烷的挥发性不同,但液滴群参数相同时其燃烧阶段一致,通过对时间尺度和蒸发进程的分析发现,该现象的原因为液滴群内燃烧是蒸发控制的物理过程,挥发性不同仅影响不同过程发生的时间.最后,对液滴群内燃烧向外燃烧过渡的算例展开分析,发现液滴群内燃烧火焰穿透整个液滴群后,液滴群内部氧气减少,形成了富燃的区域,而液滴群外部形成了传统的扩散火焰.

Aircraft Observations of Liquid and Ice in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase Clouds

ABSTRACT This paper reports airborne measurements of midlatitude altostratus clouds observed over Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China on 3 March 2007. The case demonstrates mixed-phase conditions at altitudes from 3200 to 4600 m （0°C to -7.6°C）, with liquid water content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g m-3. In the observed mixed-phase cloud, liquid water content exhibited a bimodal distribution, whereas the maximum ice particle concentration was located in the middle part of the cloud. The liquid and ice particle data showed significant horizontal variability on the scale of a few hundred meters. The cloud droplet concentration varied greatly over the horizontal sampling area. There was an inverse relationship between the cloud droplet concentration and ice particle concentration. A gamma distribution provided the best description of the cloud droplet spectra. The liquid droplet distributions were found to increase in both size and concentration with altitude. It was inferred from the profile of the spectra parameters that the cloud droplet sizes tend to form a quasi-monodisperse distribution. Ice particle spectra in the cloud were fitted well by an exponential distribution. Finally, a remarkable power law relationship was found between the slope （λ） and intercept （No） parameters of the exponential size distribution.

Relationship between Cloud Characteristics and Radar Reflectivity Based on Aircraft and Cloud Radar Co-observations

Cloud properties were investigated based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observation conducted at Yitong, Jilin, Northeast China. The aircraft provided in situ measurements of cloud droplet size distribution, while the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar vertically scanned the same cloud that the aircraft penetrated. The reflectivity factor calculated from aircraft measurements was compared in detail with sinmltaneous radar observations. The results showed that the two reflectivities were comparable in warm clouds, but in ice cloud there were more differences, which were probably associated with the occurrence of liquid water. The acceptable agreement between reflectivities obtained in water cloud confirmed that it is feasible to derive cloud properties by using aircraft data, and hence for cloud radar to remotely sense cloud properties. Based on the dataset collected in warm clouds, the threshold of reflectivity to diagnose drizzle and cloud particles was studied by analyses of the probability distribution function of reflectivity from cloud particles and drizzle drops. The relationship between refiectivity factor （Z） and cloud liquid water content （LWC） was also derived from data on both cloud particles and drizzle. In comparison with cloud droplets, the relationship for drizzle was blurred by many scatter points and thus was less evident. However, these scatters could be partly removed by filtering out the drop size distribution with a large ratio of reflectivity and large extinction coefficient but small effective radius. Empirical relationships of Z-LWC for both cloud particles and drizzle could then be derived.

Fundamentals on Thermodynamic Processes behind Clouds’ and Rainfalls’ Formation

The prevailing idea so far about why the rainfall occurs was that after agglutination of water droplets with condensation nuclei, the size of the particle formed by the condensation nuclei connected with droplets of water increased considerably and caused its fall. This idea has led to numerous scientific publications in which empirical distribution functions of clouds’ water droplets sizes were proposed. Estimates values provided by these empirical distribution functions, in most cases, were validated by comparison with UHF Radar measurements. The condensation nuclei concept has not been sufficiently exploited and this has led meteorologists to error, in their attempt to describe the clouds, thinking that clouds were formed by liquid water droplets. Indeed, MBANE BIOUELE paradox (2005) confirms this embarrassing situation. In fact, when applying Archimedes theorem to a liquid water droplet suspended in the atmosphere, we obtain a meaningless inequality ?which makes believe that the densities of pure water in liquid and solid phases are much lower than that of the atmosphere considered at the sea level. This meaningless inequality is easy to contradict: of course, if you empty a bottle of pure liquid water in the ocean (where z is equal to 0), this water will not remain suspended in the air, i.e., application of Archimedes’ theorem allows realizing that there is no liquid (or solid) water droplet, suspended in the clouds. Indeed, all liquid (or solid) water droplets which are formed in clouds, fall under the effect of gravity and produce rains. This means that our current description of the clouds is totally wrong. In this study, we describe the clouds as a gas composed of dry air and saturated water vapor whose optical properties depend on temperature, i.e., when the temperature of a cloud decreases, the color of this gaseous system tends towards white.

西北地区气溶胶垂直分布及其对云微物理影响的飞机观测个例研究

气溶胶分布及其影响云微物理过程对地气系统的辐射平衡及区域乃至全球水循环产生复杂影响,也是气溶胶间接效应关注的热点和重点。利用2021年9月3日在西北地区开展的气溶胶和云的飞机观测个例资料,分析了气溶胶垂直分布及气溶胶与CCN、云滴浓度的关系。结果表明:(1)气溶胶数浓度垂直变化为四层,各层间气溶胶数浓度、有效直径、尺度谱分布均存在明显不同,大气逆温层结对气溶胶垂直分布有重要影响;近地层气溶胶数浓度可达8183.2 cm^(-3)。(2)垂直方向上CCN与气溶胶数浓度之间有较好的线性正相关性。气溶胶活化比率(CCN/Na)较低,低于0.5,气溶胶尺度越大、浓度越低越容易活化成为CCN。(3)对空中CCN的活化谱进行拟合表明西北地区属于清洁大陆型核谱。(4)同高度云内气溶胶数浓度与云滴数浓度和LWC之间有很强的负相关性,相比云外,云内气溶胶浓度明显降低,气溶胶谱增宽,云滴数浓度和LWC均增加,有效直径增大,云侧边界受夹卷混合过程和云滴未过饱和蒸发的影响导致气溶胶数浓度增加和有效直径增大。(5)云下气溶胶与云滴数浓度之间为线性正相关关系,气溶胶转化为云滴的比率为35%;过饱和度0.6%条件下,云下CCN与云滴数浓度之间为线性正相关关系,CCN转化为云滴的比率为38%。

不同污染背景下云滴谱离散度对云降水模拟影响的个例研究

云滴谱离散度是云雨自动转化过程参数化中不可忽视的重要参数,对地面降水有着重要的影响。本文利用WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Chemistry)模式,对发生在2019年1月3~6日长江中下游地区的一次降水过程进行了模拟。在清洁和污染的气溶胶背景下,设定不同的云滴谱离散度的数值(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9和1.0),研究云降水微物理的变化。结果表明,该个例降水主要来源于云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程。在清洁条件下的地面累计降水量大于在污染条件下的累计降水量,这是因为在清洁条件下云滴数浓度小,有利于云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程。虽然云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程占主导,但导致地面累计降水量随云滴谱离散度增大而增大的主要原因是:随着云滴谱离散度的增大,冰粒子质量浓度增大,导致融化过程增强,产生更多的雨滴,从而增强地表降水。所得结果将提高我们对云降水对气溶胶和离散度响应过程的理论认识。

云中湍流特征及其在云降水中的作用研究进展

大气湍流是一种无序的、非确定性的大气运动,它可提高云滴碰撞效率,加速云滴增长速度,在云和降水形成及发展过程中起着十分重要的作用。本文综述了国内外近60 a来云中湍流的研究进展,重点介绍了云宏微观结构特征及云中湍流对云滴碰并增长方面取得的研究成果,以期为进一步观测研究云动力学过程、完善湍流-云微物理相互作用理论及优化云参数化方案提供重要参考。

云雾场多尺度水滴和冰晶粒子的脉冲激光后向散射特性

为研究云层中冰晶和水滴粒子的尺度、散射等光学特性对飞行结冰的影响,该文基于联合散射理论,建立多尺度水滴和冰晶粒子的激光后向散射模型,分析了水滴与冰晶粒子的光学特性对后向散射的影响。结合工程应用模拟云雾场实验环境,测试不同粒子浓度下的1.064μm和0.532μm激光后向散射。结果表明,随着云粒子浓度增加,云层后向散射发光强度增大,实测数据与理论数据最大误差不高于7%。0.532μm波长激光的后向散射功率明显高于1.064μm波长激光,云雾场后向散射与粒子浓度几乎呈线性增长,并且冰云的后向散射系数普遍高于水云,差异可达到2~30倍。

基于70 m^(3)膨胀云室的暖云滴谱试验研究

为开展云降水微物理过程机理和机制室内试验研究,设计建造北京气溶胶与云相互作用云室(Beijing aerosol and cloud interaction chamber,BACIC),搭建完整的气溶胶、云滴谱及常规气象要素测量系统,并于2019—2021年开展暖云试验。结果表明:BACIC能够模拟大气绝热膨胀成云过程,结果符合云微物理基本原理,云雾环境维持时间为5~10 min,达到开展相关科学问题研究的基本要求。利用环境气溶胶开展膨胀试验,测量显示气溶胶数浓度为10000 cm^(-3)和2500 cm^(-3)环境下,成云云滴数浓度分别为2500 cm^(-3)和200~400 cm^(-3),云滴平均直径分别为8μm和15~25μm;上升速度为14.3 m·s^(-1)和2.09 m·s^(-1)时,气溶胶成云活化率分别为42%和17%;气溶胶成云活化率的敏感区域位于气溶胶数浓度小于5000 cm^(-3)的区域;可定量化分析上升速度、气溶胶数浓度与云滴谱特征的相关关系。不同吸湿特性材料的暖云膨胀试验显示:污染背景下开展亚微米级别吸湿性催化剂播撒会导致云滴谱变窄,表明人工消减暖云或雾应采用大粒径催化剂。

云滴谱离散度的理论、观测和数值模拟研究进展

云滴谱离散度(ε)作为衡量云滴粒子尺度分布以及离散程度的参数,在气溶胶-云-降水过程中有着重要作用。其中ε与云滴(N_(c))或背景气溶胶数浓度(N_(d))的相关关系是描述云内微物理和动力过程,以及量化气溶胶对云和降水影响的重要因子之一。很多气溶胶间接效应的研究中,未考虑云滴谱离散度带来的影响,这使得相关理论研究和模式模拟仍然具有一定的局限性。本文基于云滴谱离散度的概念,从多个方面回顾了近年来云滴谱离散度相关理论、观测和数值模拟研究进展,包括ε与N_(c)或N_(d)的相关性,云滴谱离散度对云中微物理参量和动力过程的影响机制,以及由云滴谱离散度引起的气溶胶间接效应的估算及其不确定性等。从过往研究来看,影响ε的因素很多,不仅是云滴数浓度,还包括云中的上升速度、液水含量等,甚至气溶胶的理化特性、云中的凝结、碰并、夹卷和蒸发等过程都会对ε产生不同的影响。背景气溶胶浓度的变化一定程度上会改变云滴尺度和浓度分布进而影响ε。受地区差异和云条件影响,ε与N_(c)或N_(d)的相关性存在很大差别,既有正相关也有负相关,甚至不相关。即使针对同一云团,在云的不同部位甚至云的不同发展阶段,ε可呈现出不同程度的变化。ε可通过改变暖云的云水-雨水转化效率从而对降水即第二间接效应产生影响;又可通过影响云滴有效半径从而改变云的光学特性来影响第一间接效应。不同的ε-N_(c)参数化关系会导致全球模式中间接效应的估算出现不同程度的抵消或增强,由此可导致地面气象场和降水分布发生改变。总之,ε与云中相关参量之间的关系以及对间接效应产生的影响还存在很大的不确定性,需要对背后的机理进行更加深入的研究。本文归纳总结了当前云滴谱离散度相关研究面临的问题和存在的挑战,对未来的研究重点和工作方向进行展望,部分结论可为进一步认识云滴谱离散度在气溶胶-云相互关系中的作用提供参考。

大陆性浓积云云滴谱离散度影响因子的飞机观测研究

利用2020年7月30日山西省人工增雨防雷技术中心在山西省忻州地区开展的大陆性浓积云飞机探测资料,分析了积云微物理参量、云滴谱离散度随时间和高度的变化以及云滴谱离散度的影响因子。结果表明,该大陆性浓积云云滴谱离散度随高度的增加先递增后递减,但变化范围较小。云滴谱离散度随数浓度、含水量增大而逐渐收敛,呈弱正相关关系;离散度与体积平均半径的相关性随体积平均半径的增大由正转负,与垂直速度呈现正相关关系。云中碰并过程对云滴谱离散度及其影响因子影响较大,建议未来云滴谱离散度的参数化增加对碰并过程的考虑。

云滴数浓度对大气颗粒污染物浓度影响的数学建模分析

目的降尘以不同形式存在于大气、水体、土壤和植物体内,作为物质交换的介质,通过食物链给人类身体健康造成威胁,为了调节云滴粒子半径,确定降尘过程的约束条件,数学建模分析云滴数浓度对大气颗粒污染物浓度的影响。方法获取云滴数浓度半径表达式,得出云滴浓度越大其半径越大,分析巨盐核与准稳态质量、热量的扩散传输过程对云滴数浓度与质量产生的影响,从而调节云滴粒子谱分布情况;依据云滴本身与云滴数浓度对降尘影响的分析结果,确定云滴数浓度大可以降低尘粒表面张力,使尘粒被吞没。结果云滴数浓度与大气降尘之间有最佳粒径比值,在该比值范围内云滴数浓度越大降尘效果越好。结论采用该方法可以获取云滴数浓度与大气颗粒污染物浓度之间的关系,为降尘技术提供参考价值。

内蒙古中部地区一次典型层状云的云微物理结构特征分析

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石家庄地区雾霾天气下云滴和云凝结核的分布特征

2009年5~10月在石家庄地区对雾霾天气下的近地面到高空的云雾滴和云凝结核（CCN）进行了7架次飞机探测.利用PMS云粒子测量仪器、机载温湿仪和连续气流纵向热梯度云凝结核仪获得的云雾粒子和云凝结核（CCN）探测资料,分析了层积云（Sc）和高积云（Ac）中云粒子浓度、液态含水量、粒子算术平均直径和粒子有效平均直径的垂直分布特征;分析了CCN垂直和水平分布特征以及谱分布.结果表明雾霾天气状况下,云滴数浓度在102个/cm3量级上.高云粒子粒径总体大于低云粒子.云含水量平均值范围为0.03~0.14g/m3;地面到600 m高度内,CCN值的平均值为3034cm-3（过饱和度S=0.3%）.对CCN的活化谱进行拟合表明石家庄属于典型大陆性核谱,云对CCN有消耗作用,逆温层的存在使得该区CCN浓度累积增加.