In basketball, each player’s skill level is the key to a team’s success or failure, the skill level is affected by many personal and environmental factors. A physics-informed AI statistics has become extremely impor...In basketball, each player’s skill level is the key to a team’s success or failure, the skill level is affected by many personal and environmental factors. A physics-informed AI statistics has become extremely important. In this article, a complex non-linear process is considered by taking into account the average points per game of each player, playing time, shooting percentage, and others. This physics-informed statistics is to construct a multiple linear regression model with physics-informed neural networks. Based on the official data provided by the American Basketball League, and combined with specific methods of R program analysis, the regression model affecting the player’s average points per game is verified, and the key factors affecting the player’s average points per game are finally elucidated. The paper provides a novel window for coaches to make meaningful in-game adjustments to team members.展开更多
A new approach to probability theory is presented with reference to statistics and statistical physics. At the outset, it is recognized that the “average man” of a population and the “average particle” of a gas ar...A new approach to probability theory is presented with reference to statistics and statistical physics. At the outset, it is recognized that the “average man” of a population and the “average particle” of a gas are only objects of thought, and not real entities which exist in nature. The concept of average (man) is generalized as a new concept of represental (man) whose epistemological status is intermediate between those of the particular (the man) and the universal (a man). This new concept has become necessary as a result of emergence of statistics as a new branch of human knowledge at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Probability is defined with reference to the represental. The concept of probability is the same in probability theory and in physics. But whereas in statistics the probabilities are estimated using random sequences, in statistical physics they are determined either by the laws of physics alone or by making use of the laws of probability also. Thus in physics we deal with probability at a more basic level than in statistics. This approach is free from most of the controversies we face at present in interpreting probability theory and quantum mechanics.展开更多
Understanding axon guidance is important for developing therapies to restore neuronal connections damaged by injury or disease. Axons migrate in response to extraceUular guidance molecules that induce or inhibit axon ...Understanding axon guidance is important for developing therapies to restore neuronal connections damaged by injury or disease. Axons migrate in response to extraceUular guidance molecules that induce or inhibit axon outgrowth activity within the axon. The direction of guidance is determined by the attractive and repulsive responses that the axon has to the guidance cues. In a deterministic model of guidance, the direction of guidance can be precisely determined if the attractive and repulsive effect that each cue has on the axon is known. But what if there are numerous attractive and repulsive responses induced by multiple guidance cues, and the direction of the attractive and repulsive events fluctuates？ If the effect that each attractive and repulsive event has on guidance becomes too complex to measure then understand- ing how each molecular cue influences the guidance decision becomes impossible.展开更多
This paper develops the non-equilibrium statistical fatigue damage theory to study the statistical behaviour of micro-crack for metals in magnetic field. The one-dimensional homogeneous crack system is chosen for stud...This paper develops the non-equilibrium statistical fatigue damage theory to study the statistical behaviour of micro-crack for metals in magnetic field. The one-dimensional homogeneous crack system is chosen for study. To investigate the effect caused by magnetic field on the statistical distribution of micro-crack in the system, the theoretical analysis on microcrack evolution equation, the average length of micro-crack, density distribution function of microcrack and fatigue fracture probability have been performed. The derived results relate the changes of some quantities, such as average length, density distribution function and fatigue fracture probability, to the applied magnetic field, the magnetic and mechanical properties of metals. It gives a theoretical explanation on the change of fatigue damage due to magnetic fields observed by experiments, and presents an analytic approach on studying the fatigue damage of metal in magnetic field.展开更多
Since Gibbs synthesized a general equilibrium statistical ensemble theory, many theorists have attempted to generalized the Gibbsian theory to non-equilibrium phenomena domain, however the status of the theory of non-...Since Gibbs synthesized a general equilibrium statistical ensemble theory, many theorists have attempted to generalized the Gibbsian theory to non-equilibrium phenomena domain, however the status of the theory of non-equilibrium phenomena can not be said as firm as well established as the Gibbsian ensemble theory. In this work, we present a framework for the non-equilibrium statistical ensemble formalism based on a subdynamic kinetic equation (SKE) rooted from the Brussels-Austin school and followed by some up-to-date works. The constructed key is to use a similarity transformation between Gibbsian ensembles formalism based on Liouville equation and the subdynamic ensemble formalism based on the SKE. Using this formalism, we study the spin-Boson system, as cases of weak coupling or strongly coupling, and obtain the reduced density operators for the Canonical ensembles easily.展开更多
Based on a nonequilibrium statistical operator, it has been shown that the fundamental scalar field provides a natural representation of the repulsive interaction that produces scattering in the system and thus motiva...Based on a nonequilibrium statistical operator, it has been shown that the fundamental scalar field provides a natural representation of the repulsive interaction that produces scattering in the system and thus motivates law of entropy increasing.展开更多
We use the ideas of a million black holes, at the boundary of contribution to the shift from Pre-Planckian to Planckian physics, as a summed up contribution from one million primordial black holes. I.e. this is assumi...We use the ideas of a million black holes, at the boundary of contribution to the shift from Pre-Planckian to Planckian physics, as a summed up contribution from one million primordial black holes. I.e. this is assuming a quantum bounce. This is an extension of work done by the author as to explain the nature of a transition from being tiny to when becomes 1 in value. Taking this into account, this article is a way to delineate the physics, inherent in the transition from to which puts a premium upon the growth of the inflaton, due to , with but with changing from , an 10255 increase in magnitude. This increase in magnitude may be the driver of subsequent inflation. When we have a pre quantum, especially if the inequality becomes an equality, and then the transition to marks the start of quantum gravity, whereas our black hole entropy model used to obtain a non zero entropy contribution from 1 million primordial relic black holes, as referenced, comes from Dr. Sen in an October 10 Run Run Shaw lecture in Stonybrook University.展开更多
First, we calculate the minimum length for the creation of a 1045 Hz relic Gravitational wave. Next, we look Padamababhan’s inflaton physics, and work done by the author for a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty principl...First, we calculate the minimum length for the creation of a 1045 Hz relic Gravitational wave. Next, we look Padamababhan’s inflaton physics, and work done by the author for a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty principle for constraints on a minimum time step. Sciama’s work in “Black hole explosions” (1982) gives us a linkage between a decay rate for black holes, in terms of a life time, and the mass, M of the black hole, which when combined with a simple exposition from Susskind and Hrabovsky (2013) for the most basic evolution the time change in energy E(t), which is how we form a first order treatment of the square of a minimum time step . We then reference what was done by Ng (2008) as far as infinite quantum statistics, for entropy as a particle count, and from first principle get constraints upon entropy production, as a function of boundaries on minimum time step. We assume massive Gravity, and obtain a peak 1036 Giga Hertz frequency range (1045 Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves, and Gravitons.展开更多
The old classical problems of theoretical physics are revisited from the point of view of nonlocal physics. Nonlocal physics leads to very complicated mathematical apparatus. Here, we explain the main principles of no...The old classical problems of theoretical physics are revisited from the point of view of nonlocal physics. Nonlocal physics leads to very complicated mathematical apparatus. Here, we explain the main principles of nonlocal physics using transparent considerations and animations.展开更多
The separation of rare earth elements using diatomite M45 from aqueous solutions was studied.The experimental isotherms for the adsorption of trivalent lanthanum,cerium,and neodymium cations on this adsorbent were qua...The separation of rare earth elements using diatomite M45 from aqueous solutions was studied.The experimental isotherms for the adsorption of trivalent lanthanum,cerium,and neodymium cations on this adsorbent were quantified under strongly acidic conditions(pH 2)at 298-328 K.The adsorption equilibria of these earth elements were analyzed using two statistical physics models(homogeneous and heterogeneous monolayer models).The results show that the adsorption of these ions implies a multiionic mechanism,which is exothermic.Si-containing functional groups are responsible for the adsorption of these rare-earth elements on the diatomite surface.A heterogeneous statistical physics model confirms that two Si-based functional groups participate in the separation of these cations.The calculated adsorption capacities at saturation follow the order:neodymium>cerium>lanthanum.Calculated interaction energies range from 28600 to 40100 J/mol,indicating physical adsorption on diatomite M45.This study demonstrates that diatomite M45 is a promising separation medium that can be used for the recovery of REEs dissolved in aqueous solutions via adsorption.展开更多
Pattern informatics (PI) model is one of the recently developed predictive models of earthquake phys- ics based on the statistical mechanics of complex systems. In this paper, retrospective forecast test of the PI mod...Pattern informatics (PI) model is one of the recently developed predictive models of earthquake phys- ics based on the statistical mechanics of complex systems. In this paper, retrospective forecast test of the PI model was conducted for the earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan region since 1988, exploring the possibility to apply this model to the estimation of time-dependent seismic hazard in continental China. Regional earthquake catalogue down to ML3.0 from 1970 to 2007 was used. The ‘target magnitude’ for the forecast test was MS5.5. Fifteen-year long ‘sliding time window’ was used in the PI calculation, with ‘anomaly training time window’ being 5 years and ‘forecast time window’ being 5 years, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test was conducted for the evaluation of the forecast result, showing that the PI forecast outperforms not only random guess but also the simple number counting approach based on the clustering hypothesis of earthquakes (the RI forecast). If the ‘forecast time window’ was shortened to 3 years and 1 year, respectively, the forecast capability of the PI model de- creased significantly, albeit outperformed random forecast. For the one year ‘forecast time window’, the PI result was almost comparable to the RI result, indicating that clustering properties play a more important role at this time scale.展开更多
5G network is expected to support massive user connections and exponentially increasing wireless services,which makes network security unprecedentedly important.Unlike traditional security-guaranteeing techniques whic...5G network is expected to support massive user connections and exponentially increasing wireless services,which makes network security unprecedentedly important.Unlike traditional security-guaranteeing techniques which rely heavily on cryptographic approaches at upper layers of the protocol stack,physical-layer security(PLS) solutions fully take advantages of the characteristics of wireless channels to degrade the received signal qualities at the malicious users,and realize keyless secure transmission via signal design and signal processing techniques.PLS avoids the difficulties in the distribution and management of secret keys,and provides flexible security levels through adaptive transmission protocol design.Moreover,PLS techniques match the features of 5G networks well.Therefore,the application of PLS to 5G networks is a promising solution to address the security threats.This article presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art PLS techniques,and discusses their applications in 5G networks.We first summarize the principle and advantages of PLS techniques,and point out the reasons why PLS is suitable for 5G networks.Then,we review the existing PLS methods in literature,and highlight severalPLS solutions that are expected to be applied in 5G networks.Finally,we conclude this article and figure out some further research directions.展开更多
This paper makes a detailed analysis of the vanous drawbacks of the continued use of adwhnistrative area in dividing urban and rural areas in spite of the serious discrepancies between urban admnistrative boundaries a...This paper makes a detailed analysis of the vanous drawbacks of the continued use of adwhnistrative area in dividing urban and rural areas in spite of the serious discrepancies between urban admnistrative boundaries and the 'real' urban space in China. The autiors believe that to solve this problem, it is essential to establish the concept of physical urban area with both adaptability to Chinese situation and intemational comparability and use it as the basis of urban-rural division and statistics. It is proposed that physical urban area should be defined in terms of prescribed minimum population scale, dngee of nonaghculturalization and population density.Based on extensive substantive research and a classifiotion of the space figurations of Chinese cities and towns, a new scheme to classify physical urban areas is proposed.展开更多
The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of rock is an important parameter required for design and analysis of rock structures,and rock mass classification.Uniaxial compression test is the direct method to obtain the UC...The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of rock is an important parameter required for design and analysis of rock structures,and rock mass classification.Uniaxial compression test is the direct method to obtain the UCS values.However,these tests are generally tedious,time-consuming,expensive,and sometimes impossible to perform due to difficult rock conditions.Therefore,several empirical equations have been developed to estimate the UCS from results of index and physical tests of rock.Nevertheless,numerous empirical models available in the literature often make it difficult for mining engineers to decide which empirical equation provides the most reliable estimate of UCS.This study evaluates estimation of UCS of rocks from several empirical equations.The study uses data of point load strength(Is(50)),Schmidt rebound hardness(SRH),block punch index(BPI),effective porosity(n) and density(ρ)as inputs to empirically estimate the UCS.The estimated UCS values from empirical equations are compared with experimentally obtained or measured UCS values,using statistical analyses.It shows that the reliability of UCS estimated from empirical equations depends on the quality of data used to develop the equations,type of input data used in the equations,and the quality of input data from index or physical tests.The results show that the point load strength(Is(50)) is the most reliable index for estimating UCS among the five types of tests evaluated.Because of type-specific nature of rock,restricting the use of empirical equations to the similar rock types for which they are developed is one of the measures to ensure satisfactory prediction performance of empirical equations.展开更多
文摘In basketball, each player’s skill level is the key to a team’s success or failure, the skill level is affected by many personal and environmental factors. A physics-informed AI statistics has become extremely important. In this article, a complex non-linear process is considered by taking into account the average points per game of each player, playing time, shooting percentage, and others. This physics-informed statistics is to construct a multiple linear regression model with physics-informed neural networks. Based on the official data provided by the American Basketball League, and combined with specific methods of R program analysis, the regression model affecting the player’s average points per game is verified, and the key factors affecting the player’s average points per game are finally elucidated. The paper provides a novel window for coaches to make meaningful in-game adjustments to team members.
文摘A new approach to probability theory is presented with reference to statistics and statistical physics. At the outset, it is recognized that the “average man” of a population and the “average particle” of a gas are only objects of thought, and not real entities which exist in nature. The concept of average (man) is generalized as a new concept of represental (man) whose epistemological status is intermediate between those of the particular (the man) and the universal (a man). This new concept has become necessary as a result of emergence of statistics as a new branch of human knowledge at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Probability is defined with reference to the represental. The concept of probability is the same in probability theory and in physics. But whereas in statistics the probabilities are estimated using random sequences, in statistical physics they are determined either by the laws of physics alone or by making use of the laws of probability also. Thus in physics we deal with probability at a more basic level than in statistics. This approach is free from most of the controversies we face at present in interpreting probability theory and quantum mechanics.
文摘Understanding axon guidance is important for developing therapies to restore neuronal connections damaged by injury or disease. Axons migrate in response to extraceUular guidance molecules that induce or inhibit axon outgrowth activity within the axon. The direction of guidance is determined by the attractive and repulsive responses that the axon has to the guidance cues. In a deterministic model of guidance, the direction of guidance can be precisely determined if the attractive and repulsive effect that each cue has on the axon is known. But what if there are numerous attractive and repulsive responses induced by multiple guidance cues, and the direction of the attractive and repulsive events fluctuates？ If the effect that each attractive and repulsive event has on guidance becomes too complex to measure then understand- ing how each molecular cue influences the guidance decision becomes impossible.
文摘This paper develops the non-equilibrium statistical fatigue damage theory to study the statistical behaviour of micro-crack for metals in magnetic field. The one-dimensional homogeneous crack system is chosen for study. To investigate the effect caused by magnetic field on the statistical distribution of micro-crack in the system, the theoretical analysis on microcrack evolution equation, the average length of micro-crack, density distribution function of microcrack and fatigue fracture probability have been performed. The derived results relate the changes of some quantities, such as average length, density distribution function and fatigue fracture probability, to the applied magnetic field, the magnetic and mechanical properties of metals. It gives a theoretical explanation on the change of fatigue damage due to magnetic fields observed by experiments, and presents an analytic approach on studying the fatigue damage of metal in magnetic field.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60874087the Grants from Wuhan University of Technology,in Canada by NSERC, MITACS, CIPI, MMO, and CITO
文摘Since Gibbs synthesized a general equilibrium statistical ensemble theory, many theorists have attempted to generalized the Gibbsian theory to non-equilibrium phenomena domain, however the status of the theory of non-equilibrium phenomena can not be said as firm as well established as the Gibbsian ensemble theory. In this work, we present a framework for the non-equilibrium statistical ensemble formalism based on a subdynamic kinetic equation (SKE) rooted from the Brussels-Austin school and followed by some up-to-date works. The constructed key is to use a similarity transformation between Gibbsian ensembles formalism based on Liouville equation and the subdynamic ensemble formalism based on the SKE. Using this formalism, we study the spin-Boson system, as cases of weak coupling or strongly coupling, and obtain the reduced density operators for the Canonical ensembles easily.
文摘Based on a nonequilibrium statistical operator, it has been shown that the fundamental scalar field provides a natural representation of the repulsive interaction that produces scattering in the system and thus motivates law of entropy increasing.
文摘We use the ideas of a million black holes, at the boundary of contribution to the shift from Pre-Planckian to Planckian physics, as a summed up contribution from one million primordial black holes. I.e. this is assuming a quantum bounce. This is an extension of work done by the author as to explain the nature of a transition from being tiny to when becomes 1 in value. Taking this into account, this article is a way to delineate the physics, inherent in the transition from to which puts a premium upon the growth of the inflaton, due to , with but with changing from , an 10255 increase in magnitude. This increase in magnitude may be the driver of subsequent inflation. When we have a pre quantum, especially if the inequality becomes an equality, and then the transition to marks the start of quantum gravity, whereas our black hole entropy model used to obtain a non zero entropy contribution from 1 million primordial relic black holes, as referenced, comes from Dr. Sen in an October 10 Run Run Shaw lecture in Stonybrook University.
文摘First, we calculate the minimum length for the creation of a 1045 Hz relic Gravitational wave. Next, we look Padamababhan’s inflaton physics, and work done by the author for a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty principle for constraints on a minimum time step. Sciama’s work in “Black hole explosions” (1982) gives us a linkage between a decay rate for black holes, in terms of a life time, and the mass, M of the black hole, which when combined with a simple exposition from Susskind and Hrabovsky (2013) for the most basic evolution the time change in energy E(t), which is how we form a first order treatment of the square of a minimum time step . We then reference what was done by Ng (2008) as far as infinite quantum statistics, for entropy as a particle count, and from first principle get constraints upon entropy production, as a function of boundaries on minimum time step. We assume massive Gravity, and obtain a peak 1036 Giga Hertz frequency range (1045 Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves, and Gravitons.
文摘The old classical problems of theoretical physics are revisited from the point of view of nonlocal physics. Nonlocal physics leads to very complicated mathematical apparatus. Here, we explain the main principles of nonlocal physics using transparent considerations and animations.
基金Supported by the Graduate Student Creative Foundation of Hunan University of Science and Technology under Grant No S080111, Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars from State Education Ministry of China under Grant No 527[2004]） and the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant No 06JJ2026.
基金The Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS)at King Khalid University,Saudi Arabia is acknowledged for funding this work under the grant number RCAMS/KKU/016-22。
文摘The separation of rare earth elements using diatomite M45 from aqueous solutions was studied.The experimental isotherms for the adsorption of trivalent lanthanum,cerium,and neodymium cations on this adsorbent were quantified under strongly acidic conditions(pH 2)at 298-328 K.The adsorption equilibria of these earth elements were analyzed using two statistical physics models(homogeneous and heterogeneous monolayer models).The results show that the adsorption of these ions implies a multiionic mechanism,which is exothermic.Si-containing functional groups are responsible for the adsorption of these rare-earth elements on the diatomite surface.A heterogeneous statistical physics model confirms that two Si-based functional groups participate in the separation of these cations.The calculated adsorption capacities at saturation follow the order:neodymium>cerium>lanthanum.Calculated interaction energies range from 28600 to 40100 J/mol,indicating physical adsorption on diatomite M45.This study demonstrates that diatomite M45 is a promising separation medium that can be used for the recovery of REEs dissolved in aqueous solutions via adsorption.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 10947138, and in part by the Research Foundation of Anhui Normal University under Grant No 2009xqn63.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2004CB418406)
文摘Pattern informatics (PI) model is one of the recently developed predictive models of earthquake phys- ics based on the statistical mechanics of complex systems. In this paper, retrospective forecast test of the PI model was conducted for the earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan region since 1988, exploring the possibility to apply this model to the estimation of time-dependent seismic hazard in continental China. Regional earthquake catalogue down to ML3.0 from 1970 to 2007 was used. The ‘target magnitude’ for the forecast test was MS5.5. Fifteen-year long ‘sliding time window’ was used in the PI calculation, with ‘anomaly training time window’ being 5 years and ‘forecast time window’ being 5 years, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test was conducted for the evaluation of the forecast result, showing that the PI forecast outperforms not only random guess but also the simple number counting approach based on the clustering hypothesis of earthquakes (the RI forecast). If the ‘forecast time window’ was shortened to 3 years and 1 year, respectively, the forecast capability of the PI model de- creased significantly, albeit outperformed random forecast. For the one year ‘forecast time window’, the PI result was almost comparable to the RI result, indicating that clustering properties play a more important role at this time scale.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No.61671369 and 61431011the National Science and Technology Major Project of China under Grant No.2016ZX03001012004+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks,Xidian University,under Grant No.ISN18-02the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘5G network is expected to support massive user connections and exponentially increasing wireless services,which makes network security unprecedentedly important.Unlike traditional security-guaranteeing techniques which rely heavily on cryptographic approaches at upper layers of the protocol stack,physical-layer security(PLS) solutions fully take advantages of the characteristics of wireless channels to degrade the received signal qualities at the malicious users,and realize keyless secure transmission via signal design and signal processing techniques.PLS avoids the difficulties in the distribution and management of secret keys,and provides flexible security levels through adaptive transmission protocol design.Moreover,PLS techniques match the features of 5G networks well.Therefore,the application of PLS to 5G networks is a promising solution to address the security threats.This article presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art PLS techniques,and discusses their applications in 5G networks.We first summarize the principle and advantages of PLS techniques,and point out the reasons why PLS is suitable for 5G networks.Then,we review the existing PLS methods in literature,and highlight severalPLS solutions that are expected to be applied in 5G networks.Finally,we conclude this article and figure out some further research directions.
文摘This paper makes a detailed analysis of the vanous drawbacks of the continued use of adwhnistrative area in dividing urban and rural areas in spite of the serious discrepancies between urban admnistrative boundaries and the 'real' urban space in China. The autiors believe that to solve this problem, it is essential to establish the concept of physical urban area with both adaptability to Chinese situation and intemational comparability and use it as the basis of urban-rural division and statistics. It is proposed that physical urban area should be defined in terms of prescribed minimum population scale, dngee of nonaghculturalization and population density.Based on extensive substantive research and a classifiotion of the space figurations of Chinese cities and towns, a new scheme to classify physical urban areas is proposed.
文摘The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of rock is an important parameter required for design and analysis of rock structures,and rock mass classification.Uniaxial compression test is the direct method to obtain the UCS values.However,these tests are generally tedious,time-consuming,expensive,and sometimes impossible to perform due to difficult rock conditions.Therefore,several empirical equations have been developed to estimate the UCS from results of index and physical tests of rock.Nevertheless,numerous empirical models available in the literature often make it difficult for mining engineers to decide which empirical equation provides the most reliable estimate of UCS.This study evaluates estimation of UCS of rocks from several empirical equations.The study uses data of point load strength(Is(50)),Schmidt rebound hardness(SRH),block punch index(BPI),effective porosity(n) and density(ρ)as inputs to empirically estimate the UCS.The estimated UCS values from empirical equations are compared with experimentally obtained or measured UCS values,using statistical analyses.It shows that the reliability of UCS estimated from empirical equations depends on the quality of data used to develop the equations,type of input data used in the equations,and the quality of input data from index or physical tests.The results show that the point load strength(Is(50)) is the most reliable index for estimating UCS among the five types of tests evaluated.Because of type-specific nature of rock,restricting the use of empirical equations to the similar rock types for which they are developed is one of the measures to ensure satisfactory prediction performance of empirical equations.
