Metallogenic Epoch of Nonferrous Metallic and Silver Deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China and its Geological Significance

As China＇s most important gold-producing district, the Jiaodong Peninsula also contains copper, lead-zinc, molybdenum （tungsten）, and other nonferrous metal ore deposits, but the space-time and genetic relationships with gold deposits remain uncertain. To investigate the temporal relationship between these nonferrous metal and gold ore deposits, We collected the samples from a number of nonferrous metallic and silver deposits and metallogenetic rock bodies in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula for isotopic dating. The results show that the Re-Os isotopic model ages of the Lengjia molybdenum deposit in Rongcheng range from 114.5 ± 1.8 Ma to 112.6 ± 1.5 Ma, with an average age of 113.6 ± 1.6 Ma; the LA-ICP-MS ^206pb/^238U ages of 33 zircons in the sericitization porphyritic monzogranite that hosts the Tongjiazhuang silver deposit in Rongcheng range between 122 Ma and 109 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 116.04 ± 0.95 Ma; the LA-ICP-MS ^206pb/^238U ages of 31 zircons in the copper metallogenic pyroxene monzodiorite that hosts the Kuangbei copper deposit in Rongcheng range from 126 Ma to 106 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 116.6 ± 1.7 Ma; and the LA-ICP-MS ^206pb/^238U ages of 19 zircons in the pyroxene monzodiorite surrounding the Dadengge gold and multimetal deposit in Weihai range from 113 Ma to 110 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 111.7 ± 0.6 Ma. All these results indicate that the metallogenic ages of the silver and nonferrous metallic deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula are in a limited range from 118 Ma to 111 Ma. Previous studies have demonstrated that the isotopic ages of gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula range from 123 Ma to 110 Ma, while Weideshanian magmatism occurred between 126 Ma to 108 Ma. Both these ranges are grossly consistent with the metallogenic ages of silver and nonferrous metallic deposits in this study, suggesting that the large-scale mineralization occurred in the Early Cretaceous when magmatic activities were strong. This epoch may be linked to the lithosphere thinning and the thermo-upwelling extension in eastern China at that time. In addition, field investigation also shows that gold and nonferrous metallic deposits are distributed nearby the Weideshanian granite, with the nonferrous metallic deposits lying within or surrounding the granite pluton and the gold deposits outside the granite pluton. We propose the following mineralization scenario： In the Early Cretaceous, an intensive lithospheric extension induced partial melting and degassing of the metasomatized lithospheric mantle, which resulted in the formation of mantle-derived fluids enriched in metal elements. During the rapid process of magma ascent and intrusion, crust-derived fluids were activated by the magmatic thermal dome and served to further extract ore-forming materials from the crust. These fluids may have mixed with the mantle-derived fluid to form a crust-mantle mixing-type ore-forming fluid. The high-temperature conditions in the center or in contact with the granitic magmatic thermal dome would have been favorable for the formation of porphyry-type, skarn-type, and hydrothermal-vein-type ores, thus forming a series of Mo（W）, Cu, and Pb-Zn deposits in the mid-eastern Jiaodong Peninsula. In contrast, the medium- to low-temperature conditions in the periphery of the magmatic thermal dome would have favored the deposition of gold （silver） ores under the appropriate physiochemical and structural conditions. The metaliogenic epoch of the molybdenum, copper, and silver deposits, and their spatio-temporal and genetic relations to the gold deposits, as demonstrated in this study, not only provide important insights to the study of regional metallogeny, our understanding of the metallogenesis of the Jiaodong type gold deposit, and the geodynamic background of the large-scale mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, but also have practical value in guiding the mineral exploration.

An experimental study on metal precipitation driven by fluid mixing: implications for genesis of carbonate-hosted lead–zinc ore deposits

A type of carbonate-hosted lead–zinc(Pb–Zn)ore deposits, known as Mississippi Valley Type(MVT)deposits, constitutes an important category of lead–zinc ore deposits. Previous studies proposed a fluid-mixing model to account for metal precipitation mechanism of the MVT ore deposits, in which fluids with metal-chloride complexes happen to mix with fluids with reduced sulfur, producing metal sulfide deposition. In this hypothesis, however, the detailed chemical kinetic process of mixing reactions, and especially the controlling factors on the metal precipitation are not yet clearly stated. In this paper, a series of mixing experiments under ambient temperature and pressure conditions were conducted to simulate the fluid mixing process, by titrating the metal-chloride solutions, doping withor without dolomite, and using NaHS solution. Experimental results, combined with the thermodynamic calculations, suggest that H_2S, rather than HS^-or S^(2-),dominated the reactions of Pb and/or Zn precipitation during the fluid mixing process, in which metal precipitation was influenced by the stability of metal complexes and the pH. Given the constant concentrations of metal and total S in fluids, the pH was a primary factor controlling the Pb and/or Zn metal precipitation. This is because neutralizing or neutralized processes for the ore-forming fluids can cause instabilities of Pb and/or Zn chloride complexes and re-distribution of sulfur species, and thus can facilitate the hydrolysis of Pb and Zn ions and precipitation of sulfides. Therefore, a weakly acidic to neutral fluid environment is most favorable for the precipitation of Pb and Zn sulfides associated with the carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposits.

Fluid Inclusion Geochemistry of Metallic Ore Deposits in the South- Central Sector of theDa Hinggan Mountains in China

Physicochemical parameters of mineralization such as temperature, pressure, salinity, density, composition and boiling of ore fluids as well as pH, Eh, fo2 and reducing parameter in theprocess of mineralization of major ore deposits in the study district have been obtained by the authors through systematic observation and determination of characteristics and phase changes of fluid inclusions at different temperatures and analysis of gaseous and liquid phase compositions of the inclusions, thus providing a scientific basis for the division of mineralization-alteration stages, types of mineral deposits and minerogenetic series and the deepening of the knowledge about the ore-forming processes and mechanisms of mineral deposits. It is indicated that the deposits of the same type have similar fluid inclusion geochemical features and physicochemical parameters though they belong to different minerogenetic series, while the compositions of inclusions are not conditioned by deposit types but closely related to the minerogenetic series of deposits.

An intelligent system for calculating the scale of rational,enlarged production of an underground non-ferrous metal mine

The enlarged production scale of underground non-ferrous metal mines is affected by many uncertain factors difficult to describe mathematically with any level of accuracy.The problem can be solved by a synthesis of artificial intelligence.Based on the analysis of the major factors affecting the scale of enlarged production,we first interpreted in detail the design principles and structure of the intelligent system.Secondly,we introduced an ANN subsystem.In order to ensure technological and scale efficien- cies of the training samples for ANN,we filtrated the samples with a DEA method.Finally,we trained the intelligent system,which was proved to be very efficient.

Cross-Lingual Non-Ferrous Metals Related News Recognition Method Based on CNN with A Limited Bi-Lingual Dictionary

To acquire non-ferrous metals related news from different countries’internet,we proposed a cross-lingual non-ferrous metals related news recognition method based on CNN with a limited bilingual dictionary.Firstly,considering the lack of related language resources of non-ferrous metals,we use a limited bilingual dictionary and CCA to learn cross-lingual word vector and to represent news in different languages uniformly.Then,to improve the effect of recognition,we use a variant of the CNN to learn recognition features and construct the recognition model.The experimental results show that our proposed method acquires better results.

Optimizing Non-Ferrous Metal Value from MSWI Bottom Ashes

The bottom ashes resulted annually from the incineration of municipal solid waste in Europe contain about 400,000 tonnes of metallic aluminium and 200,000 tonnes of heavy non-ferrous metals, such as copper and zinc. Efficient recovery of this non-ferrous metal resource requires state-of-the-art separation technologies and a continuous feedback of laboratory analyses of the metal products and the depleted bottom ash to the operators of the bottom ash treatment plants. A methodology is presented for the optimization of the production of non-ferrous metal value from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator bottom ash. Results for an incineration plant in the Netherlands show that efficient recycling can have a significant impact on value recovery as well as on non-ferrous metal recycling rates, producing up to 8% more revenue and 25% more metals from the ash.

Lithiophilic CoF_(2)@C hollow spheres towards spatial lithium deposition for stable lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal(LM)is a promising anode for next-generation batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low electrode potential.Nonetheless,side reactions,volume change,and unwanted lithium dendrite growth seriously limit the practical application of LM.Herein,with the aid of a hard template approach,a novel lithiophilic CoF_(2)-carbon hollow sphere(CoF_(2)@C-HS)composite material is successfully prepared via a facile in-situ fluorination and etching strategy.The lithiophilic CoF_(2) acts as nucleation sites to reduce nucleation overpotential as well as induces the spatial Li deposition and the formation of LiFrich solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),and the hollow carbon matrix can enhance the electrical conductivity and offer free space for LM deposition.Theoretical simulations reveal that the synergistic effect of lithiophilic CoF_(2) and hollow carbon matrix homogenizes the electric field distribution and Li~+flux.Benefiting from these advantages,the CoF_(2)@C-HS-modified copper substrate electrode delivers an enhanced Coulombic efficiency(CE)of 93.7%for 280 cycles at 1 mA cm^(-2)and 1 mA h cm^(-2).The symmetrical cell using CoF_(2)@C-HS can stably cycle more than 1800 h with a low voltage hysteresis of 11 mV at a current density of 0.5 MA cm^(-2)and an areal capacity of 0.5 mA h cm^(-2).Moreover,the Li@CoF_(2)@C-HS composite anode enables more than 300 stable cycles at 1 C with a capacity retention of 95%in LiFePO_(4)-based full cell and 110 stable cycles at 1 C in LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)-based highvoltage full cell.This work might shed a new light on designing lithiophilic hosts to spatially confine LM deposition,realizing dendrite-free LM anodes and the practical applications of LM batteries.

The subduction of the Copiapó aseismic ridge,is the causing of the formation of metallic minerals deposits in north of Chile and Argentina?

The results obtained in this work evince that the metallic mineral deposits located in the northern region of the Chilean-Pampean flat slab(in northern Chile and north-western Argentina),at approximately 27°30’S,would be related to the subduction of the Copiapo aseismic ridge.The analysis of the gravity anomalies and vertical gravity gradient allows inferring a deflection and truncation of the main trend of the Andean structures at the extrapolated zone of the Copiapo ridge beneath South America.Thus,the general NNE-trend of the Andean structures are rotated locally to an ENE-strike within the area of the Ojos del Salado-San Buena Ventura lineament.We explain that this anomalous behavior of the gravity derived anomalies is related to the deformational effects imprinted by the ridge subduction.Regions with a low subduction angle(<30° to horizontal)are related to large mineralization due to fluids released by dehydration of the subducting crust.In addition,a higher degree of mantle melting could be produced by a thicker oceanic crust.Therefore,we interpret that the processes associated to the subduction of the Copiapo aseismic ridge(emplaced on a thickened oceanic crust due to a local compensation of the seamounts)are the cause of formation and emplacement of big metallic mineral deposits in this region of Chile and Argentina.

Preparation and Microstructural Analysis of Smelting Waste Non-ferrous Metal Slag Geopolymer

The geopolymer samples were prepared with smelting waste slag of non-ferrous metal as the raw material and water glass as the activator. The effect of modulus of water glass and water binder ratio on the compressive strength was studied. The results show that the strength of the geopolymer activated by water glass with modulus of 1.1 and water binder ratio of 0.28 can maintain an increasing trend in the 90 curing days. Through the analyses with XRD, SEM（EDS）, and FTIR, the main reaction products are found to be geopolymer gels, which bond the crystalline minerals to provide strength. The molecular chains of amorphous phase in slag become shorter after depolymerization-polycondensation.

Geology, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope of the Early Cretaceous Sn and Associated Metal Deposits in the Southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: A Review

The Southern Great Xing’an Range(SGXR) hosts a number of Early Cretaceous Sn and associated metal deposits, which can be divided into three principal types according to their geological characteristics: skarn type deposits, porphyry type deposits and hydrothermal vein type deposits. Fluid inclusion assemblages of different types of deposits are quite different, which represent the complexities of metallogenic process and formation mechanism. CH4 and CO2 have been detected in fluid inclusions from some of deposits, indicating that the ore-forming fluids are affected by materials of Permian strata. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data from ore minerals and associated gangue minerals indicate that the initial ore fluids were dominated by magmatic waters, some of which had clearly exchanged oxygen with wall rocks during their passage through the strata. The narrow range for the δ34S values presumably reflects the corresponding uniformity of the ore forming fluids, and these δ34S values have been interpreted to reflect magmatic sources for the sulfur. The comparation between lead isotope ratios of ore minerals and different geological units’ also reveals that deeply seated magma has been a significant source of lead in the ores.

The Evolutionary History of Ore-forming Processes of Metallic Ore Deposits in Northern Guangxi

The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis shows features of polycyclic spiral evolution throughout the geological history. As far as various cycles are concerned, mantle-derived ore substances were reduced while crust-derived ore substances increased from early to late timesfin the whole geological evolutionary history, mantle-derived substances decreased gradually while crust-derived ones increased. Meanwhile ore element associations became more and more varied. In terms of space, mineralization migrated from the old basement outwards, i.e. from west to east during the Precambrian, and from north to south during the Phanerozoic, and again from east to west during the Yanshanian.

Non-ferrous Metal Industry in Hunan Province

In the last ten years (1982～1991) 2.26 Mt of 10 kinds of nonferrous metals had been pro-duced in Hunan Province. Up to date the mining capacity achieves 6.52 Mt, ore-dressing capacity--7.25 Mt, smelt capacity--334 kt and the processing capacity--113 kt. In 1991 the output of10 kinds of nonferrous metals amounted to 292.8 kt. At present Hunan Province produces alloys,oxides and other compounds for copper, aluminium, lead, zinc, antimony and mercury. Species ofrare-earth metals and its alloys produced in Hunan Province amount to 160 and more. In this

A Brief Introduction to the Rare Earths Research Institute,General Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals

The Rare Earths Research Institute(the former Rare Earths Research Laboratory)under the GRINM,the first institute to conduct R&D for rare earths(RE)industry in China,was founded in 1958.The Institutewas mainly engaged in the research work of comprehensive utilization of the mine at Baiyun-ebo,the largest

A Brief Introduction to the Rare Earths Research Institute,General Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals

The Rare Earths Research Institute(the former Rare Earths Research Laboratory)under the GRINM,the first institute to conduct R&D for rare earths(RE)industry in China,was founded in 1958.The Institutewas mainly engaged in the research work of comprehensive utilization of the mine at Baiyun-ebo,the largestRE mine in the world,and the ion adsorption type RE mineral in southern China.The ore decomposition,

Series Statistics Data of Non-ferrous Metals of China──Ⅰ Surveying

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Guangyuan Non-ferrous Metal Company

In the city Guangyuan,sited in the north of Sichuan Province,the Guangyuan Non-ferrousMetal Company had been established recently.The city plans to enter the non-ferrous metal indus-try in a list of key enterprises and to develop aluminium,lead and gold mainly.Some middle-scaleenterprices have been established,for example;Wuzhou Aluminium-electrolysis plant,Jialing

China's Non-Ferrous Metals Industry

China’s non-ferrous metals industry has constantly maintained a steady, rapid and healthy development since the reform and opening to the outside world. By the end of 1994, the annual output often kinds of common non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium, lead, and zinc had reached 3.701 million tons, a 12.2 percent increase over the previous year; the qualification rate of principal products and the output value rate of good quality products all achieved an increase over the previous year. China has

CHINA NATIONAL NON-FERROUS METAL INDUS- TRIAL CORPORATION

Since its founding in April 1983, the China National Non-ferrous Metal Industrial Corporation has developed into a giant enterprise group engaged in the production of non-ferrous metal mineral products, smelting products, processing products and recovery products, as well as geological prospecting, engineering survey, design, construction, equipment manufacture, the research and development of hi-tech prod-

Strengthening——Foreign Scientific Cooperation in the Non-ferrous Metal Industry

Since the China Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Corporation was founded, it has always adhered to the development principle of "Science and technology are a production force" and "Economic construction must rely on science and technology progress and science and technology must serve economic construction in return" to enhance the reform in the scientific research system. With support from the State and

Non-Ferrous Metals Export Trade

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the China non-ferrous metals export trade has steadily increased, foreign economic and technical cooperation has further expanded and foreign capital utilization and overseas development have achieved new breakthroughs.