China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES):A systems engineering perspective

China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES)deals with a long-term process of development of a multidisciplinary technical system.In the construction,maintenance,and upgrading of CSES,ideas of systems engineering play an important role.This article discusses several concepts which might be useful for CSES,including system metaphor,system performance evaluation,and system design.

An Analysis on the Experience and Routines of Experimental Site of New-countryside Construction of Xianhong in Hubei

The paper tends to make an empirical analysis on the experimental site of new countryside construction of Xianhong in Hubei, pointing out that the inner and outer dependence on routines of experimental construction. The paper also puts forward the beneficial policies, focusing on the agricultural production and fostering professional farmers, to reduce much dependence on routines.

China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES): Challenges of Deep Earth Exploration and Practice(DEEP)

Since May 2018,the planning,construction and functioning of China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES)has attracted much attention in earthquake science(CSES,2020 a,b,c;Wu,2020;Li et al.,2021).Different from traditional earthquake prediction experiment projects,such as the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment(Roeloffs,2000).

Evaluation of Unknown Groundwater Contaminant Sources Characterization Efficiency under Hydrogeologic Uncertainty in an Experimental Aquifer Site by Utilizing Surrogate Models

Characterization of unknown groundwater contaminant sources is an important but difficult step in effective groundwater management. The difficulties arise mainly due to the time of contaminant detection which usually happens a long time after the start of contaminant source(s) activities. Usually, limited information is available which also can be erroneous. This study utilizes Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) algorithms to develop surrogate models that can approximate the complex flow and transport processes in a contaminated aquifer. The important feature of these developed surrogate models is that unlike the previous methods, they can be applied independently of any linked optimization model solution for characterizing of unknown groundwater contaminant sources. The performance of the developed surrogate models is evaluated for source characterization in an experimental contaminated aquifer site within the heterogeneous sand aquifer, located at the Botany Basin, New South Wales, Australia. In this study, the measured contaminant concentrations and hydraulic conductivity values are assumed to contain random errors. Simulated responses of the aquifer to randomly specified contamination stresses as simulated by using a three-dimensional numerical simulation model are utilized for initial training of the surrogate models. The performance evaluation results obtained by using different surrogate models are also compared. The evaluation results demonstrate the different capabilities of the developed surrogate models. These capabilities lead to development of an efficient methodology for source characterization based on utilizing the trained and tested surrogate models in an inverse mode. The obtained results are satisfactory and show the potential applicability of the SOM and GPR-based surrogate models for unknown groundwater contaminant source characterization in an inverse mode.

Statement on the Tianshui Experimental Site of Soil and Water Conservation in 1940s

The Tianshui Experimental Site of Soil and Water Conservation was set up in 1942.Then the first construction publicized the thinking of soil and water conservation,and popularized the technologies of soil and water conservation and related plants.Their efforts established the foundation of the science of soil and water conservation with the first high-tech and high quality R&D team,and pushed the research of soil and water conservation building on the stage of systematization.All of this provided rare good scientific data and theoretical support for the soil and water conservation and the development of the regional economy in Northwest China.

Some Thoughts on the Earthquake Science Experimental Site——The Underground Cloud Map

The Western Yunnan Earthquake Predication Test Site set up jointly by the China Earthquake Administration,the National Science Foundation Commission of America,and United States Geological Survey has played an important role in development of early earthquake research work in China. Due to various objective reasons, most of the predicted targets in the earthquake prediction test site have not been achieved,and the development has been hindered. In recent years, the experiment site has been reconsidered,and renamed the "Earthquake Science Experimental Site". Combined with the current development of seismology and the practical needs of disaster prevention and mitigation,we propose adding the "Underground Cloud Map"as the new direction of the experimental site. Using highly repeatable, environmentally friendly and safe airgun sources,we could send constant seismic signals,which realizes continuous monitoring of subsurface velocity changes. Utilizing the high-resolution 3-D crustal structure from ambient noise tomography,we could obtain 4-D (3-D space+1-D time) images of subsurface structures, which we termed the "Underground Cloud Map". The"Underground Cloud Map" can reflect underground velocity and stress changes,providing new means for the earthquake monitoring forecast nationwide,which promotes the conversion of experience-based earthquake prediction to physics-based prediction.

Three dimensional velocity model and its tectonic implications at China Seismic Experimental Site,eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES)is located at the intersection of the Tibetan Plateau,South China Block,and Indian Plate and has complex geological settings and intense crustal deformation,making it one of the most seismically active areas in Chinese mainland.A high-resolution,three-dimensional(3D)crust-mantle velocity structure is crucial for understanding seismotectonic environments,lithospheric deformation mechanisms,and deep dynamic processes.We first constructed a high-vertical-resolution 3D initial velocity model using the joint inversion of receiver functions and surface waves and then obtained a 3D P-and S-wave velocity model(CSES-VM1.0)with the highest lateral resolution of 0.25°for the CSES using double-difference tomography.Owing to the limitations of the Sn observation data,the resolution of the S-wave velocity model in the lower crust and upper mantle was reduced,making it closer to the initial model provided by joint inversion.A comparison with explosive-source seismic data showed that the synthetic P-wave first-arrival travel times of the new model were closer to the observations than those of the previous velocity models.The velocity cross-sections across the source areas of the 2022 Lushan MS6.1 and Ludian MS6.8 earthquakes reveal that the former earthquake occurred near a weak contact zone between the Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin,and the rupture of the latter earthquake occurred in a granitic area,with the northern end blocked by rigid high-velocity bodies.A clear high-velocity anomaly zone is distributed along the western margin of the Yangtze Block,revealing the spatial distribution of Neoproterozoic intermediate-basic intrusions.This high-velocity zone significantly controls the morphology of fault zones and influences the rupture processes of major earthquakes.Two northeast-southwest and north-south trending high-velocity anomalies were found near Panzhihua,potentially related to Neoproterozoic and Middle-Late Permian intermediate-basic intrusions.The imaging results revealed the spatial distribution of the Lincang granitoid batholith,the uplifted zone of the central axis fault in the Simao Basin,and the Ailaoshan complex belt in the southwestern CSES,demonstrating a higher spatial resolution compared to previous results.Our velocity model provides an essential foundation for deep structural studies,high-precision earthquake locations,and strong ground motion simulations in the CSES.

Spatial-temporal characterization of the San Andreas Fault by fault-zone trapped waves at seismic experiment site,Parkfield,California

In this article,we review our previous research for spatial and temporal characterizations of the San Andreas Fault(SAF)at Parkfield,using the fault-zone trapped wave(FZTW)since the middle 1980s.Parkfield,California has been taken as a scientific seismic experimental site in the USA since the 1970s,and the SAF is the target fault to investigate earthquake physics and forecasting.More than ten types of field experiments(including seismic,geophysical,geochemical,geodetic and so on)have been carried out at this experimental site since then.In the fall of 2003,a pair of scientific wells were drilled at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth(SAFOD)site;the main-hole(MH)passed a~200-m-wide low-velocity zone(LVZ)with highly fractured rocks of the SAF at a depth of~3.2 km below the wellhead on the ground level(Hickman et al.,2005;Zoback,2007;Lockner et al.,2011).Borehole seismographs were installed in the SAFOD MH in 2004,which were located within the LVZ of the fault at~3-km depth to probe the internal structure and physical properties of the SAF.On September 282004,a M6 earthquake occurred~15 km southeast of the town of Parkfield.The data recorded in the field experiments before and after the 2004 M6 earthquake provided a unique opportunity to monitor the co-mainshock damage and post-seismic heal of the SAF associated with this strong earthquake.This retrospective review of the results from a sequence of our previous experiments at the Parkfield SAF,California,will be valuable for other researchers who are carrying out seismic experiments at the active faults to develop the community seismic wave velocity models,the fault models and the earthquake forecasting models in global seismogenic regions.

Design and Site Experiment of Groyne in Bore Surging Area of Qiantang River

The groyne has been used widely in bank protection and river regulation. The plane layout and structural style of groyne are closely related to the stability of the groyne itself and the effect of bank protection. In this paper, based on the preliminary summary of the design of bank protection in the bore surging area of Qiantang River, some problems regarding the structure of groyne are pointed out and an improved plan is put forward. Site experiment was carried out combined with an emergency repair. The results of the experiment indicate that the improved project is reliable and successful.

中国地震科学实验场三维断层模型Web展示原型系统

活动断层的三维结构和模型是地震危险性研究的基础参数和重要数据。随着对接近真实形态的活动断层三维模型的应用需求不断增加,对这类模型数据的共享及研究的需求也日益增加。数据共享课题的一个重要议题是如何构建基于Web的三维断层模型展示平台,提高数据共享水平和用户体验。中国地震科学实验场(川滇地区)三维断层模型Web展示原型系统①是基于Arc GIS 10.6企业版的Web App Builder工具构建的一个实验性系统。该系统实现了基于Web GIS的三维展示系统的基本功能,并成功测试了更适用于地震行业标准的用户交互方式、基本功能、场景数据迁移方案和三维场景设计方案。场景数据从三维断层建模平台到GIS平台的迁移,是实现基于Web GIS三维展示系统的基础。场景中展示的三维数据采用与二维数据标准一致且视觉上融合度高的可视化方案。实践结果表明,三维数据从建模平台迁出后,应结合数据可视化方案,在属性层面上与二维数据相融合,以保证二维和三维数据在视觉上较好地融合。

中国地震科学实验场BDS-3定位精度和地壳运动初步分析

我国BDS-3卫星导航系统于2020年7月建成,并为全球用户提供服务,自此开始,中国地震科学实验场(简称“实验场”)的GNSS测站相继接收BDS-3卫星数据,目前已经积累了2年多的观测数据,为BDS-3应用于川滇地区地壳运动监测提供了重要平台和数据保障。为评估实验场BDS-3观测数据的精度及其应用于地壳监测的可行性,本文首先根据各测站所记录的BDS-3的B1I和B3I两个频点的多路径效应和信噪比与卫星高度角之间的关系,对BDS-3的数据质量进行评价。然后,基于高精度数据处理软件GAMIT/GLOBK (10.7版)对各测站同期记录的BDS-3和GPS数据分别进行处理,得到BDS-3和GPS坐标时间序列。基于包括线性项、年周期项和半年周期项等分量的函数模型,利用极大似然法分别对BDS-3和GPS时间序列进行拟合估计,得到各测站的线性速度、年周期和半年周期信号,并对拟合结果对比分析,评定BDS-3和GPS的定位精度。最后,讨论BDS-3定位精度的影响因素和BDS-3水平速度场的区域性特征。研究表明:实验场BDS-3与GPS原始数据质量相当,BDS-3坐标时间序列的均方根残差(RMS)的平均值在N、E、U方向上分别为4.42、4.25和8.34 mm,稍大于GPS的结果。BDS-3与GPS速度场在E方向存在约2.0 mm/a系统性差异。在区域分布特征方面,BDS-3和GPS的速度场、周年期和半年信号没有明显差别。认为目前影响BDS-3定位精度的因素主要为卫星轨道产品不够完善,经验型太阳光压模型和卫星天线相位中心改正模型等欠缺。造成BDS-3和GPS速度场差异的原因主要为两者的定位基准不一致。随着实验场BDS-3观测数据的积累和数据解算模型的改进,BDS-3可望达到GPS的定位精度,并形成独立于GPS的监测系统,为该区地壳运动监测和地震预测提供优质的大地测量产品。

云南场区宽频带地震监测台站勘选方法探讨——以文山和曲靖地区为例

地震监测台站勘选的合理性是决定地震观测数据质量、台站功能及稳定运行的重要因素。本文依据中国地震科学实验场建设工程项目云南场区宽频带地震监测意向台站的勘选要求,对云南文山、曲靖地区24个意向台站进行实地勘选,梳理总结了宽频带地震监测意向台站勘选的重要环节,可划分为室内资料收集、台址图勘、野外踏勘确定意向台址、场地协商及租地意向书签订、室内勘选资料整理5个阶段,其中台址图勘对野外踏勘确定意向台址起到了非常重要的作用,大大提高了意向台站勘选的工作效率。以CD151意向台站勘选为例,详细论述了5个阶段的工作方法;同时以4个意向台站噪声水平测试分析验证勘选方法的可行性,勘选的意向台站均符合Ⅰ级台基背景噪声水平,满足按照Ⅲ级地噪声台站勘选的观测环境技术要求,本研究对宽频带地震监测台站勘选工作具有一定参考价值和借鉴意义。

温阳逐瘀汤对肾阳虚证大鼠急性脑缺血损伤后Wnt3a、β-catenin表达的影响

目的:观察温阳逐瘀汤对肾阳虚证大鼠急性脑缺血损伤后缺血脑组织无翅型MMTV整合位点家族成员3A(Wnt3a)、β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)表达的影响,并探讨温阳逐瘀汤防治肾阳虚证大鼠脑缺血损伤的作用机制。方法:将176只雄性SD大鼠分为空白组(Blank组,44只)和肾阳虚组(SYX组,132只);成功建立肾阳虚证大鼠模型后随机分为假手术组(Sham组,44只)、脑缺血模型组(MCAO组,44只)、温阳逐瘀汤组(WYZY组,44只)。WYZY组大鼠灌胃温阳逐瘀汤,MCAO组与Sham组灌胃等体积蒸馏水。各组在术后1 d,运用Zea Longa评分标准进行大鼠神经行为学评分,于术后3、7、14、21 d取材,每个时间选11只大鼠。苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察神经细胞形态变化;运用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组大鼠血浆环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)含量;免疫蛋白印迹法(Western Blot)检测缺血侧脑组织Wnt3a、β-catenin表达;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测Wnt3a、β-catenin mRNA表达。结果:与Blank组比较,SYX组cAMP含量下降(P<0.05)、cGMP含量升高(P<0.05)。HE染色结果显示,MCAO组细胞排列紊乱、大量细胞坏死、细胞膜消失、细胞核固缩,呈明显的脑缺血损伤表现;WYZY组前期细胞排列紊乱、部分细胞坏死,随着时间的延长,细胞损伤减轻,细胞排列逐渐密集,坏死细胞减少,脑缺血损伤显著改善。与MCAO组、Sham组比较,WYZY组cAMP含量升高,cGMP含量降低(P<0.05)。与MCAO组比较,WYZY组1、3、7、14、21 d神经行为学评分均降低(P<0.05)。与Blank组、Sham组比较,MCAO组、WYZY组缺血脑组织3、7、14、21 d Wnt3a、β-catenin表达均有增加(P<0.05);与MCAO组比较,WYZY组Wnt3a、β-catenin表达均增加(P<0.05),7 d Wnt3a达到峰值,14 dβ-catenin达到峰值。与Blank组、Sham组比较,MCAO组、WYZY组3、7、14、21 d Wnt3a、β-catenin mRNA表达均有增加(P<0.05);与MCAO组比较,WYZY组Wnt3a、β-catenin mRNA表达增加(P<0.05),7 d Wnt3a mRNA达到峰值,14 dβ-catenin mRNA达到峰值。结论:温阳逐瘀汤可改善肾阳虚证大鼠cAMP、cGMP水平及肾阳虚病理状态,可能通过上调Wnt3a、β-catenin表达减轻急性脑缺血损伤,减少神经功能缺损。

多学科交叉型实验教学中心的管理研究

以贵州医科大学生物与工程学院实验教学中心的管理为例,总结了在有限实验场地的情况下,面对实验项目多而杂的情况,如何对多学科交叉的实验中心进行高效管理。采用基于实验室场地“串联”和“并联”管理方式,从实验项目规划后对实验项目进行分类管理,实验技术人员统一培训与差异培训相结合,实验设备的专项管理与实验室安全等多个方面管理相结合,从而提升场地利用率和管理效率。为高校交叉学科实验室的管理提供参考。

地震作用下承台桩-土动力相互作用数值模拟分析

基于已开展的非液化场地-群桩基础-结构体系动力响应大型振动台模型试验,进行三维全时程动力数值模拟分析。采用修正的Davidenkov模型反映土体在地震反应过程中的模量衰减,通过“捆绑边界”模拟模型箱的层状剪切运动。通过对比试验中土-结构体系加速度响应时程、土体位移和桩基内力等,验证数值模型的有效性。利用已验证的数值模型,开展承台尺寸对桩-土-上部结构动力响应影响研究。结果表明,承台厚度的增大会导致上部结构和桩顶惯性效应减小;地震作用下沿激振方向前桩大于后桩,随着承台厚度的增大,前桩与后桩峰值弯矩差值率为16.1%~32.1%,群桩效应影响增大;随着承台厚度的增大,承台-土动土压力增大了3~6倍,承台与桩基水平荷载分担比增大,桩基弯矩反弯点位置上移了0.50 m;承台-土的相互摩擦作用会降低结构整体动力响应。

示范教学对绘画透视表现能力影响的研究

为提高幼儿的绘画透视表现能力,文章采用实验对比的方式研究了现场示范教学与临摹教学对幼儿绘画透视表现能力的不同影响。研究结果表明,现场示范教学在提高幼儿绘画透视表现能力方面效果更好,而且影响更持久。在现场示范教学过程中,丰富绘画透视的形式以及使用合适的绘画透视基础设备,可以更好地激发幼儿绘画兴趣,帮助幼儿掌握相关的绘画技能,并提升幼儿对事物的认知和绘画美感。

文化实验厂3.0的“共感”制造 深圳金威啤酒厂旧址重生

都市实践建筑事务所在金威啤酒厂项目更新中提出了“即地制造”理念。作者认为,以文化运营持续引领工业遗存改造的文化实验厂3.0模式由此诞生。该项目无论在重生模式还是改造方式上,均呈现出对工业遗存场景的多维度“共感”制造意图。文章从重生模式、多维场景和空间体验三方面对其“即地制造”策略进行解析,研究该项目如何在工业生产逻辑向文化生产逻辑转型过程中,形成“共感”制造途径。文章认为,通过“密度”制造和场域呈现,可以激发现象学中对历史的、现代的多重信息叠加的共感体验,促使人们形成对工业遗存场所记忆及其再生产模式的理解。

紫外成像法在变电站电晕放电检测中的应用研究

电晕是变电站内十分普遍的一种放电现象,也是高压设备可能存在缺陷或故障的征兆信号。采用"日盲"型紫外成像仪在不同的气象环境下对多座500 kV变电站进行了现场检测,发现了部分设备的电晕放电现象。对上述放电现象进行了分类,并对放电原因进行了分析,结合实验室的研究和现场测试,提出了结合设备的放电位置、放电强弱、放电形态、放电机理并结合气象因素进行放电评估的综合分析方法,实际应用证明了该方法的有效性。

探地雷达实验教学方法研究

探地雷达方法是工程与环境地球物理学的重要教学内容之一。为了提高实验教学质量、完善实验教学手段,在实验室内建设了大型实验砂槽,开展地下管线探测、地下结构物探测以及隧道衬砌质量检测模拟实验。实验中引导学生灵活运用学到的理论知识,达到理论联系实际的实验教学目的,拉近了理论教学与实际生产间的距离,训练了学生解决实际工程问题的能力,为学生今后开展探地雷达探测工作打下了基础。

桂林岩溶试验场植物多样性恢复及其水、气效应

岩溶区生态恢复是当前我国重视的焦点和生态学研究的热点之一。研究桂林岩溶试验场 3个代表性样点的种属组成、区系地理成分、植物生活型谱,结果发现,经过近 20年的生态恢复,试验场植物多样性迅速增加,生境获得改善。试验场 1号洼地土壤CO2 浓度年季变化以及S31号泉的水化学指标进一步证明了上述结论的正确性。