Evaluation of the intracellular lipid-lowering effect of polyphenols extract from highland barley in HepG2 cells

Active ingredients from highland barley have received considerable attention as natural products for developing treatments and dietary supplements against obesity.In practical application,the research of food combinations is more significant than a specific food component.This study investigated the lipid-lowering effect of highland barley polyphenols via lipase assay in vitro and HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid(OA).Five indexes,triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(T-CHO),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and alanine aminotransferase(ALT),were used to evaluate the lipidlowering effect of highland barley extract.We also preliminary studied the lipid-lowering mechanism by Realtime fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR).The results indicated that highland barley extract contains many components with lipid-lowering effects,such as hyperoside and scoparone.In vitro,the lipase assay showed an 18.4%lipase inhibition rate when the additive contents of highland barley extract were 100μg/m L.The intracellular lipid-lowering effect of highland barley extract was examined using 0.25 mmol/L OA-induced HepG2 cells.The results showed that intracellular TG,LDL-C,and T-CHO content decreased by 34.4%,51.2%,and 18.4%,respectively.ALT and AST decreased by 51.6%and 20.7%compared with the untreated hyperlipidemic HepG2 cells.q PCR results showed that highland barley polyphenols could up-regulation the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes such as PPARγand Fabp4.

Antibacterial mechanism of kojic acid and tea polyphenols against Escherichia coli O157:H7 through transcriptomic analysis

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the major foodborne pathogenic bacterial that cause infectious diseases in humans.The previous found that a combination of kojic acid and tea polyphenols exhibited better activity against E.coli O157:H7 than using either alone.This study aimed to explore responses underlying the antibacterial mechanisms of kojic acid and tea polyphenols from the gene level.The functional enrichment analysis by comparing kojic acid and tea polyphenols individually or synergistically against E.coli O157:H7 found that acid resistance systems in kojic acid were activated,and the cell membrane and genomic DNA were destructed in the cells,resulting in“oxygen starvation”.The oxidative stress response triggered by tea polyphenols inhibited both sulfur uptake and the synthesis of ATP,which affected the bacteria's life metabolic process.Interestingly,we found that kojic acid combined with tea polyphenols hindered the uptake of iron that played an essential role in the synthesis of DNA,respiration,tricarboxylic acid cycle.The results suggested that the iron uptake pathways may represent a novel approach for kojic acid and tea polyphenols synergistically against E.coli O157:H7 and provided a theoretical basis for bacterial pathogen control in the food industry.

Akkermansia muciniphila-directed polyphenol chlorogenic acid intervention for obesity in mice

Akkermansia muciniphila play an important in ameliorating obesity but is not allowed for direct consumption in most countries.To date,microbiota-directed foods selectively promote the targeted human gut microbes,providing a strategy for A.muciniphila enhancement.Multiple studies have indicated the potential regulation of the polyphenol on A.muciniphila.Therefore,a polyphenol screening based on A.muciniphila upregulation was performed in mice.Chlorogenic acid(CGA)exhibited a greater response to A.muciniphila upregulation.Furthermore,we found that CGA did not directly promote A.muciniphila growth or mucin secretion.Microbiome and metabolomics revealed that the increased abundance of A.muciniphila resulted from the inhibition of CGA on Desulfovibrio and Alistipes and the influence of docosahexaenoic acid,β-hydroxybutyrate,and N-acetyl-lactosamine.Finally,to confirm the regulation of CGA on A.muciniphila under disease conditions,high-fat diet-fed mice were established.The results showed CGA promoted A.muciniphila growth,and we expectedly found that CGA suppressed the augment in body weight of mice,significantly attenuated adipose tissue abnormality,provided liver protection and improved gut barrier integrity.These results suggest that CGA inhibits the development of obesity.Overall,our results indicate that microbiota-directed food is a promising approach for the treatment of obesity.

Utilization of pH-driven methods to fortify nanoemulsions with multiple polyphenols

Simple but effective methods are required to incorporate multiple bioactive polyphenols into delivery systems to increase their dispersibility,stability and bioavailability.We developed and tested three p Hdriven protocols for creating nanoemulsions loaded with multiple lipophilic polyphenols.These protocols differed in how the different polyphenols were incorporated into the nanoemulsions.The impact of these three methods on the formation,properties,and gastrointestinal fate of nanoemulsions loaded with curcumin,resveratrol,and quercetin was investigated.The three methods produced nanoemulsions with similar initial particle properties:droplet diameters(0.15,0.16,and 0.15μm)and zeta-potentials(–59,–58,and–58 m V),respectively.However,the average encapsulation efficiencies(82%,88%,and 61%),gastrointestinal stabilities(83%,97%,and 29%)and bioaccessibilities(77%,90%,and 73%)for curcumin,resveratrol,and quercetin were somewhat different.In particular,more quercetin degradation occurred using the approach that held it under alkaline conditions for extended periods.In general,the p H-driven method provides researchers with a versatile approach of incorporating multiple polyphenols with different characteristics into functional food and beverages using a simple and inexpensive method.

Protective effects of oleic acid and polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil on cardiovascular diseases

The Mediterranean diet has long been recognized as one of the most effective ways to prevent and improve cardiovascular disease.Extra virgin olive oil(EVOO)is the typical sources of fat in the Mediterranean diet which have been shown to have noteworthy nutritional value and positive impact on human health.It is worth noting that EVOO owes its superior nutritional value to its bioactive composition.The main component of EVOO is monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFAs)in the form of oleic acid.Oleic acid accounts for up to 70%-80%of EVOO.Secondly,EVOO contains approximately more than 30 phenolic compounds,of which HT is essential for the protection against cardiovascular diseases.In this review,we focused on the potential mechanisms of oleic acid and polyphenols combat cardiovascular diseases risk in terms of oxidative stress,inflammation,blood pressure,endothelial function and cholesterol.This review might provide a reference for the studies on cardiovascular protective effects of EVOO.

The modulatory effect of oolong tea polyphenols on intestinal flora and hypothalamus gene expression in a circadian rhythm disturbance mouse model

The interaction between host circadian rhythm and gut microbes through the gut-brain axis provides new clues for tea polyphenols to improve host health.Our present research showed that oolong tea polyphenols(OTP)improved the structural disorder of the intestinal flora caused by continuous darkness,thereby modulating the production of metabolites related to pyruvate metabolism,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,and tryptophan metabolism to alleviate the steady-state imbalance.After fecal microbiota transplantation from the OTP group,the single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that OTP significantly increased the number of hypothalamus cell clusters,up-regulated the number of astrocytes and fibroblasts,and enhanced the expression of circadian rhythm genes Cry2,Per3,Bhlhe41,Nr1d1,Nr1d2,Dbp and Rorb in hypothalamic cells.Our results confirmed that OTP can actively improve the intestinal environmental state as well as internal/peripheral circadian rhythm disorders and cognitive impairment,with potential prebiotic functional characteristics to notably contribute to host health.

Emerging and multifaceted potential contributions of polyphenols in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is recognized as a serious public health concern with a considerable impact on human life,long-term health expenditures,and substantial health losses.In this context,the use of dietary polyphenols to prevent and manage T2DM is widely documented.These dietary compounds exert their beneficial effects through several actions,including the protection of pancreatic islet β-cell,the antioxidant capacities of these molecules,their effects on insulin secretion and actions,the regulation of intestinal microbiota,and their contribution to ameliorate diabetic complications,particularly those of vascular origin.In the present review,we intend to highlight these multifaceted actions and the molecular mechanisms by which these plant-derived secondary metabolites exert their beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes patients.

Sugarcane leaves-derived polyphenols alleviate metabolic syndrome and modulate gut microbiota of ob/ob mice

Sugarcane leaves-derived polyphenols(SLP)have been demonstrated to have diverse health-promoting benefits,but the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated.This study aimed to investigate the anti-metabolic disease effects of SLP and the underlying mechanisms in mice.In the current study,we prepared the SLP mainly consisting of three flavonoid glycosides,three phenol derivatives,and two lignans including one new compound,and further demonstrated that SLP reduced body weight gain and fat accumulation,improved glucose and lipid metabolism disorders,ameliorated hepatic steatosis,and regulated short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production and secondary bile acids metabolism in ob/ob mice.Notably,SLP largely altered the gut microbiota composition,especially enriching the commensal bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides acidifaciens.Oral gavage with the above two strains ameliorated metabolic syndrome(MetS),regulated secondary bile acid metabolism,and increased the production of SCFAs in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obese mice.These results demonstrated that SLP could be used as a prebiotic to attenuate MetS via regulating gut microbiota composition and further activating the secondary bile acids-mediated gut-adipose axis.

Mechanism of Tea Polyphenols in Alleviating Thermal Damage Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objective]This paper was to investigate the action targets and pathways of tea polyphenols in alleviating heat stress-induced injury by using network pharmacological analysis and an H9C2 cell model.[Method]First,the corresponding targets of tea polyphenols were obtained from the PubChem database.Then,the core targets were screened based on topological parameters.The relevant metabolism pathways of tea polyphenols related to diseases were identified through GO functional annotation and KECG signaling pathway enrichment.Moreover,common targets for thermal injury and targets of tea polyphenols were obtained.Then,GO functional annotation was performed to explore the pathway of tea polyphenols in alleviating heat stress damage.H9C2 cells were cultured at 42 C to construct the heat stress model,and the cells were treated with 10μg/mL tea polyphenols.The key genes were confirmed using RT-PCR technology.[Result]The study yielded 364 targets corresponding to tea polyphenols,including 68 core targets.These targets are related to various biological processes such as involve oxidative stress,cancer,lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathways,antiviral responses,regulation of cellular response to heat,apoptosis,and cellular lipid metabolic metabolism.Tea polyphe nols alleviate thermal damage by targeting BCL2,HSP90AA1,HSPA1A,JUN,MAPK1,NFKB1,NFKBIA,NOS3,and TP53.Moreover,10 mg/L tea polyphenols were found to upregulate the transcription levels of Hsp70,HO-1,NQ-O1,Nrf2,and MAPKI,and the transcription levels of Bax/Bcl2,p38,and JNK were downregulated to alleviate the heat stress-induced injury.[Conclusion]Tea polyphenols may enhance the antioxidant ability of H9C2 cells and inhibit cell apoptosis,thereby reducing heat stress injury.

Changes in Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activities of Yingshan Yunwu Tea during Digestion in Vitro

[Objectives]To explore the change rule of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of coarse old leaves of Yingshan Yunwu Tea in the process of human digestion.[Methods]The coarse and old leaves of Yunwu tea in Yingshan,Huanggang,Hubei Province were selected as the research object,and their digestion in vitro was simulated.The total polyphenol content was determined by Folin-phenol reagent colorimetric method,and the DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity were determined.[Results]After simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro,the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of coarse old leaf tea soup showed a downward trend.After gastrointestinal digestion,the polyphenol content in tea infusion separately decreased by 31.8%and 8.5%;the scavenging rate of DPPH free radical was 97%before digestion,decreased to 92%after gastric digestion and 65%after intestinal digestion,which decreased by 5%and 27%,respectively;after gastrointestinal digestion,the total antioxidant capacity of tea soup decreased by 4.7%and 3.1%,respectively.[Conclusions]This study provided a reference for the development and application of coarse old leaves of Yingshan Yunwu tea,and provided a reference for the nutritional value evaluation and comprehensive utilization of coarse old leaves,so as to make the best use of coarse tea leaves and reduce the waste of resources.

Phyllanthuse emblica polyphenols:Optimization of high-voltage pulsed electric field assisted extraction,an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro

Background:The polyphenols extraction of Phyllanthus emblica is primarily carried out using organic solvents,and assisted by physical fields such as ultrasound and microwave for extraction.High voltage pulsed electric field technology(PEF)is a non-thermal processing technology that has high efficiency and minimal damage to thermosensitive substances.PEF has been applied to plant extraction in many studies,however,the extraction of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF has still not been reported;Objective:This study explores the optimal extraction process of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF,and investigates its relaxation and anti-wrinkle based on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory experiment,in order to develop a Phyllanthus emblica extract with substantial efficacy;Materials and Methods:The method of Phyllanthus emblica extract using PEF is established,and compared with a traditional extraction method.The experimental conditions,such as electric field intensity(0.5–6.0 kV/cm),pulse times(20−120),extraction time(0–60 min)and material concentration(0.5%∼3%),are investigated and optimized using orthogonal experiments;Results:the polyphenols in the Phyllanthus emblica extract were highest at the electric field intensity of 5 kV/cm,120 pulses,extraction time of 30 min,and 2%material concentration.The PEFcontained more polyphenols than the conventional water extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.The Phyllanthus emblica extract had substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,with a good clearance effect on DPPH(IC50 of 1.82%)and ABTS(IC50 of 1.80%)radicals.At the Phyllanthus emblica extract concentration of 1.25%,inflammatory factors(TNF-α)were reduced by 47.08%;and Conclusion:The PEF is a leading-edge and promising method for preparing Phyllanthus emblica extracts.

Salvia Polyphenolates Combined with Doxophylline in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease in the Compensated Stage

Objective:To statistically determine the effect of salvia polyphenolates combined with doxophylline treatment in patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease in the compensated stage.Methods:From January 2023 to January 2024,76 patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease in the compensated stage were selected as research subjects.The patients were divided into a research group and a reference group using a randomized numerical table method.The research group was treated with salvia polyphenolates combined with doxophylline,while the reference group received conventional therapy.The treatment effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The patients in the research group,treated with salvia polyphenolates combined with doxophylline,showed maximal ventilation of 73.26±4.83 L/min,left ventricular ejection fraction of 56.14±1.98%,and total effective treatment rate of 94.74%.These results were better than those of the reference group.The differences between the data of the research group and the reference group were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:For patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease in the compensated stage,treatment with salvia polyphenolates combined with doxophylline significantly improves maximum ventilation and left ventricular ejection fraction,and also results in a higher total effective treatment rate.

Polyphenolic Compound and the Degree of Browning in Processing Apple Varieties

Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and processing method optimization. The content of polyphenol compound in 10 processing apple varieties （4 cider and 6 juice varieties） were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and HPLC. The degree of browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase were also studied. The content and proportion of the polyphenol varied depending on the variety. Bitter varieties globally showed a higher polyphenol concentration than sweet or acid varieties. Proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, （＋）-catechin, （-）-epicatechin were high-concentrated polyphenols in apple fruits. Phloridzin, the unique polyphenol of apple, was abundant in the bitter variety Frequin rouge fruit. Total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, （＋）-catechin, and phloridzin had higher correlations with browning. The correlation was low between chlorogenic acid and browning. The polyphenolic profiles were correlated with the apple types. Cider apples contained more polyphenol than juice apple varieties. The content of flavan-3-ol has a close relationship with fruit browning.

Polyphenolic content, in vitro antioxidant activity and chemical composition of extract from Nephelium lappaceum L.(Mexican rambutan) husk

Objective: To determinate the recovery of total polyphenolic compounds content,in vitro antioxidant activity and HPLC/ESI/MS characterization of extract from Nephelium lappaceum L.(Mexican rambutan).Methods: The rambutan husk extract was obtained by aqueous extraction and a polyphenolic fraction was recovered using Amberlite XAD-16. The total polyphenolic compounds content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu and butanol-HCI methods.In vitro antioxidant activity was performed using ABTS and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods.Results: Mexican rambutan husk showed a total polyphenolic content of 582 mg/g and an evident antioxidant activity by ABTS and ferric reducing antioxidant power analysis.The HPLC/ESI/MS assay allowed the identification of 13 compounds, most of which belong to ellagitannins. Geraniin, corilagin and ellagic acid were present in the sample;the mineral composition was also evaluated.Conclusions: Rambutan husk cultivated in Mexico is a promising source for the recovery of added value bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, which have potential applications as bioactive antioxidant agents for the treatment of diseases.

Determination of Residual Catechins, Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Developed Theaflavin-3,3’-Digallate Rich Black Teas

This study was carried out to characterize total residual catechins and their fractions, polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of black teas enriched with high levels of theaflavin-3,3’-digallate. The made teas were processed from eleven selected cultivars. A comparative study was carried out between the processed teas and those from commercially grown Kenyan cultivars in relation to the above chemical parameters. A correlation matrix analysis was also conducted to find out whether a relationship existed between the antioxidant activities and the said chemical parameters. The total residual catechins were found to range between 3.10% and 8.08%. The total polyphenol levels varied between 19.00% and 28.90%, while the antioxidant activities of the teas ranged from 82.70% to 91.70%. There was a significant p < 0.001 correlation between the antioxidant activity and total polyphenols (r = 0.8948). There was also a high correlation p < 0.001 between the antioxidant activity and total catechins (r = 0.8878). Out of the four catechin fractions, the antioxidant activity correlated most with EGCG (r = 0.8774). The total polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities for most of the cultivars were comparable to those of the green tea reference standard. From the figures obtained, it can be concluded that the most of the newly developed black teas of the selected cultivars have higher quality and enhanced antioxidant activities and that they can be recommended for commercial production.

Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of some wild Saudi Arabian asteraceae plants

Objective:To study the antioxidant properties of crude extract of different Asteraceae plants.Methods:The antioxidant properties of six extracts were evaluated using different antioxidant tests,including free radical scavenging,reducing power,metal chelation,superoxide anion radical scavenging,total antioxidant capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activities.Results:Picris cyanocarpa(P.cyanocarpa)and Anthemis deserti(A.deserti)had powerful antioxidant properties as radical scavenger,reducing agent and superoxide anion radical scavenger while Achillia fragrantissima(A.fragrantissima)and Artemissia monosperma(A.monosperma)were the most efficient as ion chelator(100%at 100,200 and 400μg/mL)A.fragrantissima and Rhanlarium appoposum(R.appoposum.)showed 100%inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 200 and 400μg/mL,while butylatedhydroxy toluene and ascorinc acid showed 100and 95%inhibition percentage at 400μg/mL,respectively.Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl toluene and ascorbic acid.Conclusions:In most tests P.cyanocarpa and A.deserti had powerful antioxidant properties as radical scavenger,reducing agent and superoxide anion radical scavenger.

Major-effect candidate genes identified in cultivated strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesis,key polyphenolic compounds

Strawberries are rich in polyphenols which impart health benefits when metabolized by the gut microbiome,including anti-inflammatory,neuroprotective,and antiproliferative effects.In addition,polyphenolic anthocyanins contribute to the attractive color of strawberry fruits.However,the genetic basis of polyphenol biosynthesis has not been extensively studied in strawberry.In this investigation,ripe fruits from three cultivated strawberry populations were characterized for polyphenol content using HPLC-DAD-MSn and genotyped using the iStraw35k array.GWAS and QTL analyses identified genetic loci controlling polyphenol biosynthesis.QTL were identified on four chromosomes for pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside,pelargonidin-3-O-acetylglucoside,cinnamoyl glucose,and ellagic acid deoxyhexoside biosynthesis.Presence/absence of ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside was found to be under the control of major gene loci on LG1X2 and LG6b,respectively,on the F.×ananassa linkage maps.Interrogation of gene predictions in the F.vesca reference genome sequence identified a single candidate gene for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside biosynthesis,while seven malonyltransferase genes were identified as candidates for pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesis.Homologous malonyltransferase genes were identified in the F.×ananassa‘Camarosa’genome sequence but the candidate for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside biosynthesis was absent from the‘Camarosa’sequence.This study demonstrated that polyphenol biosynthesis in strawberry is,in some cases,under simple genetic control,supporting previous observations of the presence or absence of these compounds in strawberry fruits.It has also shed light on the mechanisms controlling polyphenol biosynthesis and enhanced the knowledge of these biosynthesis pathways in strawberry.The above findings will facilitate breeding for strawberries enriched in compounds with beneficial health effects.

African eggplant(Solanum anguivi Lam.)fruit with bioactive polyphenolic compounds exerts in vitro antioxidant properties and inhibits Ca^(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling

Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of Solanum anguivi fruit(SAG)and its possible effect on mitochondrial permeability transition pore as well as mitochondrial membrane potential(△Ψ_m)isolated from rat liver.Methods:Antioxidant activity of SAG was assayed by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),reducing power,iron chelation and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in both liver and brain homogenate of rats.Also,the effect of SAG on mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial swelling were determined.Identification and quantification of bioactive polyphenolics was done by HPLC-DAD.Results:SAG exhibited potent and concentration dependent free radical-scavenging activity(IC_(50)/DPPH=275.03±7.8μg/mL).Reductive and iron chelation abilities also increase with increase in SAG concentration.SAG also inhibited peroxidation of cerebral and hepatic lipids subjected to iron oxidative assault.SAG protected against Ca^(2+)(110μmol/L)-induced mitochondrial swelling and maintained the△Ψ_m.HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid[(17.54±0.04)mg/g],chlorogenic acid(21.90±0.02 mg/g),caffeic acid(16.64±0.01 mg/g).rutin[(14.71±0.03)mg/g]and quercetin[(7.39±0.05)mg/g].Conclusions:These effects could be attributed to the bioactive polyphenolic compounds present in the extract.Our results suggest that SAG extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants that may be used not only in pharmaceutical and food industry but also in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) kunth using response surface methodology

Objective: To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods: The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. Results: Based on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concen-tration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) as a solvent was selected. The regression model was obtained to predicts the yields from Peperomia pellucida:Y = 30.250 – 1.356X1 + 2.655X2 + 2.252X3 – 0.565X4 + 0.990 X1X3 – 8.172 X1X4 – 3.439 X3X4 – 4.178 X12 – 3.210 X32 – 6.786 X42 – 7.290 X12X3 + 5.575 X1X32 – 4.843 X32X4 with R2 = 0.82519. Scale-up confirmation test was obtained the maximum yields of total polyphenolics content with the amount of 31.1725μg GAE/g. Conclusions: The IL-MAE method produced a higher extraction polyphenolic and performed rapidly, easily and efficiently.

Microwave Irradiated Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Type Cross Coupling of Phenols and Halides for the Synthesis of Polyphenolic Ethers

A mild, cascade type methodology was developed for the synthesis of polyphenolic ethers by the palladium-catalyzed cross coupling of phenols and halo compounds under microwave heating. In most cases, reactions run in neat conditions and in some cases, IPA/water mixture, and 1,4-dioxane were employed as solvents to furnish the products. By applying this new method, we were able to synthesize and purify a good number of polyether compounds with complete spectral data.